Extreme under-reporting of body weight by young adults with obesity: relation to social desirability.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between under-reporting of body weight and social desirability as is found with self-reports of energy intake. Methods: Twenty-seven lean individuals (mean body mass index ± standard deviation = 21.6 ± 2.0 kg m-2) and 26 individuals with obesity (mean body mass index = 35.4 ± 4.8 kg m-2) were e-mailed a questionnaire on which they had to state their body weight and conduct a home food inventory. The next day, research team members went to their homes to weigh the participants, conduct their own food inventory and administer the Marlowe-Crowne scale for social desirability. Results: Among individuals with obesity, lower social desirability scores were associated with a greater degree of under-reporting body weight (r = +0.48, p < 0.02). Among lean individuals, the correlation was negative but statistically non-significant (p = -0.22, p > 0.10). Nine individuals with obesity were extreme under-reporters (2.27 kg or more), and eight of these had social desirability scores in the bottom half of the Marlowe-Crowne scale (p < 0.01). Six under-reported on the home food inventory by three or more items. Conclusions: Individuals with obesity and low social desirability scores are more likely than others to be extreme under-reporters of body weight, possibly due to a lack of awareness of their own weight.

Reducing global turbulent resistivity by eliminating large eddies in a spherical liquid-sodium experiment.

Three-wave turbulent interactions and the role of eddy size on the turbulent electromotive force are studied in a spherical liquid-sodium dynamo experiment. A symmetric, equatorial baffle reduces the amplitude of the largest-scale turbulent eddies, which is inferred from the magnetic fluctuations spectrum (measured by a 2D array of surface probes). Differential rotation in the mean flow is >2 times more effective in generating mean toroidal magnetic fields from the applied poloidal field (via the Ω effect) when the largest-scale eddies are eliminated, thus demonstrating that the global turbulent resistivity (the ß effect from the largest-scale eddies) is reduced by a similar amount.

Associations among binge eating behavior patterns and gastrointestinal symptoms: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: The psychological symptoms associated with binge eating disorder (BED) have been well documented. However, the physical symptoms associated with BED have not been explored. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as heartburn and diarrhea are more prevalent in obese adults, but the associations remain unexplained. Patients with bulimia have increased gastric capacity. The objective of the study was to examine if the severity of binge eating episodes would be associated with upper and lower GI symptoms. METHODS: Population-based survey of community residents through a mailed questionnaire measuring GI symptoms, frequency of binge eating episodes and physical activity level. The association of GI symptoms with frequency of binge eating episodes was assessed using logistic regression models adjusting for age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and physical activity level. RESULTS: In 4096 subjects, BED was present in 6.1%. After adjusting for BMI, age, gender, race, diabetes mellitus, socioeconomic status and physical activity level, BED was independently associated with the following upper GI symptoms: acid regurgitation (P<0.001), heartburn (P<0.001), dysphagia (P<0.001), bloating (P<0.001) and upper abdominal pain (P<0.001). BED was also associated with the following lower GI symptoms: diarrhea (P<0.001), urgency (P<0.001), constipation (P<0.01) and feeling of anal blockage (P=0.001). CONCLUSION: BED appears to be associated with the experience of both upper and lower GI symptoms in the general population, independent of the level of obesity. The relationship between increased GI symptoms and physiological responses to increased volume and calorie loads, nutritional selections and rapidity of food ingestion in individuals with BED deserves further study.

