SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test Based on a New Anti-Nucleocapsid Protein Monoclonal Antibody: Development and Real-Time Validation.

SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic tests have become an important tool for pandemic control. Among the alternatives for COVID-19 diagnosis, antigen rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDT) are very convenient and widely used. However, as SARS-CoV-2 variants may continuously emerge, the replacement of tests and reagents may be required to maintain the sensitivity of Ag-RDTs. Here, we describe the development and validation of an Ag-RDT during an outbreak of the Omicron variant, including the characterization of a new monoclonal antibody (anti-DTC-N 1B3 mAb) that recognizes the Nucleocapsid protein (N). The anti-DTC-N 1B3 mAb recognized the sequence TFPPTEPKKDKKK located at the C-terminus of the N protein of main SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Accordingly, the Ag-RDT prototypes using the anti-DTC-N 1B3 mAB detected all the SARS-CoV-2 variants-Wuhan, Alpha, Gamma, Delta, P2 and Omicron. The performance of the best prototype (sensitivity of 95.2% for samples with Ct ≤ 25; specificity of 98.3% and overall accuracy of 85.0%) met the WHO recommendations. Moreover, results from a patients' follow-up study indicated that, if performed within the first three days after onset of symptoms, the Ag-RDT displayed 100% sensitivity. Thus, the new mAb and the Ag-RDT developed herein may constitute alternative tools for COVID-19 point-of-care diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance.

Long non-coding RNAs are essential for Schistosoma mansoni pairing-dependent adult worm homeostasis and fertility.

The trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni causes schistosomiasis, which affects over 200 million people worldwide. Schistosomes are dioecious, with egg laying depending on the females' obligatory pairing with males. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides with low or no protein-coding potential that have been involved in other species with reproduction, stem cell maintenance, and drug resistance. In S. mansoni, we recently showed that the knockdown of one lncRNA affects the pairing status of these parasites. Here, we re-analyzed public RNA-Seq data from paired and unpaired adult male and female worms and their gonads, obtained from mixed-sex or single-sex cercariae infections, and found thousands of differentially expressed pairing-dependent lncRNAs among the 23 biological samples that were compared. The expression levels of selected lncRNAs were validated by RT-qPCR using an in vitro unpairing model. In addition, the in vitro silencing of three selected lncRNAs showed that knockdown of these pairing-dependent lncRNAs reduced cell proliferation in adult worms and their gonads, and are essential for female vitellaria maintenance, reproduction, and/or egg development. Remarkably, in vivo silencing of each of the three selected lncRNAs significantly reduced worm burden in infected mice by 26 to 35%. Whole mount in situ hybridization experiments showed that these pairing-dependent lncRNAs are expressed in reproductive tissues. These results show that lncRNAs are key components intervening in S. mansoni adult worm homeostasis, which affects pairing status and survival in the mammalian host, thus presenting great potential as new therapeutic target candidates.

Long non-coding RNAs are essential for Schistosoma mansoni pairing-dependent adult worm homeostasis and fertility

The trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni causes schistosomiasis, which affects over 200 million people worldwide. Schistosomes are dioecious, with egg laying depending on the females’ obligatory pairing with males. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides with low or no protein-coding potential that have been involved in other species with reproduction, stem cell maintenance, and drug resistance. In S. mansoni, we recently showed that the knockdown of one lncRNA affects the pairing status of these parasites. Here, we re-analyzed public RNA-Seq data from paired and unpaired adult male and female worms and their gonads, obtained from mixed-sex or single-sex cercariae infections, and found thousands of differentially expressed pairing-dependent lncRNAs among the 23 biological samples that were compared. The expression levels of selected lncRNAs were validated by RT-qPCR using an in vitro unpairing model. In addition, the in vitro silencing of three selected lncRNAs showed that knockdown of these pairing-dependent lncRNAs reduced cell proliferation in adult worms and their gonads, and are essential for female vitellaria maintenance, reproduction, and/or egg development. Remarkably, in vivo silencing of each of the three selected lncRNAs significantly reduced worm burden in infected mice by 26 to 35%. Whole mount in situ hybridization experiments showed that these pairing-dependent lncRNAs are expressed in reproductive tissues. These results show that lncRNAs are key components intervening in S. mansoni adult worm homeostasis, which affects pairing status and survival in the mammalian host, thus presenting great potential as new therapeutic target candidates.

