Lateral popliteal block in foot and ankle surgery: Comparing ultrasound guidance to nerve stimulation. A prospective randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: The popliteal block has several benefits in foot and ankle surgery. It reduces postoperative pain, limits the use of narcotics and facilitates early discharge. The aim of this prospective randomized trial was to evaluate whether ultrasound guidance improves block characteristics compared to the nerve stimulation technique in lateral popliteal blocks. METHODS: Patients were randomized to receive either a lateral popliteal block using neurostimulation or ultrasound guidance. Block performance time, number of needle pricks, number of redirections were recorded. Pain upon admission to and discharge from post anesthesia care unit (PACU) was recorded. Block duration, patient satisfaction, pain at block site and amount of opioids used in PACU and between subsequent followup visits was recorded. Patients were followed for 12 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of number of pricks, time for the block to wean, pain upon admission to PACU, amount of opioids received in PACU, pain upon discharge from PACU, pain at the operative site, pain at the block site, toe motor function and toe sensation. There was a statistically significant difference in the block procedure performance time between the two groups, with the control group being faster (P<0.0001). A significantly larger number of patients in the control group required more than three needle redirections (P=0.0060). CONCLUSIONS: The lateral sciatic popliteal block using nerve stimulation had similar block characteristics and patient satisfaction with a significantly faster performance time compared to the ultrasound guided technique. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level I, prospective randomized study.

The Use of Tantalum Metal in Foot and Ankle Surgery.

There are several reconstructive procedures in foot and ankle surgery wherein structural grafts are needed to fill defects, restore height, and maintain correction while providing an osteoconductive environment until fusion occurs. Traditionally used autografts and allografts have their disadvantages and limitations. Porous tantalum, with stiffness similar to bone and its biocompatibility, can be a viable option in foot and ankle reconstructive procedures.

Office-based rapid prototyping in orthopedic surgery: a novel planning technique and review of the literature.

Three-dimensional (3-D) prototyping, based on high-quality axial images, may allow for more accurate and extensive preoperative planning and may even allow surgeons to perform procedures as part of preoperative preparation. In this article, we describe 7 cases of complex orthopedic disorders that were surgically treated after preoperative planning that was based on both industry-provided models and use of our in-house 3-D printer. Commercially available 3-D printers allow for rapid in-office production of a high-quality realistic prototype at relatively low per-case cost. Using this technique, surgeons can assess the accuracy of their original surgical plans and, if necessary, correct them preoperatively. The ability to "perform surgery preoperatively" adds another element to surgeons' perceptions of the potential issues that may arise.

Salvage of failed total ankle replacement using tantalum trabecular metal: case series.

BACKGROUND: Although newer generations of total ankle arthroplasty designs have better clinical outcomes, failure due to aseptic loosening remains a frequent major complication. Arthrodesis is the most common salvage procedure for a failed total ankle replacement. There are several arthrodesis techniques each with its advantages and disadvantages. We present a technique of ankle arthrodesis for failed total ankle replacements using tantalum Trabecular Metal™ (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) with internal fixation, thus sparing the subtalar joint. METHODS: Three patients who had undergone arthrodesis for a failed total ankle replacement using tantalum Trabecular Metal were retrospectively reviewed. The mean follow-up period was 57 (range, 31-86) months. The mean age at ankle arthroplasty was 57 (range, 33-72) years and at ankle arthrodesis was 63 (range, 44-74) years. The mean time from arthroplasty to arthrodesis was 7 (range, 2-11) years. RESULTS: The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score improved from 30.7 (range, 20-39) preoperatively to 72.7 (range, 65-77) postoperatively at the time of last follow-up. Arthrodesis was achieved at a mean of 3 months, and there were no complications. CONCLUSION: The technique described has several advantages when compared to other methods of salvage ankle arthrodesis. The subtalar joint is not included in the fusion unless it is degenerative and symptomatic. Height of the ankle is maintained throughout the fusion process. Furthermore, Trabecular Metal is abundantly available; it avoids donor site morbidity and eliminates the risk of transmissible diseases.

Porous tantalum as a structural graft in foot and ankle surgery.

BACKGROUND: Structural bone grafts are often used in foot and ankle surgery to fill gaps, maintain height, length or correction. Bone graft, whether autograft or allograft, has limitations and disadvantages. With porosity and mechanical properties similar to native bone, porous tantalum has been used successfully in hip and knee applications. This study investigates the potential advantages of porous tantalum as a substitute for conventional bone graft in foot and ankle surgery. METHODS: A retrospective review of 27 arthrodesis procedures was performed of foot and ankle procedures using Trabecular Metal porous tantalum over a period of 5 years. Twenty-five patients were involved. Mean age at the time of surgery was 63 (range, 41 to 80) years. All the patients had pathologies in the foot and ankle that required arthrodesis with structural graft. Average followup was 27 (range, 12 to 72) months. RESULTS: At final followup the mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot/Midfoot score improved from 40.6 (range, 16 to 64) preoperatively to 86.3 (range, 57 to 100) postoperatively (p < 0.001). When the pain component of the AOFAS was examined, the score improved from a mean of 8.2 (range, 0 to 20) to 35.2 (range, 20 to 40), (p < 0.001). At the time of last followup, 56% of patients reported no pain, 40% reported mild occasional pain, and 4% reported moderate pain. CONCLUSION: Porous tantalum therefore, was found to be a viable alternative to conventional bone graft when structural support was required.