First Report of Fludioxonil-Resistant Isolates of Fusarium spp. Causing Potato Seed-Piece Decay.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) diseases incited by Fusarium spp. include postharvest dry rot and seed-piece decay. Fusarium seed-piece decay is commonly controlled by preplant applications of chemical seed treatments. However, isolates of Fusarium spp. resistant to benzimidazole fungicides have been reported (2,4). In the spring of 2007, samples of cut seed tubers (cvs. Shepody and Russet Burbank) showing extensive symptoms of decay were received from three seedlots in Prince Edward Island (PE) and one seedlot in Saskatchewan (SK), Canada. All seed tubers had been treated with fludioxonil (Maxim Potato Seed Protectant [PSP], 0.5% fludioxonil) following cutting and then stored for 10 to 14 days prior to planting. Using standard isolation protocols (4), the 19 potato tuber pieces examined from PE and 2 from SK yielded 21 Fusarium isolates for further study. Five isolates (including both isolates from SK) were identified as Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel and the remaining 16 isolates were identified as F. coeruleum (Libert) Sacc. (3). To confirm identifications, isolates were compared with two known standards of each of F. sambucinum and F. coeruleum identified by K. Seifert (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON) by DNA sequencing of the partial ß-tubulin gene or the translation elongation factor 1-α ( http://fusarium.cbio.psu.edu ; [1]). These standard isolates were also used as fludioxonil-sensitive controls in amended agar assays for chemical sensitivity. Agar plugs (5 mm in diameter) taken from the margins of 7-day-old cultures of the Fusarium isolates were transferred to petri dishes containing ½-strength potato dextrose agar amended with 0, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, or 100.0 mg/liter of fludioxonil. Fludioxonil (Maxim PSP, 0.5% a.i.) was prepared as a stock solution in sterile distilled water and added to the molten agar after autoclaving. Culture incubation and mycelial growth measurements were performed as described previously (4). Measurements from four replicate petri dishes per concentration of fludioxonil were taken. Calculated EC50 values (fludioxonil concentration inhibiting pathogen growth by 50%) were obtained. The trial was repeated three times. The two standard isolates of F. sambucinum were sensitive to fludioxonil, with mean EC50 values of 0.002 (±0.002 standard error [SE]) and 0.005 (±0.002 SE) mg/liter. The two standard isolates of F. coeruleum were also sensitive to fludioxonil, with mean EC50 values of 0.17 (±0.005 SE) and 0.19 (± 0.005 SE) mg/liter. All other tested isolates of F. sambucinum and F. coeruleum were resistant to fludioxonil and showed no growth inhibition even at 100 mg of fludioxonil per liter. To our knowledge, this is the first report of resistance to fludioxonil in isolates of Fusarium spp. causing potato seed-piece decay. Since the isolates of F. sambucinum were also resistant to thiophanate-methyl and thiabendazole (data not shown), multiclass (benzimidazole and pyrrole) resistance was also documented. References: (1) D. M. Geiser et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110:473, 2004. (2) L. M. Kawchuk et al. Am. Potato J. 71:185, 1994. (3) P. E. Nelson et al. Fusarium Species: An Illustrated Manual for Identification. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1983. (4) R. D. Peters et al. Plant Dis. 85:1030, 2001.

Age-related changes in paternal responses of gerbils parallel changes in their testosterone concentrations.

Results of previous studies in our laboratory have shown that testosterone (T) inhibits parental response in adult male Mongolian gerbils. Here, we examined developmental changes in parental responses of male gerbils before, during, and after a naturally occurring surge in T that peaks on Day 75 postpartum. On the hypothesis that T inhibits parental response in male gerbils, we predicted that (a) 75-day-old male gerbils would be less responsive to neonates than would either younger or older male gerbils, and (b) young male gerbils whose T titers were rising as the litters that they were helping to rear matured would show a decrease over days in parental effort relative to older male gerbils whose T titers were falling as the litters that they were helping to rear matured. Both predictions were confirmed, providing evidence consistent with the view that naturally occurring, developmental changes in circulating concentrations of T play a role in age-related changes in the level of parental response of male Mongolian gerbils.

Effects of consanguinity, exposure to pregnant females, and stimulation from young on male gerbils' responses to pups.

