Health and illness beliefs in adults with tuberculosis infection during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK.

Background: COVID-19 disrupted the TB prevention programme in the UK, especially for TB infection (TBI) care. We explore whether experience of the COVID-19 pandemic impacted on patients' perceptions of TBI and its treatment. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted as part of the Research to Improve Detection and Treatment of TBI (RID-TB) programme, exploring perceptual and practical barriers to TBI treatment. Nineteen people diagnosed with TBI were interviewed between August 2020 and April 2021. Recordings were transcribed and analysed using a constant comparative approach, allowing for a dynamic and iterative exploration of themes. Themes are organised using the Perceptions and Practicalities Approach. Findings: Some participants perceived TBI as a risk factor for increased susceptibility to COVID-19, while some thought that treatment for TBI might protect against COVID-19 or mitigate its effects. Adaptations to TB services (e.g., remote follow-up) and integrated practices during the COVID-19 restrictions (e.g., medication being posted) addressed some practical barriers to TBI treatment. However, we identified beliefs about TBI and COVID-19 that are likely to act as barriers to engagement with TBI treatment, including: interpreting service delays as an indication of TBI not being serious enough for treatment and concerns about contracting COVID-19 in TB clinics. Interpretation: COVID-19 and TBI service delays influence people's perceptions and practical barriers to TBI treatment adherence. Failure to address these beliefs may lead to people's concerns about their treatment not being fully addressed. Utilised service adaptations like remote consultations to address practical barriers may be relevant beyond COVID-19. Funding: NIHR RID-TB Program (RP-PG-0217-20009).

Perceptions and Experiences of High-Intensity Interval Training in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Big HIIT?

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is considered a novel and time-efficient method to reduce cardiovascular disease risk, a leading cause of mortality in kidney transplant recipients. However, research in this population is severely limited. The aim of this study was to understand kidney transplant recipients' perceptions and experiences of HIIT and their readiness to participate in HIIT. Individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted in adults with a kidney transplant (n = 13; 53±13 years). Interviews were audiorecorded, transcribed verbatim, and subjected to framework analysis. Overall, participants had a good knowledge of HIIT and were open to participation. Acknowledgment of the superior benefits to cardiovascular, mental, and general health, as well as the lower time commitment, were all motivators for participation. There were some heightened concerns around damaging the kidney and 'knowing your limits. Personalization, physician's approval, and supervision were all important factors in participation. This study provides evidence that HIIT would be, in principle, largely accepted by recipients of a kidney transplant. However, several considerations are also identified in the present study, which would be essential to the success of any future efficacy trial or rehabilitation program.

Perceived barriers and facilitators to exercise in kidney transplant recipients: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Exercise has the potential to attenuate the high levels of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality present in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). Despite this, activity levels in KTRs remain low. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore the barriers and facilitators of exercise in KTRs. METHODS: Thirteen KTRs (eight males; mean ± SD; age 53 ± 13 years; estimated glomerular filtration rate 53 ± 21 ml/min/1.73 m2 ) were recruited and completed semistructured one-to-one interviews at University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust. All KTRs were eligible if their kidney transplant was completed >12 weeks before interview and their consultant considered them to have no major contraindications to exercise. All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and subject to framework analysis to identify and report themes. RESULTS: Themes were organized into personal, behavioural and environmental factors based on social cognitive theory. Facilitators of exercise were largely internal: enjoyment, exercise for general health and health of the transplanted kidney and desire to maintain normality. Social interaction, support and guidance of healthcare professionals and goal setting were perceived as motivational. Harming the kidney, a lack of guidance, self-motivation and accessibility were barriers to exercise. CONCLUSION: These results provide detailed insight into the development of interventions designed to increase physical activity in KTRs. They provide strong evidence that specific exercise guidelines are required for this population and that the healthcare system could have a key role in supporting KTRs to become more physically active. Interventions need to be multifaceted to appeal to the differing levels of support desired by KTRs. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: KTRs were involved in the development of the interview topic guide to ensure all relevant topics were explored.

"You have to change your whole life": A qualitative study of the dynamics of treatment adherence among adults with tuberculosis in the United Kingdom.