Tracking the turnover of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs Gamma to Delta in a Brazilian state (Minas Gerais) with a high-vaccination status.

The emergence and global dissemination of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) have been described as the main factor driving the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic. In Brazil, the Gamma variant dominated the epidemiological scenario during the first period of 2021. Many Brazilian regions detected the Delta variant after its first description and documented its spread. To monitor the introduction and spread of VOC Delta, we performed Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) genotyping and genome sequencing in ten regional sentinel units from June to October 2021 in the State of Minas Gerais (MG). We documented the introduction and spread of Delta, comprising 70 per cent of the cases 8 weeks later. Comparing the viral loads of the Gamma and Delta dominance periods, we provide additional evidence that the latter is more transmissible. The spread and dominance of Delta did not culminate in the increase in cases and deaths, suggesting that the vaccination may have restrained the epidemic growth. Analysis of 224 novel Delta genomes revealed that Rio de Janeiro state was the primary source for disseminating this variant in the state of MG. We present the establishment of Delta, providing evidence of its enhanced transmissibility and showing that this variant shift did not aggravate the epidemiological scenario in a high immunity setting.

Long non-coding RNAs as possible therapeutic targets in protozoa, and in Schistosoma and other helminths.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) emerged in the past 20 years due to massive amounts of scientific data regarding transcriptomic analyses. They have been implicated in a plethora of cellular processes in higher eukaryotes. However, little is known about lncRNA possible involvement in parasitic diseases, with most studies only detecting their presence in parasites of human medical importance. Here, we review the progress on lncRNA studies and their functions in protozoans and helminths. In addition, we show an example of knockdown of one lncRNA in Schistosoma mansoni, SmLINC156349, which led to in vitro parasite adhesion, motility, and pairing impairment, with a 20% decrease in parasite viability and 33% reduction in female oviposition. Other observed phenotypes were a decrease in the proliferation rate of both male and female worms and their gonads, and reduced female lipid and vitelline droplets that are markers for well-developed vitellaria. Impairment of female worms' vitellaria in SmLINC156349-silenced worms led to egg development deficiency. All those results demonstrate the great potential of the tools and methods to characterize lncRNAs as potential new therapeutic targets. Further, we discuss the challenges and limitations of current methods for studying lncRNAs in parasites and possible solutions to overcome them, and we highlight the future directions of this exciting field.

Survey of SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity in two major Brazilian cities using a fast and affordable Sanger sequencing strategy.

Genetic variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been emerging and circulating in many places across the world. Rapid detection of these variants is essential since their dissemination can impact transmission rates, diagnostic procedures, disease severity, response to vaccines or patient management. Sanger sequencing has been used as the preferred approach for variant detection among circulating human immunodeficiency and measles virus genotypes. Using primers to amplify a fragment of the SARS-CoV-2 genome encoding part of the Spike protein, we showed that Sanger sequencing allowed us to rapidly detect the introduction and spread of three distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants in two major Brazilian cities. In both cities, after the predominance of variants closely related to the virus first identified in China, the emergence of the P.2 variant was quickly followed by the detection of the P1 variant, which became dominant in less than one month after it was first detected.

Assessment of reference genes at six different developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni for quantitative RT-PCR.