In three experiments investigating variables affecting responses of male Mongolian gerbils to conspecific young, we compared the behavior directed towards pups of natural fathers, virgin foster fathers, and sexually experienced foster fathers (Experiment 1); males either previously exposed or not exposed to pregnant females (Experiment 2); and males provided or not provided with extra opportunities to huddle over pups (Experiment 3). We found no difference in responses to pups among natural fathers, virgin foster fathers, and foster fathers that had fathered litters. On the other hand, both a week of exposure to a pregnant female and opportunity to huddle over pups for an extra 15 min/day had significant effects on males' subsequent responses to conspecific young. We speculate on the reasons why a male's response to pups might be affected by his exposure to a pregnant female and stimuli from pups, but not by the probability that the pups were his own offspring.

Restless legs syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Restless legs syndrome is a common but not well-recognized central nervous system disorder that leads to insomnia and daytime distress. METHODS: A MEDLINE search of the recent English language literature was undertaken with review of appropriate articles and references. RESULTS: A growing body of work has added to an understanding of the epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, appropriate evaluation, and effective management of restless legs syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Restless legs syndrome occurs in about 6% of the adult population, more so in the elderly. Affected patients experience uncomfortable sensations in the legs with inactivity, more pronounced late in the day and at bedtime, which are temporarily relieved by moving the limbs. Affected patients can suffer from insomnia, disrupted sleep, daytime fatigue, and difficulty with sedentary activities. Most cases are idiopathic, although secondary causes, such as iron deficiency, should be excluded. Dopaminergic agents are highly effective in treating restless legs syndrome, but side effects can be problematic. Alternative medications include benzodiazepines, opioids, gabapentin, and clonidine.

Psychosocial challenges in transplantation.

The authors review the psychosocial aspects of transplantation. They first review psychosocial risk factors that place transplant patients at higher risk for noncompliance and negative outcomes. They then discuss what assessments should be included in a pretransplantation psychosocial evaluation. Goals of the psychosocial evaluation include selection of candidates most likely to benefit from transplantation and identification of areas for psychosocial intervention, both before and after transplantation. The assessment should address the patient's premorbid psychiatric state, past adaptation to stressors, history of compliance with treatment, substance abuse history, and level of social support, including community and faith-based support systems. Results of psychometric assessments may be helpful when considered in conjunction with a clinical interview and other sources of information about the patient. It may also be helpful to use a screening tool developed specifically to evaluate psychosocial factors relevant to transplantation, such as the Psychological Assessment of Candidates for Transplantation (PACT) scale and the Transplantation Evaluation Rating Scale (TERS). The authors then review issues related to psychopharmacologic interventions in transplant patients, including the use of antidepressant medication pre- and post-transplant, strategies for avoiding delirium associated with immunosuppressive medications immediately post-transplantation, neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with interferon alpha therapy for hepatitis C, and interactions between over-the-counter and herbal agents (e.g., St. John's Wort) and immunosuppressive agents. Although limited research has been done on nonpharmacologic interventions, such as transplant support groups, it appears that certain types of group therapy, in particular, cognitive-behavioral groups that target specific risk factors such as depression, distress, and compliance, may also offer promising approaches for dealing with the problems of transplant patients. The authors then focus on two special situations that create particular problems for transplantation teams: liver transplantation in patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and obesity in transplant patients. The authors conclude that the prognosis for patients with ALD who receive liver transplantation is similar to that of non-alcoholics and that alcoholism is not a contraindication for liver transplantation. However, careful preliminary psychosocial assessment is essential to review candidates for factors that are predictive of relapse, while close follow-up post-transplantation can help improve outcomes. It appears that obesity can increase the risk of negative outcomes in transplant patients, although there is currently no consensus on the use of obesity as an exclusion criteria. Interventions that take into account the special psychological and medical needs of transplant patients need to be developed for treating obesity both pre- and post-transplantation. Improved strategies for identifying high-risk patients and finding ways to intervene both pre- and post-transplantation can not only help lengthen transplant recipients' life spans, but also improve their adaptation to transplantation and lead to improved quality of life.