Maintaining adherence to treatment for tuberculosis (TB) is essential if the disease is to be eliminated. As part of formative research to develop an intervention to improve adherence, we documented the lived experiences of adults receiving anti-TB treatment (ATT) in three UK cities and examined how personal, social, and structural circumstances interacted to impact on individuals' adherence to treatment. Using a topic guide that explored social circumstances and experiences of TB care, we conducted in-depth interviews with 18 adults (six women) who were being or had been treated for TB (patients) and four adults (all women) who were caring for a friend, relative, or partner being treated for TB (caregivers). We analysed transcripts using an adapted framework method that classified factors affecting adherence as personal, social, structural, health systems, or treatment-related. Eleven of 18 patients were born outside the UK (in South, Central, and East Asia, and Eastern and Southern Africa); among the seven who were UK-born, four were Black, Asian, or Minority Ethnic and three were White British. TB and its treatment were often disruptive: in addition to debilitating symptoms and side effects of ATT, participants faced job insecurity, unstable housing, stigma, social isolation, worsening mental health, and damaged relationships. Those who had a strong support network, stable employment, a routine that could easily be adapted, a trusting relationship with their TB team, and clear understanding of the need for treatment reported finding it easier to adhere to ATT. Changes in circumstances sometimes had dramatic effects on an individual's ability to take ATT; participants described how the impact of certain acute events (e.g., the onset of side effects or fatigue, episodes of stigmatisation, loss of income) were amplified by their timing or through their interaction with other elements of the individual's life. We suggest that the dynamic and fluctuating nature of these factors necessitates comprehensive and regular review of needs and potential problems, conducted before and during ATT; this, coupled with supportive measures that consider (and seek to mitigate) the influence of social and structural factors, may help improve adherence.

Prevalence and correlates of physical activity across kidney disease stages: an observational multicentre study.

BACKGROUND: People with chronic kidney disease (CKD) report high levels of physical inactivity, a major modifiable risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Understanding the biological, psychosocial and demographic causes of physical activity behaviour is essential for the development and improvement of potential health interventions and promotional initiatives. This study investigated the prevalence of physical inactivity and determined individual correlates of this behaviour in a large sample of patients across the spectrum of kidney disease. METHODS: A total of 5656 people across all stages of CKD (1-2, 3, 4-5, haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and renal transplant recipients) were recruited from 17 sites in England from July 2012 to October 2018. Physical activity was evaluated using the General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire. Self-reported cardiorespiratory fitness, self-efficacy and stage of change were also assessed. Binominal generalized linear mutually adjusted models were conducted to explore the associations between physical activity and correlate variables. This cross-sectional observational multi-centre study was registered retrospectively as ISRCTN87066351 (October 2015). RESULTS: The prevalence of physical activity (6-34%) was low and worsened with disease progression. Being older, female and having a greater number of comorbidities were associated with greater odds of being physically inactive. Higher haemoglobin, cardiorespiratory fitness and self-efficacy levels were associated with increased odds of being active. Neither ethnicity nor smoking history had any effect on physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of physical inactivity are high across all stages of CKD. The identification of stage-specific correlates of physical activity may help to prioritize factors in target groups of kidney patients and improve the development and improvement of public health interventions.

Promoting integrated care in prostate cancer through online prostate cancer-specific holistic needs assessment: a feasibility study in primary care.

PURPOSE: This study assessed the feasibility of implementing a novel model of integrated prostate cancer care involving an online prostate cancer-specific holistic needs assessment (sHNA) and shared digital communication between patients and their healthcare professionals (HCPs). The sHNA produces a semi-automated care plan that is finalised in consultation between the patient and their practice nurse. METHODS: Men living with and beyond prostate cancer were invited to participate in a 9-month non-randomised cluster controlled feasibility study. The intervention group was asked to complete the sHNA on three occasions. Data were collected using Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) at baseline, 10 and 24 weeks, and 9 months. Outcomes included recruitment, retention, acceptability, and engagement with the sHNA and PROMs. RESULTS: Fourteen general practices (8 intervention and 6 control), and 41 men (29 intervention and 12 control) participated. Initial patient engagement with the sHNA was high, with all but one receiving practice nurse-led follow-up and an individualised care plan. The sHNA proved useful in identifying 'red flag' symptoms, and helping practice nurses decide when to seek further medical care for the patients. There was a high level of acceptability for patients and HCPs. However, integration of care did not occur as intended because of problems linking hospital and general practice IT systems. CONCLUSION: While the study demonstrated the feasibility of implementing the sHNA, it did not meet the a priori progression criteria; as such, undertaking a definitive randomised controlled trial is not appropriate until the identified methodological and technical issues have been addressed.

Barriers and facilitators for engagement and implementation of exercise in end-stage kidney disease: Future theory-based interventions using the Behavior Change Wheel.

