Excess Mortality Among Solid Organ Transplant Recipients in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic is the first sustained respiratory disease pandemic to arise since the start of solid organ transplantation (SOT). Prior studies have demonstrated that SOT recipients are at greater risk for severe complications of infection and are less likely to respond to vaccination. METHODS: The Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients Standard Analysis Files was used to assess the cumulative excess mortality in SOT recipients during the first 20 mo of the pandemic. RESULTS: Compared with excess mortality rates in the US population (25.9 deaths/10 000; confidence interval [CI], 10.9-41.1), the excess mortality per 10 000 was higher in all SOT groups: kidney (188.5; CI, 150.7-225.6), lung (173.6; CI, 17-334.7), heart (123.7; CI, 56-191.4), and liver (105.1; CI, 64.6-146). The higher rates persisted even with attempts to control for population age structure and renal allograft failure. Excess mortality was also higher in Black (236.8; CI, 186.1-287) and Hispanic (256.9; CI, 208.1-305.2) organ recipients compared with other racial and ethnic groups in the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients and compared with the Black and Hispanic populations in the United States. CONCLUSIONS: Studies of excess mortality provide insight into the health and survival of specialized populations like SOT recipients during major health events like the COVID-19 pandemic.

Estimating pediatric cases of COVID-19 over time in the United States: Filling in a gap in public use data.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 continues to disturb nearly all aspects of life, leaving us striving to reach herd immunity. Currently, only weekly standardized incidence rate data per age group are publicly available, limiting assessment of herd immunity. Here, we estimate the time-series case counts of COVID-19 among age groups currently ineligible for vaccination in the USA. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of publicly available data. COVID-19 case counts by age groups were computed using incidence rate data from the CDC and population estimates from the US Census Bureau. We also created a web-based application to allow on demand analysis. RESULTS: A total of 78 weeks of data were incorporated in the analysis, suggesting the highest peak in cases within the 5-11-year age group on week ending 2021-01-09 (n = 61,095) followed by the 12-15-year age group (n = 58,093). As of July 24, 2021, case counts in the 5-11-year age group have expanded beyond other groups rapidly. DISCUSSION: This study suggests it is possible to estimate pediatric case counts of COVID-19. National agencies should report COVID-19 time series case counts for pediatric age cohorts. These data will enhance our ability to estimate the population at risk and tailor interventions accordingly.

Congenital Giant Megaureter in a 16-Year-Old Female Presenting With Abdominal Pain: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

We describe a case of congenital giant megaureter in a 16-year-old female. She presented with a 5-day history of abdominal distention, right flank pain and tenderness. Right pyelonephritis was suspected. Computerized tomography showed a large cystic abdominal mass with no appreciably functioning left kidney causing secondary compression of the contralateral right ureter. A left upper nephroureterectomy was performed, draining over 3.5 L of fluid. Our experience suggests that congenital giant megaureter should be considered in the differential for pediatric patients presenting with a cystic abdominal mass.

Head and Neck Cancer Survival Disparities by Race and Rural-Urban Context.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to examine the relationship between race and rural-urban context in head and neck cancer (HNC) survival and determine factors that potentially drive this disparity. METHODS: Using the National Cancer Database from 2004 to 2015, we identified a retrospective cohort of 146,256 patients with HNC. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the Cox proportional hazards regression were used to calculate adjusted HRs. RESULTS: Median survival by patient subgroup was as follows: White urban [67 months; 95% confidence interval (CI), 66.0-67.9], White rural (59.1 months; 95% CI, 57.2-60), Black urban (43.1 months; 95% CI, 41.1-44.5), and Black rural (35.1 months; 95% CI, 31.9-39.0). The difference in 5-year survival, stratified by rural-urban context, was greater among Black patients [Δ restricted mean survival time (ΔRMST) 0.18; 95% CI, 0.10-0.27] than White patients (ΔRMST 0.08; 95% CI, 0.06-0.11). In the univariate Cox proportional hazards analysis with White urban patients as reference group, Black rural patients had the worst survival (HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.43-1.48; P < 0.001), followed by Black urban patients (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.28-1.30; P < 0.001), and White rural patients (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.07-1.09; P < 0.001). This disparity persisted when controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical factors. CONCLUSIONS: Black patients with HNC, specifically those living in rural areas, have decreased survival. Survival differences by rural-urban status are greater among Black patients than White patients. IMPACT: We have shown that race and rural-urban status impact HNC survival outcomes. Our findings will help future researchers to better frame approaches to address this disparity.