Reverse-transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the most used, fast, and reproducible method to confirm large-scale gene expression data. The use of stable reference genes for the normalization of RT-qPCR assays is recognized worldwide. No systematic study for selecting appropriate reference genes for usage in RT-qPCR experiments comparing gene expression levels at different Schistosoma mansoni life-cycle stages has been performed. Most studies rely on genes commonly used in other organisms, such as actin, tubulin, and GAPDH. Therefore, the present study focused on identifying reference genes suitable for RT-qPCR assays across six S. mansoni developmental stages. The expression levels of 25 novel candidates that we selected based on the analysis of public RNA-Seq datasets, along with eight commonly used reference genes, were systematically tested by RT-qPCR across six developmental stages of S. mansoni (eggs, miracidia, cercariae, schistosomula, adult males and adult females). The stability of genes was evaluated with geNorm, NormFinder and RefFinder algorithms. The least stable candidate reference genes tested were actin, tubulin and GAPDH. The two most stable reference genes suitable for RT-qPCR normalization were Smp_101310 (Histone H4 transcription factor) and Smp_196510 (Ubiquitin recognition factor in ER-associated degradation protein 1). Performance of these two genes as normalizers was successfully evaluated with females maintained unpaired or paired to males in culture for 8 days, or with worm pairs exposed for 16 days to double-stranded RNAs to silence a protein-coding gene. This study provides reliable reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis using samples from six different S. mansoni life-cycle stages.

Long non-coding RNAs as possible therapeutic targets in protozoa, and in Schistosoma and other helminths

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) emerged in the past 20 years due to massive amounts of scientific data regarding transcriptomic analyses. They have been implicated in a plethora of cellular processes in higher eukaryotes. However, little is known about lncRNA possible involvement in parasitic diseases, with most studies only detecting their presence in parasites of human medical importance. Here, we review the progress on lncRNA studies and their functions in protozoans and helminths. In addition, we show an example of knockdown of one lncRNA in Schistosoma mansoni, SmLINC156349, which led to in vitro parasite adhesion, motility, and pairing impairment, with a 20% decrease in parasite viability and 33% reduction in female oviposition. Other observed phenotypes were a decrease in the proliferation rate of both male and female worms and their gonads, and reduced female lipid and vitelline droplets that are markers for well-developed vitellaria. Impairment of female worms' vitellaria in SmLINC156349-silenced worms led to egg development deficiency. All those results demonstrate the great potential of the tools and methods to characterize lncRNAs as potential new therapeutic targets. Further, we discuss the challenges and limitations of current methods for studying lncRNAs in parasites and possible solutions to overcome them, and we highlight the future directions of this exciting field.

Assessment of reference genes at six different developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni for quantitative RT-PCR

Reverse-transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the most used, fast, and reproducible method to confirm large-scale gene expression data. The use of stable reference genes for the normalization of RT-qPCR assays is recognized worldwide. No systematic study for selecting appropriate reference genes for usage in RT-qPCR experiments comparing gene expression levels at different Schistosoma mansoni life-cycle stages has been performed. Most studies rely on genes commonly used in other organisms, such as actin, tubulin, and GAPDH. Therefore, the present study focused on identifying reference genes suitable for RT-qPCR assays across six S. mansoni developmental stages. The expression levels of 25 novel candidates that we selected based on the analysis of public RNA-Seq datasets, along with eight commonly used reference genes, were systematically tested by RT-qPCR across six developmental stages of S. mansoni (eggs, miracidia, cercariae, schistosomula, adult males and adult females). The stability of genes was evaluated with geNorm, NormFinder and RefFinder algorithms. The least stable candidate reference genes tested were actin, tubulin and GAPDH. The two most stable reference genes suitable for RT-qPCR normalization were Smp_101310 (Histone H4 transcription factor) and Smp_196510 (Ubiquitin recognition factor in ER-associated degradation protein 1). Performance of these two genes as normalizers was successfully evaluated with females maintained unpaired or paired to males in culture for 8 days, or with worm pairs exposed for 16 days to double-stranded RNAs to silence a protein-coding gene. This study provides reliable reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis using samples from six different S. mansoni life-cycle stages.

Novel Alkyl(aryl)-Substituted 2,2-Difluoro-6-(trichloromethyl)-2H-1,3,2-oxazaborinin-3-ium-2-uides: Synthesis, Antimicrobial Activity, and CT-DNA Binding Evaluations.