Theory-driven interventions are required to increase the adoption and implementation of physical activity and exercise programs among patients with ESKD. The Behavior Change Wheel (BCW) represents a synthesis of behavior change theories and can be used to aid the systematic development of theory-driven interventions designed to change exercise behavior. The goal of this review was to synthesize barriers and facilitators to engagement and implementation of exercise and develop theory-based recommendations for exercise behavior change interventions in patients with ESKD. We applied the BCW in the current context of exercise for ESKD patients and conducted an analysis of patients' and health care professionals' (HCPs) capabilities, opportunities, and motivations to engage or promote exercise, respectively. Our analysis identified a number of salient barriers that could be targeted via intervention to increase levels of physical activity and exercise. Intervention functions identified as most likely to change patient behavior included training, enablement, education, restructuring environment, persuasion, modeling, incentivizing, and coercion. Similarly, intervention functions most likely to change HCPs behavior for exercise promotion included training, modeling, education, environmental restructuring, persuasion, and incentivizing. We also considered potential over-arching policy changes required to support these interventions. Our findings provide theory-based recommendations that can help inform future clinical and research decision-making for implementing exercise interventions in these patients. However, high-quality research in this area is desperately needed to ensure that interventions not only be theory-driven, but evidence-based.

Relationships between illness representations, physical activity and depression in chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is exacerbated by depression and confers significant healthcare costs. Whilst adverse impacts may be mitigated by physical activity, many patients with CKD remain physically inactive, with this physical inactivity potentially influenced by how CKD is appraised. OBJECTIVES: The study aims to explore the relationship between physical activity, depression and illness representations in CKD. METHODS: Patients with CKD but not requiring dialysis completed the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and Short-Form International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). Demographic information was obtained via medical records. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationship of illness representations with levels of physical activity. Moderation and mediation analyses were performed to investigate the role of depression in any relationship between illness representations and physical activity levels. RESULTS: Seventy respondents, 60 % male, with a mean age of 60 ± 16 years, took part in the study. Of illness representation dimensions, personal control was positively associated with levels of physical activity whilst timeline cyclical (a subscale of the IPQ-R relating to patient beliefs about the nature of their illness) was a significant predictor. Severity of depression was neither a moderator nor a mediator of illness representations and levels of physical activity. CONCLUSION: Facets of illness representations had significant relationships with levels of physical activity. Future research concerning the development and validation of psychological interventions based on an illness representations framework for patients with CKD not requiring dialysis is proposed. The efficacy of such interventions could be then evaluated using a randomised controlled method.

Twelve weeks of supervised exercise improves self-reported symptom burden and fatigue in chronic kidney disease: a secondary analysis of the 'ExTra CKD' trial.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients experience a high symptom burden including fatigue, sleep difficulties, muscle weakness and pain. These symptoms reduce levels of physical function (PF) and activity, and contribute to poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Despite the gathering evidence of positive physiological changes following exercise in CKD, there is limited evidence on its effect on self-reported symptom burden, fatigue, HRQoL and physical activity. METHODS: Thirty-six patients [mean ± SD 61.6 ± 11.8 years, 22 (61%) females, estimated glomerular filtration rate: 25.5 ± 7.8 mL/min/1.73 m2] not requiring renal replacement therapy underwent 12 weeks (3 times/week) of supervised aerobic exercise (AE), or a combination (CE) of AE plus resistance training. Outcomes included self-reported symptom burden, fatigue, HRQoL and physical activity. RESULTS: Exercise reduced the total number of symptoms reported by 17% and had favourable effects on fatigue in both groups. AE reduced the frequency of 'itching', 'impotence' and 'shortness of breath' symptoms, and the intrusiveness for symptoms of 'sleep disturbance', 'loss of muscular strength/power', 'muscle spasm/stiffness' and 'restless legs'. The addition of resistance exercise in the CE group saw a reduction in 'loss of muscular strength/power'. No changes were seen in subjective PF or physical activity levels. AE increased self-efficacy for physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Supervised exercise had favourable effects on symptom frequency and intrusiveness, including substantial improvements in fatigue. Although the intervention did not improve self-reported physical activity levels, AE increased patients' self-efficacy for physical activity. These favourable changes in self-reported outcomes support the important role of exercise in CKD.

