Slum compassionate community: expanding access to palliative care in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the implementation of a compassionate community in Rocinha and Vidigal slums, located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. METHOD: Report on the experience of implementing a Compassionate Community based on the World Health Organization conceptual bases, supported by university extension guidelines. RESULTS: Initially, local leaders and residents were recruited and trained in palliative care. Subsequently, health professionals from different specialties engaged in the project through volunteering. Home visits were instituted in the form of interconsultation and "sponsorships" by residents and health professionals to people in palliative care and family members. Finally, the health care network in the territory was integrated in order to recognize the project as a support network. CONCLUSION: We highlight the experience as living work in health, which involves relationships and creative processes, which mobilize structured technical knowledge and relationships between people and soft-hard and soft technologies, making it possible to recognize powers in the territory.

Dogs Harbor Leishmania braziliensis and Participate in the Transmission Cycle of Human Tegumentary Leishmaniasis.

Dogs play an important role in transmission of Leishmania infantum, but epidemiologic and clinical studies of canine tegumentary leishmaniasis (CTL) are scarce. In an endemic area of human American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis, we determine the prevalence and incidence of both CTL and subclinical (SC) L. braziliensis infection in dogs and evaluated if the presence of dogs with CTL or SC L. braziliensis infection is associated with the occurrence of human ATL. SC infection in healthy animals and CTL in animals with ulcers were determined by PCR on biopsied healthy skin or on ulcers or by detecting antibodies against soluble leishmania antigen. We compared the occurrence of human ATL in homes with dogs with CTL or SC infection with control homes without dogs or with dogs without CTL or SC infection. The prevalence of SC infection was 35% and of CTL 31%. The incidence of SC infection in dogs was 4.6% and of CTL 9.3%. The frequency of ATL in humans was 50% in homes with infected dogs and 13% in homes without L. braziliensis infection in dogs. CTL and SC infection is highly prevalent, and dogs may participate in the transmission chain of L. braziliensis.

Risk Factors for Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws in Bone Metastatic Breast and Prostate Cancer under Zoledronate Treatment: A Retrospective Analysis from 10 Years of Evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze the risk factors for BRONJ in patients taking zoledronic acid (ZA) for metastatic breast and prostate cancer. METHODS: For this, a retrospective, quantitative, observational cohort study was conducted using data on adverse effects in the oral cavity in patients during chemotherapy for treatment of solid tumors available in the electronic patient record system of the Haroldo Juaçaba Hospital/Ceará Cancer Institute in the period from 2010, to 2019. Data were tabulated in Excel and exported to SPSS v20.0 software for statistical analysis, with 95% confidence. RESULTS: Thus, it can be observed that the prevalence of BRONJ in patients under treatment for breast cancer and prostate cancer was <7%, with age <50 years of age (p=0.009), cytotoxic chemotherapy such as methotrexate (p=0.023), paclitaxel (p=0.005), capecitabine (p<0.001), gemcitabine (p=0.007) and bicalutamide (p=0.016), amount of ZA infusions (p<0.001) and hormone therapy (p=0.007), in addition, a slight reduction in survival and increased use of antidepressants (p=0.014) were observed. The reduced overall survival and increased use of antidepressants in patients who developed BRONJ, reinforcing the need for further research to study the mechanisms involved in the unconventional risk factors for BRONJ. CONCLUSION: Thus, increasing the attention to these patients to prevent this condition from compromising the prognosis of these individuals.

Cryptic fungal diversity revealed by DNA metabarcoding in historic wooden structures at Whalers Bay, Deception Island, maritime Antarctic.

We provide the first assessment of fungal diversity associated with historic wooden structures at Whalers Bay (Heritage Monument 71), Deception Island, maritime Antarctic, using DNA metabarcoding. We detected a total of 177 fungal amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) dominated by the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mortierellomycota, Chytridiomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Rozellomycota, and Zoopagomycota. The assemblages were dominated by Helotiales sp. 1 and Herpotrichiellaceae sp. 1. Functional assignments indicated that the taxa detected were dominated by saprotrophic, plant and animal pathogenic, and symbiotic taxa. Metabarcoding revealed the presence of a rich and complex fungal community, which may be due to the wooden structures acting as baits attracting taxa to niches sheltered against extreme conditions, generating a hotspot for fungi in Antarctica. The sequences assigned included both cosmopolitan and endemic taxa, as well as potentially unreported diversity. The detection of DNA assigned to taxa of human and animal opportunistic pathogens raises a potential concern as Whalers Bay is one of the most popular visitor sites in Antarctica. The use of metabarcoding to detect DNA present in environmental samples does not confirm the presence of viable or metabolically active fungi and further studies using different culturing conditions and media, different growth temperatures and incubation periods, in combination with further molecular approaches such as shotgun sequencing are now required to clarify the functional ecology of these fungi.