Changes in eating self-efficacy and body image following cognitive-behavioral group therapy for binge eating disorder: a clinical study.

Binge eating disorder (BED) is a frequent and significant psychiatric comorbidity among individuals seeking treatment for obesity. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is frequently recommended for the treatment of obese individuals with BED. However, there is limited investigation into the effectiveness of the specific components of CBT. In this study, we examine the impact of CBT for BED in obese women on self-efficacy for eating behavior and body image issues. Participants were 12 obese women who participated in a 15-week CBT group program. As predicted, results indicated a reduction in binge episode frequency and significant improvements in self-efficacy and body image pre- and posttreatment. These findings support the premise that a structured cognitive-behavioral group treatment program for obese individuals with BED will promote changes in self-efficacy and body image.

Maintaining quality of life at the end of life.

Despite the successful growth of the hospice movement during the past 30 years in the United States, almost 85% of Americans continue to die in hospitals or nursing homes. While the benefits of palliative care principles are well established, palliative care interventions remain underused in clinical practice in the settings in which most Americans die. Our premise is that physicians as a group perpetuate end-of-life suffering rather than ease the transition from life to death. We also believe that maintaining quality of life (QOL) at the end of life requires a multidimensional approach orchestrated by physicians drawing on the full range of available physical, psychological, social, and spiritual interventions. This article defines the meaning of QOL at the end of life and then examines the ramifications of failing to attend to QOL concerns in dying patients. It reviews strategies that physicians can use to advance palliative care approaches, thereby reducing terminally ill patients' suffering in the institutions in which most die.

Prospective evaluation of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass as primary operation for medically complicated obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To determine prospectively the results of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) used as the primary weight-reducing operation in patients with medically complicated ("morbid") obesity. The RYGB procedure combines the advantages of a restrictive physiology (pouch of 10 mL) and a "dumping physiology" for high-energy liquids without requiring an externally reinforced (banded) stoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between April 1987 and December 1998, a total of 191 consecutive patients with morbid obesity (median weight, 138 kg [range, 91-240 kg]; median body mass index, 49 kg/m2 [range, 36-74 kg/m2]), all of whom had directly weight-related morbidity, underwent RYGB and prospective follow-up. RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 0.5% (1/191), and hospital morbidity occurred in 10.5% (20/191). Good long-term weight loss was achieved, and patients adapted well to the required new eating habits. The mean +/- SD weight loss at 1 year after operation (113 patients) was 52 +/- 1 kg or 68% +/- 2% of initial excess body weight. By 3 years postoperatively (74 patients), weight loss was still 66% +/- 2% of excess body weight. Overall, 53 (72%) of 74 patients had achieved and maintained a weight loss of 50% or more of their preoperative excess body weight 3 years after the operation. In addition, only 1 (1%) of 98 patients had persistent postoperative vomiting 1 or more times per week. CONCLUSION: We believe that RYGB is a safe, effective procedure for most patients with morbid obesity and thus may be the current procedure of choice in patients requiring bariatrics++ surgery for morbid obesity.

Effects of experience on the parental responses of male Mongolian gerbils.

We examined responses of adult male Mongolian gerbils to nest site and young during the hours preceding and days following birth of a litter. We found that (a) male attendance at the nest site was markedly reduced for several hours following the birth of pups; (b) this lack of contact by males with nest and pups did not result from active exclusion of males from the nest by their mates; (c) males lacking previous experience of pups, but not those familiar with pups, avoided contact with pups on the day of their birth; and (4) 3-day-old gerbil pups were attractive even to males encountering young for the first time.

Predictors of exercise relapse in a college population.