The synthesis, antimicrobial activity evaluations, biomolecule-binding properties (DNA), and absorption and emission properties of a new series of (Z)-1,1,1-trichloro-4-alkyl(aryl)amino-4-arylbut-3-en-2-ones (4, 5) and 2,2-difluoro-3-alkyl(aryl)amino-4-aryl-6-(trichloromethyl)-2H-1,3,2-oxazaborinin-3-ium-2-uides (6, 7) in which 3(4)-alkyl(aryl) = H, Me, iso-propyl, n-butyl, C6H5, 4-CH3C6H4, 4-CH3OC6H4, 4-NO2C6H4, 4-FC6H4, 4-BrC6H4, 2-naphthyl, is reported. A series of ß-enaminoketones (4, 5) is synthesized from the O,N-exchange reaction of some amines (3) with (Z)-1,1,1-trichloro-4-methoxy-4-aryl-but-3-en-2-ones (1, 2) at 61-90% yields. Subsequently, reactions of the resulting ß-enaminoketones with an appropriate source of boron (BF3.OEt2) gave the corresponding oxazaborinine derivatives (6, 7) at 50-91% yields. UV-Vis and emission properties of biomolecule-binding properties for the DNA of these new BF2-ß-enamino containing CCl3 units were also evaluated. Some compounds from the present series also exhibited potent antimicrobial effects on various pathogenic microorganisms at concentrations below those that showed cytotoxic effects. Compounds 4d, 4e, 6e, and 6f showed the best results and are very significant against P. zopfii, which causes diseases in humans and animals.

A phytochemical study of the Cuphea glutinosa from Southern Brazil: Na+,K+-ATPase activity inhibition and antioxidant properties.

This study investigated the antioxidant activity of Cuphea glutinosa (CG) and its effect on Na+, K+-ATPase from cardiac muscle. The ethanolic extract showed higher antioxidant capacity compared to aqueous and ethyl acetate fraction. Ethyl acetate fraction showed ß-sitosterol-3-O-ß-glucoside, kaempferol, quercetin, isoquercetin, gallic acid methyl ester, and gallic acid. The ethanolic extract also reduced the Na+,K+-ATPase activity. CG presented a promising antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect on the Na+, K+-ATPase activity, supporting biochemical evidences the popular use of this plant in the treatment of heart failure.

[Profile of clinical trials enrolling Brazilian children]. / Perfil dos ensaios clínicos envolvendo crianças brasileiras.

This study aimed to characterize the clinical trials with medicines enrolling Brazilian children and adolescents, registered in the databases of Clinical Trials and the Brazilian Clinical Trials Network (ReBEC) from 1994 to 2014. Only 462 clinical trials enrolled Brazilian children and adolescents. There was an increase in registrations beginning in 2003, with an important drop in 2011. Among these trials, 35.5% were hosted in Brazil. The international clinical trials were mostly conducted by North American companies. In both cases, multinational industry was the principal source of funding. The clinical trials were predominantly phase III with injectable and solid oral pharmaceutical forms of antiviral drugs. Domestic clinical trials showed wider variation in the pharmaceutical forms and higher percentage of liquid formulations, when compared to the international trials. In addition to heavy external dependence for conducting clinical trials, the study emphasized the challenge for pediatric care in Brazil, which presents epidemiological peculiarities in an environment prone to the use of unlicensed medicines for children.

[Use of medicines before and during pregnancy: prevalence and associated factors]. / Utilização de medicamentos antes e durante a gestação: prevalência e fatores associados.

