Leprosy initially misdiagnosed as sarcoidosis, adult-onset still disease, or autoinflammatory disease.

Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. We describe the case of a 20-year-old man from India living in Italy since 2003, who presented with erythematous papules and nodules distributed on his arms, legs, and face in 2006. He also had episodes of high fever, polyarthritis, and episcleritis. Sarcoidosis was suspected on the basis of elevated angiotensin-converting enzyme and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and the patient was treated with corticosteroids for about a year. A flare of the disease occurred each time corticosteroid was tapered or suspended. An autoinflammatory disease was then suspected and treated with immunosuppressant. Only the third deep skin biopsy revealed the presence of M. leprae. The lack of clinical suspicion and the unfamiliarity with the histology of leprosy delayed diagnosis and treatment. Leprosy should be considered in the differential diagnoses of patients presenting with rheumatic and cutaneous manifestations especially when they come from countries where the disease is endemic.

Effects of shock wave therapy in the skin of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis: a pilot study.

Vasculopathy, immunological abnormalities, and excessive tissue fibrosis are key elements in the pathogenesis of progressive systemic sclerosis (SSc). Extracorporeal shock waves (ESW) have anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects on different tissues. We hypothesized that ESW can reduce endothelial cell damage and skin fibrosis in patients with SSc. We enrolled 30 patients affected by SSc, 29 females and 1 male. Rodnan Skin Score (RSS) and Visuo-Analogical Scale (VAS) for skin wellness were performed before and immediately after ESW therapy (ESWT) and at 7, 30, 60, and 90 days after the treatment. Sonographic examination of the patients' arms was performed before and 7, 30, 60, 90 days after treatment. Blood samples were obtained before and 30 and 60 days after treatment to measure serological levels of von Willebrand factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1. The number of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and circulating endothelial cells (CECs) were determined at the same time points. After ESWT we observed a rapid and persistent reduction of RSS and decrease of VAS. There was no difference in skin thickness before and after ESWT; however, we observed a more regular skin structure and an improvement in skin vascularization 90 days after treatment. EPCs and CECs increased 60 and 90 days after treatment, while serological biomarkers showed no variation before and after therapy. In conclusion, ESWT resulted in an improvement of VAS, RSS, and of skin vascular score, and in an increase of CECs and EPCs.