Association of self-reported physical function with survival in patients with chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Reduced physical function is associated with an increased risk of mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) not requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT). Assessments of physical performance can help to identify those at risk for adverse events. However, objective measures are not always feasible and self-reported measures may provide a suitable surrogate. METHODS: We performed a cohort study examining associations between self-reported physical function and walking behaviour with survival in patients with CKD not requiring RRT. Data were analysed from the QCKD study (Physical activity opinions in kidney disease) (ISRCTN 87066351), a prospective observational mixed methods study of physical activity in patients with CKD. A total of 450 patients with CKD not requiring RRT, ages 17-93 years, were followed up for a median of 43 months. Upon enrolment, participants completed two questionnaires: Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) (physical function) and General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPPAQ) (habitual activity). Mortality data were collected from electronic records in September 2016; RRT was considered a competing event. RESULTS: A total of 74 deaths occurred during follow-up and 101 participants were started on RRT. The adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) of mortality in participants scoring >19.2 on the DASI was 0.51 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.30-0.88] while a one-unit increase in the DASI was associated with an SHR of 0.97 (95% CI 0.95-0.99). The adjusted SHRs of mortality were 0.48 (95% CI 0.26-0.90), 0.25 (0.11-0.57) and 0.48 (0.23-0.80) for participants walking <1, 1-3 and ≥3 h/week, respectively, compared with no walking. A walking pace >3 mph was associated with a reduced risk of mortality [SHR 0.37 (95% CI 0.20-0.71)] compared with a walking pace <3 mph. CONCLUSIONS: Physical function and walking behaviours were independently associated with survival in CKD and may help to identify patients at risk for adverse events.

"My gut feeling is we could do more..." a qualitative study exploring staff and patient perspectives before and after the implementation of an online prostate cancer-specific holistic needs assessment.

BACKGROUND: Men surviving prostate cancer report a wide range of unmet needs. Holistic needs assessments (HNA) are designed to capture these, but are traditionally paper-based, generic, and only carried out in secondary care despite national initiatives advocating a "shared care" approach. We developed an online prostate cancer-specific HNA (sHNA) built into existing IT healthcare infrastructure to provide a platform for service integration. Barriers and facilitators to implementation and use of the sHNA were explored from both the patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs) perspectives. METHODS: This qualitative study consisted of two phases. Phase 1 used semi-structured interviews to explore HCPs (n = 8) and patients (n = 10) perceptions of the sHNA, prior to implementation. Findings were used to develop an implementation strategy. Phase 2 used semi-structured interviews to explore HCPs (n = 4) and patients (n = 7) experienced barriers and motivators to using the sHNA, 9 to 12 months after implementation. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. Themes were mapped to the Theoretical Domains Framework. RESULTS: HCPs and patients anticipated many benefits from using the sHNA. Barriers to implementation included: confidence to work in depth with prostate cancer patients, organisational and cultural change, and patient factors. Our implementation strategy addressed these barriers by the provision of disease specific training delivered in part by a clinical nurse specialist; and a peer-led IT supporter. Following implementation HCPs and patients perceived the sHNA as beneficial to their practice and care, respectively. However, some patients experienced barriers in using the sHNA related predominately to symptom perception and time since treatment. HCPs suggested minor software refinements. CONCLUSIONS: This work supports the importance of identifying barriers and motivators to implementation, and using targeted action via the development of an implementation strategy to address these. Whilst this process should be on-going, undertaking this work at an early stage will help to optimise the implementation of the sHNA for future trials.

The association of physical function and physical activity with all-cause mortality and adverse clinical outcomes in nondialysis chronic kidney disease: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: People with nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD) and renal transplant recipients (RTRs) have compromised physical function and reduced physical activity (PA) levels. Whilst established in healthy older adults and other chronic diseases, this association remains underexplored in CKD. We aimed to review the existing research investigating poor physical function and PA with clinical outcome in nondialysis CKD. DATA SOURCES: Electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were searched until December 2017 for cohort studies reporting objective or subjective measures of PA and physical function and the associations with adverse clinical outcomes and all-cause mortality in patients with nondialysis CKD stages 1-5 and RTRs. The protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42016039060). REVIEW METHODS: Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Agency for Healthcare and Research Quality (AHRQ) standards. RESULTS: A total of 29 studies were included; 12 reporting on physical function and 17 on PA. Only eight studies were conducted with RTRs. The majority were classified as 'good' according to the AHRQ standards. Although not appropriate for meta-analysis due to variance in the outcome measures reported, a coherent pattern was seen with higher mortality rates or prevalence of adverse clinical events associated with lower PA and physical function levels, irrespective of the measurement tool used. Sources of bias included incomplete description of participant flow through the study and over reliance on self-report measures. CONCLUSIONS: In nondialysis CKD, survival rates correlate with greater PA and physical function levels. Further trials are required to investigate causality and the effectiveness of physical function and PA interventions in improving outcomes. Future work should identify standard assessment protocols for PA and physical function.