This cross-sectional prospective nested cohort study aimed to assess the prevalence of use of medication before and during pregnancy and associated factors in women in a municipality in the countryside of Bahia State, Brazil. Data were collected with a structured questionnaire applied to pregnant women at their prenatal visits at health units. Prevalence rates for use of medication before and during pregnancy were 52.1% and 84.7%, respectively. The following were associated with use of medication before pregnancy: age ≥ 30 years, non-white skin color, first prenatal visit after the 1st trimester, and economic classes C/D/E. There was an increase in medication during pregnancy among women with ≥ 11 years of schooling, women with more than three prenatal visits, and those with some health problem. Pregnant women are exposed to medication before and during pregnancy, notwithstanding the lack of secure information to back the use of medicines during this phase; such use is associated with factors pertaining to prenatal follow-up, suggesting the need for more active participation by pharmacists in orientation and support for rational use of medicines.

Perfil dos ensaios clínicos envolvendo crianças brasileiras / Profile of clinical trials enrolling Brazilian children / Perfil de los ensayos clínicos involucrando niños brasileños

Resumo: Este estudo visou a caracterizar os ensaios clínicos com medicamentos envolvendo crianças e adolescentes brasileiros, registrados nas bases de dados do Clinical Trials e da Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (ReBEC), entre os anos de 1994 e 2014. Apenas 462 ensaios clínicos envolveram brasileiros nessa faixa etária. A partir de 2003, houve aumento no número de registros, com expressiva queda em 2011. Dentre esses, 35,5% foram sediados no Brasil. Os ensaios clínicos internacionais foram majoritariamente conduzidos por empresas norte-americanas. Em ambos os casos, a indústria multinacional foi a principal fonte de apoio financeiro. Predominaram ensaios clínicos de fase III com antivirais em formas farmacêuticas injetáveis e sólidas orais. Os ensaios clínicos nacionais apresentaram maior variação quanto às formas farmacêuticas e maior porcentual de formulações líquidas investigadas, em comparação aos internacionais. Além da forte dependência externa para a realização dos ensaios clínicos, destacou-se o desafio para o cuidado pediátrico no Brasil, que apresenta peculiaridades epidemiológicas em um ambiente propício ao uso de medicamentos não licenciados para crianças.

Abstract: This study aimed to characterize the clinical trials with medicines enrolling Brazilian children and adolescents, registered in the databases of Clinical Trials and the Brazilian Clinical Trials Network (ReBEC) from 1994 to 2014. Only 462 clinical trials enrolled Brazilian children and adolescents. There was an increase in registrations beginning in 2003, with an important drop in 2011. Among these trials, 35.5% were hosted in Brazil. The international clinical trials were mostly conducted by North American companies. In both cases, multinational industry was the principal source of funding. The clinical trials were predominantly phase III with injectable and solid oral pharmaceutical forms of antiviral drugs. Domestic clinical trials showed wider variation in the pharmaceutical forms and higher percentage of liquid formulations, when compared to the international trials. In addition to heavy external dependence for conducting clinical trials, the study emphasized the challenge for pediatric care in Brazil, which presents epidemiological peculiarities in an environment prone to the use of unlicensed medicines for children.

Resumen: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar los ensayos clínicos con medicamentos, involucrando a niños y adolescentes brasileños, registrados en las bases de datos de Clinical Trials y de la Red Brasileña de Ensayos Clínicos (ReBEC), entre los años de 1994 y 2014. Solamente 462 ensayos clínicos involucraron a brasileños en esa franja de edad. A partir de 2003, hubo un aumento en el número de registros, con una expresiva caída en 2011. Entre ellos, un 35,5% estuvieron ubicados en Brasil. Los ensayos clínicos internacionales fueron mayoritariamente dirigidos por empresas norteamericanas. En ambos casos, la industria multinacional fue la principal fuente de apoyo financiero. Predominaron ensayos clínicos de fase III con antivirales en formas farmacéuticas inyectables y orales sólidas. Los ensayos clínicos nacionales presentaron una mayor variación, en cuanto a las formas farmacéuticas y mayor porcentaje de formulaciones líquidas investigadas, en comparación con los internacionales. Además de la fuerte dependencia externa para la realización de los ensayos clínicos, se destacó el desafío para el cuidado pediátrico en Brasil, que presenta peculiaridades epidemiológicas en un ambiente propicio al uso de medicamentos sin licencia para niños.