Exercise improves physical and mental health. Nevertheless, most 20-year-olds do not exercise, and approximately 50% of the participants in exercise programs drop out in the first 3 to 6 months. In view of the health benefits of exercise, college health educators and clinicians need to be able to identify factors that predict exercise relapse in a student population. The authors administered questionnaires measuring Prochaska's 10 processes of change for exercise, self-efficacy, and decisional balance to 52 physically active undergraduate students. They assessed baseline exercise levels in October and reassessed them about 8 weeks later. At baseline, relapsers had significantly lower self-efficacy scores than those who maintained their exercise levels. The relapsers also had higher perceived negative views of exercise. These findings provide support for applying the transtheoretical model of behavioral change to a college population.

Body image evaluations in obese females with binge eating disorder.

Dimensions of body image in a sample of obese women diagnosed with binge eating disorder (BED; N=42) were compared with a sample of obese women without BED (non-BED; N=42), matched on age and BMI. Additionally, the relationship between BED, body image and several dimensions of treatment response was examined. Results indicated BED women were more likely to negatively evaluate their global physical appearance and have less satisfaction with specific areas of the body than were non-BED women, even after controlling for depression scores. While BED women were significantly more likely to endorse depressive symptoms, depression scores were negatively correlated with body satisfaction in non-BED women only. BED women did not fare worse in formal weight-loss treatment, as measured by length of time in treatment, group-therapy attendance, or BMI at posttreatment. The role of body image in women with BED seeking weight-loss treatment is discussed relevant to the context of potential impact of BED and negative body image on active weight-loss treatment and maintenance.

Eating self-efficacy and weight cycling: a prospective clinical study.

Previous retrospective studies have not identified global psychosocial consequences of weight cycling. These lack of findings may be due to limitations associated with retrospective research or with using general psychological measures rather than weight-specific measures. This prospective study examined changes in a weight-specific measure, eating self-efficacy, using an obese clinical population who returned to a multidisciplinary weight management program subsequent to weight regain. Subjects did not demonstrate any change in eating self-efficacy despite experiencing weight loss and then weight regain. Individuals returning for treatment may be a select population, thus suggesting that there may not be negative psychological effects of weight cycling for all individuals. Implications for further research are discussed.

A testosterone-mediated trade-off between parental and sexual effort in male mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).

Effects of testosterone (T) on parental behavior of male Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) were examined. After undergoing gonadectomy, castrated males were implanted with empty capsules or capsules containing T; sham-operated males were implanted with empty Silastic capsules. Subsequently, each male was paired with a pregnant female, and after delivery, families were observed 15 min/day for 20 days. Gonadectomized males without T spent more time in contact with, huddling over, and licking pups than did either sham-operated males or gonadectomized males with T. When given a choice between nest sites and displaced pups, females and males with low T preferred pups, whereas intact males and castrated males with T preferred nest sites. The findings are consistent with E. D. Ketterson and V. Nolan's (1994) hypothesis implicating T in mediating trade-offs between parental and sexual effort.

Binge eating, body image, depression, and self-efficacy in an obese clinical population.

OBJECTIVE: Binge eating disorder appears to be an important factor in obesity treatment. Researchers have proposed that specialized treatment programs be developed to address chronic binge eating behavior. This study was conducted to examine the relationships between binge eating, depression, body image, and self-efficacy. Based on related research, it was hypothesized that depression and negative body image would be greater for binge eaters whereas weight self-efficacy would be lower. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Subjects were 159 clinic patients participating in a multidisciplinary weight management program. Baseline measurements of binge eating status, body image and related eating behaviors, depression, and self-efficacy were obtained, whereas follow-up measures consisted of weight loss and attendance. Exploratory factor analyses were performed to obtain factors for items contained in the Eating Habits Questionnaire. Chi-square, t-tests, and logistic regression analyses determined relationships between binge eating, body image, depression, and self-efficacy. RESULTS: Univariate comparisons indicated that increased perceptions of poor body image were significantly related to binge eating. Higher levels of depression and lower weight self-efficacy were related to binge eating, but the results were qualified after applying corrective statistics for multiple comparisons. A stepwise regression analysis indicated that body image, particularly characterized by a sense of shame and concern with public appearance, had the strongest relationship to binge eating among all the factors examined in this study. DISCUSSION: These findings extend current understanding of the relationships between binge eating, body image, depression, and self-efficacy. The significance of body image, especially in relation to negative social consciousness, was determined when comparing several psychological and behavioral factors thought to influence binge eating. Further research is needed to determine the causal relationships between binge eating and the other factors examined in this study.