Kidney symptom questionnaire: Development, content validation and relationship with quality of life.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a range of symptoms, even at early stages. The importance of patient symptom experience is increasingly recognised, but validated symptom scores are lacking. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to refine an existing symptom questionnaire for use with patients not requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT), carry out content validity testing and explore convergent validity by comparing symptom scores with quality of life (QoL). DESIGN: A mixed-methods approach involving questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and a focus group. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with CKD not undergoing RRT and expert health professionals. APPROACH: Two hundred and nineteen patients completed an existing symptom questionnaire. The most commonly reported symptoms were identified, and descriptions refined in 11 semi-structured interviews. The questionnaire design was reviewed by a focus group. Content validity was established by a panel of expert health professionals. Seventy patients completed both the symptom questionnaire and a health-related QoL questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L). RESULTS: Thirteen common symptoms were identified. During the content validity phase, 13/16 experts responded (81%); 10/13 symptoms had 'excellent' or 'good' evaluation scores, and the content validity index of the whole questionnaire was 0.81, falling within the recommended threshold. Total symptom frequency scores, number of symptoms and the frequencies of 10/13 individual symptoms were all strongly associated with health-related QoL (EQ-5D-5L index score; p < 0.002 for all). CONCLUSION: This work has provided a new, validated symptom score for patients with CKD not requiring RRT for clinical management and research purposes.

Twelve-week combined resistance and aerobic training confers greater benefits than aerobic training alone in nondialysis CKD.

There is a growing consensus that patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) should engage in regular exercise, but there is a lack of formal guidelines. In this report, we determined whether combined aerobic and resistance exercise would elicit superior physiological gains, in particular muscular strength, compared with aerobic training alone in nondialysis CKD. Nondialysis patients with CKD stages 3b-5 were randomly allocated to aerobic exercise {AE, n = 21; 9 men; median age 63 [interquartile range (IQR) 58-71] yr; median estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 24 (IQR 20-30) ml·min-1·1.73 m-2} or combined exercise [CE, n = 20, 9 men, median age 63 (IQR 51-69) yr, median eGFR 27 (IQR 22-32) ml·min-1·1.73 m-2], preceded by a 6-wk run-in control period. Patients then underwent 12 wk of supervised AE (treadmill, rowing, or cycling exercise) or CE training (as AE plus leg extension and leg press exercise) performed three times per week. Outcome assessments of knee extensor muscle strength, quadriceps muscle volume, exercise capacity, and central hemodynamics were performed at baseline, following the 6-wk control period, and at the end of the intervention. AE and CE resulted in significant increases in knee extensor strength of 16 ± 19% (mean ± SD; P = 0.001) and 48 ± 37% ( P < 0.001), respectively, which were greater after CE ( P = 0.02). AE and CE resulted in 5 ± 7% ( P = 0.04) and 9 ± 7% ( P < 0.001) increases in quadriceps volume, respectively ( P < 0.001), which were greater after CE ( P = 0.01). Both AE and CE increased distance walked in the incremental shuttle walk test [28 ± 44 m ( P = 0.01) and 32 ± 45 m ( P = 0.01), respectively]. In nondialysis CKD, the addition of resistance exercise to aerobic exercise confers greater increases in muscle mass and strength than aerobic exercise alone.

Symptom burden in patients with chronic kidney disease not requiring renal replacement therapy.

BACKGROUND: Although evidence shows that patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) experience a high symptom burden which impacts on quality of life (QoL), less is known about patients with earlier stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to explore symptom burden and potential contributing factors in patients with CKD Stage 1-5 not requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT). METHODS: Patients with CKD Stage 1-5 and not on RRT were asked to report their symptoms using the Leicester Uraemic Symptom Score (LUSS), a questionnaire which assesses the frequency and intrusiveness of 11 symptoms commonly reported by kidney patients. RESULTS: Symptoms were assessed in 283 CKD Stage 1-5 patients: 54% male, mean age 60.5 standard error± 1.0, mean eGFR 38ml/min/1.73m2. Some 96% (95% confidence interval 93.2-98.0) of participants reported experiencing at least one symptom, the median reported being six. Excessive tiredness (81%;76.0-85.6), sleep disturbance (70%;64.3-75.3) and pain in bones/joints (69%;63.4-74.6) were reported most commonly. Overall, few significant associations were found between biochemical markers of disease severity and symptom burden. Men tended to report fewer symptoms than women and South Asian patients often described experiencing symptoms with a greater severity. Older patients found musculoskeletal symptoms more intrusive whereas younger patients found reduced concentration more intrusive. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that patients with CKD stages 1-5 experience a multitude of symptoms that could potentially impact QoL. Using multidimensional tools like the LUSS, more exploration and focus could provide a greater opportunity for patient focussed symptom control from the earliest stages of CKD.