Utilização de medicamentos antes e durante a gestação: prevalência e fatores associados / Use of medicines before and during pregnancy: prevalence and associated factors / Utilización de medicamentos antes y durante la gestación: prevalencia y factores asociados

Resumo: Estudo transversal aninhado à coorte prospectiva com o objetivo de avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados à utilização de medicamentos em gestantes antes e durante a gravidez em município do interior da Bahia, Brasil. As informações foram coletadas mediante um questionário estruturado aplicado às gestantes no momento do acompanhamento pré-natal em unidades de saúde do município. A prevalência para consumo de medicamentos antes e durante a gestação foi 52,1% e 84,7%, respectivamente. Após análise, os seguintes fatores estavam associados à utilização de medicamentos antes da gestação: ≥ 30 anos de idade, as não pretas, as que iniciaram o pré-natal depois do 1º trimestre e as que fazem parte da classe econômica C/D/E. Há um aumento de prevalência de utilização de medicamentos durante a gestação entre as gestantes com escolaridade ≥ 11 anos de estudo, ter feito mais de três consultas pré-natais e ter algum problema de saúde. As gestantes estão expostas ao uso de medicamentos antes e durante a gestação apesar da carência de informações seguras que fundamentem o uso de medicamentos nessa fase, e esse uso está associado a fatores relativos ao acompanhamento pré-natal, sugerindo-se a inclusão mais ativa do farmacêutico na equipe para orientação e apoio ao uso racional de medicamentos.

Abstract: This cross-sectional prospective nested cohort study aimed to assess the prevalence of use of medication before and during pregnancy and associated factors in women in a municipality in the countryside of Bahia State, Brazil. Data were collected with a structured questionnaire applied to pregnant women at their prenatal visits at health units. Prevalence rates for use of medication before and during pregnancy were 52.1% and 84.7%, respectively. The following were associated with use of medication before pregnancy: age ≥ 30 years, non-white skin color, first prenatal visit after the 1st trimester, and economic classes C/D/E. There was an increase in medication during pregnancy among women with ≥ 11 years of schooling, women with more than three prenatal visits, and those with some health problem. Pregnant women are exposed to medication before and during pregnancy, notwithstanding the lack of secure information to back the use of medicines during this phase; such use is associated with factors pertaining to prenatal follow-up, suggesting the need for more active participation by pharmacists in orientation and support for rational use of medicines.

Resumen: Estudio transversal situado en una cohorte prospectiva, con el objetivo de evaluar la prevalencia y factores asociados a la utilización de medicamentos en gestantes antes y durante el embarazo en un municipio del interior de la región de Bahía, Brasil. La información fue recogida mediante un cuestionario estructurado, aplicado a las embarazadas en el momento del seguimiento prenatal en unidades de salud del municipio. La prevalencia para el consumo de medicamentos antes y durante la gestación fue un 52,1% y un 84,7%, respectivamente. Tras el análisis, los siguientes factores estaban asociados a la utilización de medicamentos antes de la gestación: ≥ 30 años de edad; no afro-brasileñas; quienes comenzaron con el seguimiento prenatal tras el 1º trimestre, y las que forman parte de la clase económica C/D/E. Existe un aumento de prevalencia de utilización de medicamentos durante la gestación entre las gestantes con una escolaridad ≥ 11 años de estudio, haber realizado más de tres consultas prenatales y que tengan algún problema de salud. Las gestantes están expuestas al uso de medicamentos antes y durante la gestación, a pesar de la carencia de información segura que fundamente el uso de medicamentos en esa fase, y ese uso está asociado a factores relativos al seguimiento prenatal, sugiriéndose la inclusión más activa del farmacéutico en el equipo para la orientación y apoyo al uso racional de medicamentos.

