Pragmatic Recommendations for the Prevention and Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19 in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Current recommendations for the management of patients with COVID-19 and acute kidney injury (AKI) are largely based on evidence from resource-rich settings, mostly located in high-income countries. It is often unpractical to apply these recommendations to resource-restricted settings. We report on a set of pragmatic recommendations for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of patients with COVID-19 and AKI in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). For the prevention of AKI among patients with COVID-19 in LMICs, we recommend using isotonic crystalloid solutions for expansion of intravascular volume, avoiding nephrotoxic medications, and using a conservative fluid management strategy in patients with respiratory failure. For the diagnosis of AKI, we suggest that any patient with COVID-19 presenting with an elevated serum creatinine level without available historical values be considered as having AKI. If serum creatinine testing is not available, we suggest that patients with proteinuria should be considered to have possible AKI. We suggest expansion of the use of point-of-care serum creatinine and salivary urea nitrogen testing in community health settings, as funding and availability allow. For the management of patients with AKI and COVID-19 in LMICS, we recommend judicious use of intravenous fluid resuscitation. For patients requiring dialysis who do not have acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), we suggest using peritoneal dialysis (PD) as first choice, where available and feasible. For patients requiring dialysis who do have ARDS, we suggest using hemodialysis, where available and feasible, to optimize fluid removal. We suggest using locally produced PD solutions when commercially produced solutions are unavailable or unaffordable.

Pragmatic Recommendations for Safety while Caring for Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Infection prevention and control measures to control the spread of COVID-19 are challenging to implement in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This is compounded by the fact that most recommendations are based on evidence that mainly originates in high-income countries. There are often availability, affordability, and feasibility barriers to applying such recommendations in LMICs, and therefore, there is a need for developing recommendations that are achievable in LMICs. We used a modified version of the GRADE method to select important questions, searched the literature for relevant evidence, and formulated pragmatic recommendations for safety while caring for patients with COVID-19 in LMICs. We selected five questions related to safety, covering minimal requirements for personal protective equipment (PPE), recommendations for extended use and reuse of PPE, restriction on the number of times healthcare workers enter patients' rooms, hand hygiene, and environmental ventilation. We formulated 21 recommendations that are feasible and affordable in LMICs.

Intraoperative esmolol infusion reduces postoperative analgesic consumption and anaesthetic use during septorhinoplasty: a randomized trial / Infusão intraoperatória de esmolol reduz o consumo pós-operatório de analgésicos e o uso de anestésico durante a septorrinoplastia: estudo randômico / La infusión intraoperatoria de esmolol reduce el consumo postoperatorio de analgésicos y el uso de anestésico durante la septorrinoplastia: estudio aleatorizado

Background and objectives: Esmolol is known to have no analgesic activity and no anaesthetic properties; however, it could potentiate the reduction in anaesthetic requirements and reduce postoperative analgesic use. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of intravenous esmolol infusion on intraoperative and postoperative analgesic consumptions as well as its effect on depth of anaesthesia. Methods: This randomized-controlled double blind study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital between March and June 2010. Sixty patients undergoing septorhinoplasty were randomized into two groups. History of allergy to drugs used in the study, ischaemic heart disease, heart block, bronchial asthma, hepatic or renal dysfunction, obesity and a history of chronic use of analgesic or β-blockers were considered cause for exclusion from the study. Thirty patients received esmolol and remifentanil (esmolol group) and 30 patients received normal saline and remifentanil (control group) as an intravenous infusion during the procedure. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and bispectral index values were recorded every 10min. Total remifentanil consumption, visual analogue scale scores, time to first analgesia and total postoperative morphine consumption were recorded. Results: The total remifentanil consumption, visual analogue scale scores at 0, 20 and 60 min, total morphine consumption, time to first analgesia and the number of patients who needed an intravenous morphine were lower in the esmolol group. Conclusions: Intravenous infusion of esmolol reduced the intraoperative and postoperative analgesic consumption, reduced visual analogue scale scores in the early postoperative period and prolonged the time to first analgesia; however it did not influence the depth of anaesthesia. .