Neurocognitive functioning and improvement in quality of life following participation in cardiac rehabilitation.

We investigated the relationship between neurocognitive functioning and quality of life/self-perceived health status (QOL) among cardiac rehabilitation (CR) patients to determine whether level of neurocognitive functioning is related to baseline QOL and improvement following CR. CR patients (n = 35) were given a neurocognitive screening before participation in CR, and also completed a behavioral inventory (SF-36) before and after CR to measure QOL associated with medical illness. At baseline, CR patients obtained relatively low SF-36 scores compared with published norms, and as reported previously, demonstrated inferior neurocognitive performance compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, neurocognitive performance was strongly positively correlated to SF-36 scores. Significant improvements were evident on many of the SF-36 subscales following rehabilitation. These improvements were relatively greater among SF-36 indexes of physical health status compared with SF-36 indexes of mental health status. Baseline neurocognitive performance also correlated strongly to the degree of improvement in SF-36 scores following rehabilitation. These findings indicate a strong relationship between baseline neurocognitive functioning and QOL before CR, and the degree to which QOL improves following this intervention.

Changes in self-efficacy and decisional balance for exercise among obese women in a weight management program.

OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in eating and exercise self-efficacy and decisional balance for exercise in an obese population enrolled in a multi-disciplinary weight management program. RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURES: Thirty-two obese women were assessed at entry and after 12 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: Participants showed 15% mean weight loss after 12 weeks of treatment. Mean minutes of self-reported exercise increased by 229%. Participants demonstrated significant improvements in self-efficacy for both eating and exercise and health parameters but not in decisional balance for exercise adoption. DISCUSSION: These results may have implications for the practitioner in that self-efficacy changes occur during successful weight loss, but decisional balance for exercise may not change until individuals enter maintenance. These results imply that practitioners may be advised to shift from confidence building to relapse prevention early on in treatment, and that focusing on strengthening the pros of exercise and reducing the cons of exercise may need to remain constant during treatment.

Neuropsychological functioning among cardiac rehabilitation patients.

PURPOSE: The underlying pathophysiology contributing to coronary heart disease also predisposes patients to cerebrovascular disease and associated cognitive disorders. Although prior studies have focused on the neuropsychological sequelae of specific cardiac problems, few have examined the associated cognitive capacities and limitations of typical cardiac patients. The current study was designed to examine neuropsychological functioning among a sample of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) patients. METHODS: Using neuropsychological instruments, patients were compared in a CR program to age-matched outpatient control subjects who had no known history of cardiac or neurologic disease. Cardiac rehabilitation patients were then divided into dichotomous subgroups based on whether they had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting, had experienced a myocardial infarction, had hypertension, or had impaired ejection fraction. Neuropsychological functioning was examined relative to each of these factors. RESULTS: Cardiac rehabilitation patients had poorer neuropsychological test performance than did control subjects, with subtle relative deficits on measures of response generation, memory, and verbal abstraction, and particularly verbal fluency. Low ejection fraction, hypertension, and prior coronary artery bypass graft were associated with greater relative neuropsychological impairments. CONCLUSIONS: Although CR patients were not grossly neuropsychologically impaired as a group, it appears highly likely that many within a given program exhibit some degree of neuropsychological dysfunction. Including neuropsychological screening as part of pre-CR testing would help to identify such patients. This information may help staff to impart health care information in a manner that is most effective for the individual patient and may also be useful in the formation of realistic goals.