Intermediate term outcome of the agility total ankle arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Although ankle arthrodesis provides pain relief and improved function, newer generation total ankle arthroplasty designs, with improved kinematic properties, have emerged and showed encouraging results. The purpose of this study was to review the intermediate term outcome of the Agility Total Ankle Arthroplasty prosthesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on 28 total ankle arthroplasty procedures performed over a period of 5 years. The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) questionnaire was used for evaluation. Pre-existing medical and surgical conditions that could potentially affect outcome were recorded. The mean age at surgery was 68.5 years with 39% males and 61% females. RESULTS: The mean AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot score improved significantly from 34.9 to 76.4 (p < 0.001). Pain relief was the main factor in improving the score followed by improved function. Complications varied from delayed wound healing, wound infection, painful hardware, iatrogenic malleolar fracture and arterial injury, to patients requiring free flap coverage. Despite the high rate of complications, which were successfully treated, most patients were satisfied at the last followup. CONCLUSION: Total ankle arthroplasty using the Agility Total Ankle Arthroplasty prosthesis has clinically encouraging outcomes; however the high complication rate should prompt surgeons to carefully select patients for this procedure.

Preoperative lateral popliteal nerve block for intraoperative and postoperative pain control in elective foot and ankle surgery: a prospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Limiting postoperative pain and minimizing systemic narcotic complications are important considerations in foot and ankle surgery to maximize patient comfort and promote early discharge from the hospital. Nerve blocks are valuable additions to perioperative care. A variety of nerve blocks have been advocated, but few reports have evaluated a preoperative supine approach for popliteal block in foot and ankle surgery. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated the effectiveness of a preoperative popliteal block in 25 consecutive patients undergoing a variety of foot and ankle procedures, as well as the length of block coverage, patient satisfaction, and any complications. Patients were monitored clinically and by a questionnaire at various time increments: preoperatively, in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), postoperative day one, and postoperative week one. RESULTS: Postoperatively, 15 of 25 patients had a complete block (motor and sensory), five of 25 patients demonstrated motor function, but denied sensation or pain, and the remaining five of 25 had sensation to light touch but no motor function or pain. None of the patients reported pain postoperatively in the PACU within an hour after surgery. The average time the block lasted was 14 hours. Overall satisfaction with the block on postoperative day one and week one was 4.8 out of 5. There were no intraneural injections, neurologic sequelae, or complications. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that a preoperative nerve block for a sedated patient in the operating room saves time, avoids patient discomfort, augments general anesthesia, provides good postoperative pain control, and has high patient satisfaction with no significant complications.

Lateral trans-biceps popliteal block for elective foot and ankle surgery performed after induction of general anesthesia.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine safety and efficacy of lateral transtendinous popliteal blocks performed after induction of general anesthesia for intraoperative and postoperative pain control in elective foot and ankle surgery. METHODS: The charts of 475 consecutive patients were retrospectively reviewed. The technique was a lateral transtendinous popliteal block under nerve stimulator direction (described in the text). Patient records were retrospectively evaluated from the postanesthesia care unit, as well as at followup on postoperative day 1 and weeks 2, 6, and 12. RESULTS: The block was complete in 398 patients (83.7%). An incomplete block was found in 77 patients (16.2 %). In the incomplete category, 21 patients (4.4%) had no pain but some motor function, 32 patients (6.5%) reported mild to moderate pain, and 24 patients (5.3%) had severe pain. The average block duration was 16.5 hours. There were no adverse effects documented in any patient at followup. CONCLUSIONS: Lateral popliteal nerve block after induction of general anesthesia appears to be safe and effective for intraoperative and postoperative pain control in elective foot and ankle surgery.

"Absent middle facet": a sign on unenhanced radiography of subtalar joint coalition.

OBJECTIVE: We compared the accuracy of the previously unevaluated "absent middle facet" sign with the more commonly used "talar beak" sign and C sign for the detection of coalition of the subtalar joint middle facets on lateral foot radiographs obtained with the patient standing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three musculoskeletal radiologists graded the visibility of these three signs on standing lateral radiographs of 32 feet that had been proven to have coalitions of the middle facets of the subtalar joint and 62 feet that had normal subtalar joints. The reviewers were unaware of the presence or absence of subtalar coalitions in these feet. RESULTS: The absent middle facet sign had a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 75%, 98%, and 90%, respectively, for the diagnosis of subtalar joint coalition in this patient population, whereas these values were 56%, 100%, and 85% for the C sign and 53%, 90%, and 78% for the talar beak sign, respectively. A finding of either a positive absent middle facet sign or a positive C sign resulted in a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 84%, 98%, and 94%, respectively. CONCLUSION: In this study population, the absent middle facet sign was more sensitive than and nearly as specific as the talar beak sign and C sign for diagnosing subtalar coalition on standing lateral foot radiographs. The highest accuracy was obtained when a finding of either a completely absent middle facet or a complete C sign was considered as a positive indicator of a subtalar coalition.