Justificativa e objetivos: Esmolol é conhecido por não ter atividade analgésica e propriedades anestésicas; porém, pode potenciar a redução da necessidade de anestésicos e reduzir o uso de analgésicos no pós-operatório. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da infusão de esmolol por via intravenosa sobre o consumo de analgésico durante os períodos intraoperatório e pós-operatório, bem como seu efeito sobre a profundidade da anestesia. Métodos: Este estudo randômico, controlado e duplo-cego foi conduzido em um hospital terciário entre março e junho de 2010. Foram randomicamente divididos em dois grupos 60 pacientes programados para serem submetidos à septorrinoplastia. História de alergia aos medicamentos usados no estudo, isquemia cardíaca, bloqueio cardíaco, asma brônquica, insuficiência hepática ou renal, obesidade e história de uso crônico de analgésicos ou β-bloqueadores foram os critérios de exclusão. Trinta pacientes receberam esmolol e remifentanil (grupo esmolol) e 30 receberam soro fisiológico e remifentanil (grupo controle) via perfusão intravenosa. Pressão arterial média, frequência cardíaca e valores do índice bispectral foram registrados a cada 10 minutos. Consumo total de remifentanil, escores da escala visual analógica, tempo para a primeira analgesia e consumo total de morfina no pós-operatório foram registrados. Resultados: O consumo total de remifentanil, os escores da escala visual analógica nos minutos 0, 20 e 60, o consumo total de morfina, o tempo para a primeira analgesia e o número de pacientes que precisaram de morfina intravenosa foram menores no grupo esmolol. Conclusões: Esmolol em infusão intravenosa reduziu o consumo de analgésicos tanto no intraoperatório ...

Justificación y objetivos: El esmolol se conoce porque no posee actividad añalgésica ni propie-dades anestésicas; sin embargo, puede potenciar la reducción de la necesidad de anestésicos y disminuir el uso de analgésicos en el postoperatorio. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la infusión de esmolol por vía intravenosa sobre el consumo de analgésico durante los períodos intraoperatorio y postoperatorio, como también su efecto sobre la profundidad de la anestesia. Métodos: Este estudio aleatorizado, controlado y doble ciego fue llevado a cabo en un hospital terciario entre marzo y junio de 2010. Sesenta pacientes programados para someterse a la septorrinoplastia fueron aleatoriamente divididos en 2 grupos. El historial de alergia a los medicamentos usados en el estudio, isquemia cardíaca, bloqueo cardíaco, asma bronquial, insuficiencia hepática o renal, obesidad e historial de uso crónico de analgésicos o ß-bloqueantes, fueron los criterios de exclusión del estudio. Treinta pacientes recibieron esmolol y remifenta-nilo (grupo esmolol) y 30 pacientes recibieron suero fisiológico y remifentanilo (grupo control), vía perfusión intravenosa durante el procedimiento. La presión arterial media, frecuencia cardíaca y valores del índice biespectral fueron registrados cada 10 min. Se registraron el consumo total de remifentanilo, puntuaciones de la escala visual analógica, tiempo para la primera analgesia y el consumo total de morfina en el postoperatorio. Resultados: El consumo total de remifentanilo, las puntuaciones de la escala visual analógica en los minutos 0, 20 y 60, el consumo total de morfina, el tiempo para la primera analgesia y el número de pacientes que necesitaron morfina intravenosa fueron menores en el grupo esmolol. Conclusiones: El esmolol en infusión intravenosa ...

[Intraoperative esmolol infusion reduces postoperative analgesic consumption and anaesthetic use during septorhinoplasty: a randomized trial]. / Infusão intraoperatória de esmolol reduz o consumo pós-operatório de analgésicos e o uso de anestésico durante a septorrinoplastia: estudo randômico.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Esmolol is known to have no analgesic activity and no anaesthetic properties; however, it could potentiate the reduction in anaesthetic requirements and reduce postoperative analgesic use. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of intravenous esmolol infusion on intraoperative and postoperative analgesic consumptions as well as its effect on depth of anaesthesia. METHOD: This randomized-controlled double blind study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital between March and June 2010. Sixty patients undergoing septorhinoplasty were randomized into two groups. History of allergy to drugs used in the study, ischaemic heart disease, heart block, bronchial asthma, hepatic or renal dysfunction, obesity and a history of chronic use of analgesic or ß-blockers were considered cause for exclusion from the study. Thirty patients received esmolol and remifentanil (esmolol group) and 30 patients received normal saline and remifentanil (control group) as an intravenous infusion during the procedure. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and bispectral index values were recorded every 10min. Total remifentanil consumption, visual analogue scale scores, time to first analgesia and total postoperative morphine consumption were recorded. RESULTS: The total remifentanil consumption, visual analogue scale scores at 0, 20 and 60min, total morphine consumption, time to first analgesia and the number of patients who needed an intravenous morphine were lower in the esmolol group. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous infusion of esmolol reduced the intraoperative and postoperative analgesic consumption, reduced visual analogue scale scores in the early postoperative period and prolonged the time to first analgesia; however it did not influence the depth of anaesthesia.