Slum compassionate community: expanding access to palliative care in Brazil / Comunidad de favela compasiva: ampliar el acceso a los cuidados paliativos en Brasil / Comunidade compassiva de favela: ampliando o acesso aos cuidados paliativos no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the implementation of a compassionate community in Rocinha and Vidigal slums, located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Method: Report on the experience of implementing a Compassionate Community based on the World Health Organization conceptual bases, supported by university extension guidelines. Results: Initially, local leaders and residents were recruited and trained in palliative care. Subsequently, health professionals from different specialties engaged in the project through volunteering. Home visits were instituted in the form of interconsultation and "sponsorships" by residents and health professionals to people in palliative care and family members. Finally, the health care network in the territory was integrated in order to recognize the project as a support network. Conclusion: We highlight the experience as living work in health, which involves relationships and creative processes, which mobilize structured technical knowledge and relationships between people and soft-hard and soft technologies, making it possible to recognize powers in the territory.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la implementación de una comunidad compasiva en las favelas de Rocinha y Vidigal, ubicadas en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Método: Relato de la experiencia de implementación de una Comunidad Compasiva a partir de las bases conceptuales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, sustentada en lineamientos de extensión universitaria. Resultados: Inicialmente, se reclutaron y capacitaron a líderes locales y residentes en cuidados paliativos. Posteriormente, profesionales de la salud de diferentes especialidades se involucraron en el proyecto a través del voluntariado. Se instituyeron visitas domiciliarias en la modalidad de interconsulta y "patrocinios" por parte de residentes y profesionales de salud a personas en cuidados paliativos y familiares. Finalmente, se integró la Red de Atención a la Salud del territorio para reconocer el proyecto como una red de apoyo. Conclusión: Destacamos la experiencia como trabajo vivo en salud, que involucra relaciones y procesos creativos, que movilizan saberes técnicos estructurados y relaciones entre personas y tecnologías ligeras-duras y ligeras, posibilitando el reconocimiento de poderes en el territorio.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a implementação de uma comunidade compassiva nas favelas da Rocinha e Vidigal, localizadas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Método: Relato da experiência da implementação de uma Comunidade Compassiva a partir das bases conceituais da Organização Mundial da Saúde, amparada pelas diretrizes da extensão universitária. Resultados: Inicialmente, lideranças locais e moradores foram recrutados e receberam treinamento sobre cuidados paliativos. Posteriormente, profissionais de saúde de diferentes especialidades engajaram-se no projeto por meio da prática do voluntariado. Foram instituídas visitas domiciliares na modalidade interconsulta e "apadrinhamentos" por moradores e profissionais de saúde às pessoas em cuidados paliativos e familiares. Por fim, a Rede de Atenção à Saúde do território foi integrada de forma a reconhecer o projeto como rede de apoio. Conclusão: Destacamos a experiência como trabalho vivo em saúde, que envolve relações e processos criativos, os quais mobilizam o saber técnico estruturado e as relações entre as pessoas e as tecnologias leve-duras e leves, tornando factível o reconhecimento de potências no território.

Fairy ring disease affects epiphytic algal assemblages associated with the moss Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske (Bryophyta) on King George Island, Antarctica.

Since the nineteenth century, a ring-forming disease attacking Antarctic mosses has been reported. However, to date, only the effects on the mosses themselves are known. In this study, we used DNA metabarcoding to investigate the effects on the moss epiphytic algal community at different stages of disease progression. As the disease progressed, algal species richness decreased, although overall abundance was not significantly affected. Prasiolales appeared unaffected, whereas Ulotrichales were more sensitive. Trebouxiales dominated the advanced disease stage, suggesting a possible benefit from the disease, either through the elimination of competition or creation of new niches. Infection is responsible for moss death, leading to habitat loss for other organisms, but pathogenic effects on algae cannot be ruled out. Our data indicate that the disease not only impacts mosses but also other groups, potentially resulting in loss of Antarctic biodiversity. This study provides the first report of the disease effects on epiphytic algal communities of Antarctic bryophytes.

Ecological succession of fungal and bacterial communities in Antarctic mosses affected by a fairy ring disease.