Off-label use and harmful potential of drugs in a NICU in Brazil: A descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICU) are exposed to a wide variety of drugs, most without any data on safety and efficacy. OBJECTIVE: To describe the drugs prescribed to different groups of neonates hospitalized in a NICU, and to analyze off-label use and harmful potential of drugs, in terms of the potential risks. METHODS: This was a six-month retrospective cohort study of drug use in a NICU, with neonates who were inpatients for a period of over 24 hours, and using prescription data from electronic medical records. Drug information found in the package leaflets, in the British National Formulary for Children 2012-2013, and in the Thomson Micromedex database were compared. Drugs and excipients considered potentially harmful were evaluated according to the literature. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-two neonates were included in the study, with a mean gestational age (GA) of 33.3 weeks (SD ± 4.3), 75.0 % were preterm, with an average of 18.8 days of hospitalization (SD ± 18.1), and a total of 3617 neonates-day. 3290 prescriptions were registered, on average 17.1 prescriptions/neonate (SD ± 17.9) and 8.8 drugs/neonate (SD ± 5.9). The number of prescriptions and drugs was higher in neonates with GA <31 weeks (p <0.05). Anti-infectives for systemic use, blood, alimentary tract and metabolism drug groups were more frequent, varying according to the GA. Neonates (99.5 %) were exposed to unlicensed drugs (UL) and off label use (OL), more frequently in GA <28 weeks (p <0.05). Most OL drugs used were indicated for newborns. 15 potentially harmful drugs were used in more than 70 % of the neonates, and most were OL; exposure to harmful excipients occurred in 91.6 % of the neonates, a percentage even higher when considering immature neonates. CONCLUSIONS: Immature neonates in a Brazilian NICU are exposed to a variety of OL, UL and potentially harmful drugs and excipients.

Relações familiares e comportamento alimentar / Family relationship and eating behaviors

Explorou-se a influência das relações familiares no comportamento alimentar das crianças e no desenvolvimento do excesso de peso. Participaram 147 crianças de todas as classes de peso, com idades compreendidas entre os 8 e os 12 anos e respetivas famílias. Às crianças foi aplicada a escala das Relações Familiares do Family Environmemt Scale (FES) e ao principal cuidador o Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ). Os resultados indicam que o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) dos pais é, por si só, um fraco preditor do estatuto de peso dos filhos. Em famílias mais disfuncionais, os filhos têm comportamentos alimentares mais orientados para a atração pela comida, independentemente da classe de peso dos pais.(AU)

We explored the influence of family environment, and in particular, the influence of the type of relations established between family members on children's eating behavior and their overweight. A sample of 147 children, with ages between 8 and 12, of all weight classes, completed the Family Relationship subscale of the Family Environmental Scale (FES). Their main caretaker completed the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ). Parents' Body Mass Index (BMI), by itself, was found to be a weak predictor of children's weight. Family relationship emerged consistently as highly determinant on children's eating behaviors and in families with dysfunctional structures children manifested a greater tendency to behaviors related to attraction to food, regardless of their parent's weight.(AU)

Relações familiares e comportamento alimentar / Family relationship and eating behaviors

Explorou-se a influência das relações familiares no comportamento alimentar das crianças e no desenvolvimento do excesso de peso. Participaram 147 crianças de todas as classes de peso, com idades compreendidas entre os 8 e os 12 anos e respetivas famílias. Às crianças foi aplicada a escala das Relações Familiares do Family Environmemt Scale (FES) e ao principal cuidador o Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ). Os resultados indicam que o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) dos pais é, por si só, um fraco preditor do estatuto de peso dos filhos. Em famílias mais disfuncionais, os filhos têm comportamentos alimentares mais orientados para a atração pela comida, independentemente da classe de peso dos pais.

We explored the influence of family environment, and in particular, the influence of the type of relations established between family members on children's eating behavior and their overweight. A sample of 147 children, with ages between 8 and 12, of all weight classes, completed the Family Relationship subscale of the Family Environmental Scale (FES). Their main caretaker completed the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ). Parents' Body Mass Index (BMI), by itself, was found to be a weak predictor of children's weight. Family relationship emerged consistently as highly determinant on children's eating behaviors and in families with dysfunctional structures children manifested a greater tendency to behaviors related to attraction to food, regardless of their parent's weight.