Patient's perceptions of chronic kidney disease and their association with psychosocial and clinical outcomes: a narrative review.

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) form organized beliefs regarding their illness and treatment. These perceptions influence the coping strategies employed by an individual to manage his/her illness and may act as a predictor for his/her willingness to engage in self-management behaviours. While illness perceptions have been identified as predictors of non-adherence, depression and mortality in dialysis patients, there is a paucity of research in CKD patients not requiring renal replacement therapy. This narrative review synthesizes the existing literature regarding the role of illness perceptions and associated clinical and psychosocial outcomes in non-dialysis CKD patients. Studies were identified following database searches of AMED, BNI, CINAHL, EMBASE, Health Business Elite, HMIC, Medline, PsycINFO and Google Scholar in January 2016. Despite the small evidence base, existing studies indicate that negative illness perceptions are associated with disease progression and a number of psychosocial outcomes in non-dialysis CKD patients. Evidence from other clinical populations suggests that illness perceptions are modifiable through psychological intervention, which may be most effective if delivered early before beliefs have the chance to become more established. Therefore, targeting illness perceptions in the earlier stages of CKD may be optimal. Further studies are now required to ascertain the mechanisms through which illness perceptions predict psychosocial and clinical outcomes in CKD patients and to ultimately test the efficacy of illness perception-based interventions.

Motivations and barriers to exercise in chronic kidney disease: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Exercise has the potential to modulate a number of complications associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, typically, CKD patients lead very sedentary lifestyles, the reasons for which are not fully known. The aim of this qualitative study was to gain an understanding of the motivators, barriers and beliefs held by CKD patients regarding exercise. METHODS: We conducted 3 focus groups and 22 semi-structured interviews. Data were collected from nephrology outpatient clinics in the United Kingdom. A total of 36 individuals with CKD stages 1-5 not requiring renal replacement therapy, aged 26-83 years participated in this study. This manuscript outlines the findings from patients with CKD stages 3-5. Focus groups and interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. RESULTS: Positive attitudes to exercise reflected autonomous motivations including: exercising for health; enjoyment and social interaction. Family support and goal setting were seen as motivators for exercise and the accessibility of local facilities influenced activity levels. Barriers to exercise were poor health, fear of injury or aggravating their condition, a lack of guidance from healthcare professionals and a lack of facilities. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are an important first stage in the development of a CKD-specific exercise behaviour change intervention. Interventions should operate at multiple levels, with a focus on improving patient autonomy and exercise self-efficacy, support networks and the physical environment (e.g. the accessibility of local facilities). In addition, strategies are required to ensure that the healthcare system is actively promoting and routinely supporting exercise for all patients with CKD.

Patient and Staff Perceptions of Intradialytic Exercise before and after Implementation: A Qualitative Study.

INTRODUCTION: Despite guidance and evidence for the beneficial effects of intradialytic exercise (IDE), such programmes are rarely adopted within practice and little is known about how they may best be sustained. The Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) was used to guide the understanding of the barriers and facilitators to initial and ongoing IDE participation and to understand how these are influential at each stage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Focus groups explored patient (n=24) and staff (n=9) perceptions of IDE prior to the introduction of a programme and, six months later, face to face semi-structured interviews captured exercising patients (n=11) and staffs' (n=8) actual experiences. Data were collected at private and NHS haemodialysis units within the UK. All data were audio-recorded, translated where necessary, transcribed verbatim and subject to framework analysis. RESULTS: IDE initiation can be facilitated by addressing the pre-existing beliefs about IDE through the influence of peers (for patients) and training (for staff). Participation was sustained through the observation of positive outcomes and through social influences such as teamwork and collaboration. Despite this, environment and resource limitations remained the greatest barrier perceived by both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Novel methods of staff training and patient education should enhance engagement. Programmes that clearly highlight the benefits of IDE should be more successful in the longer term. The barrier of staff workload needs to be addressed through specific guidance that includes recommendations on staffing levels, roles, training and skill mix.