We evaluated fungal and bacterial diversity in an established moss carpet on King George Island, Antarctica, affected by 'fairy ring' disease using metabarcoding. A total of 127 fungal and 706 bacterial taxa were assigned. Ascomycota dominated the fungal assemblages, followed by Basidiomycota, Rozellomycota, Chytridiomycota, Mortierellomycota and Monoblepharomycota. The fungal community displayed high indices of diversity, richness and dominance, which increased from healthy through infected to dead moss samples. A range of fungal taxa were more abundant in dead rather than healthy or fairy ring moss samples. Bacterial diversity and richness were greatest in healthy moss and least within the infected fairy ring. The dominant prokaryotic phyla were Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota and Cyanobacteria. Cyanophyceae sp., whilst consistently dominant, were less abundant in fairy ring samples. Our data confirmed the presence and abundance of a range of plant pathogenic fungi, supporting the hypothesis that the disease is linked with multiple fungal taxa. Further studies are required to characterise the interactions between plant pathogenic fungi and their host Antarctic mosses. Monitoring the dynamics of mutualist, phytopathogenic and decomposer microorganisms associated with moss carpets may provide bioindicators of moss health.

Early detection and persistent positivity of anti-Leishmania antibodies using a recombinant protein-based ELISA in naturally infected dogs in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania infantum, for which dogs constitute the main urban parasite reservoir. Control measures and the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) are essential to reduce VL cases. Early and accurate detection of L. infantum-infected dogs is crucial to the success of VL control. To improve the serological detection of L. infantum-exposed dogs, we evaluated the early diagnosis capacity of a recombinant protein (rLci5) in an immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect naturally infected dogs. Additionally, we evaluated the persistence of the positive results obtained by rLci5 ELISA in comparison to other conventional diagnostic test methods. METHODS: Serum samples obtained from 48 L. infantum-infected dogs involved in a cohort study were evaluated using different diagnostic methods (qPCR, EIE-LVC, DPP-LVC and splenic culture). The results were compared to rLci5 ELISA to determine its capacity to diagnose L. infantum infection at earlier infection time points. The persistence of positive diagnostic test results was also compared for each dog evaluated. RESULTS: rLci5 ELISA presented higher rates of positive results at early time points compared to the other diagnostic tests employed in the cohort study, as early as 24 months prior to detection by other tests. rLci5 ELISA positivity was 52.1% (25/48) at baseline, while qPCR was 35.4% (17/48), DPP-LVC 27.1% (13/48), EIE-LVC 22.9% (11/48) and culture only 4.2% (2/48). In at least one of the time points of the 24-month cohort study, rLci5 ELISA was positive in 100% (48/48) of the dogs, versus 83% (40/48) for qPCR, 75% (36/48) for DPP-LVC, 65% (31/48) for EIE-LVC and 31% (15/48) for culture. Investigating clinical signs in association with diagnostic test positivity, rLci5 ELISA successfully detected CVL in 62.9% (95/151) of the clinical evaluations with a score of 0-3, 64.3% (45/70) with scores between 4 and 7, and 73.7% (14/19) with scores > 7, providing higher rates of positivity than all other methods evaluated. Moreover, rLci5 ELISA presented the greatest persistence with respect to test positivity: 45.8% of the dogs evaluated. CONCLUSION: Four diagnostic tests were compared to rLci5 ELISA, which presented earlier infection diagnosis and a greater persistence of positive test results. Accordingly, the use of the rLci5 ELISA can improve CVL diagnostic performance by detecting infected dogs sooner than other testing methods, with enhanced persistence of positive results over the course of the infection.

Caprine demineralized bone matrix (DBMc) in the repair of non-critical bone defects in rabbit tibias. A new bone xenograft.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of demineralized bone matrix of caprine origin in experimental bone defects of the tibia in New Zealand rabbits. METHODS: Fragments of the tibia diaphysis were collected aseptically from clinically healthy goats. The bones were sectioned into 1 cm fragments and stored at -20°C for subsequent hydrochloric acid (HCL) demineralization. A 70 mg portion of DBMc was used to fill the experimental bone defects. Twenty-four female adult New Zealand rabbits were divided into 2 groups: the MG (matrix group, left tibia) and CG (control group, right tibia). Additionally, they were separated into 4 groups with 6 animals, according to the period of analysis (15, 30, 60 and 90 days postoperatively). Using microCT, volumetric parameters were evaluated: bone volume, relationship between bone volume and total volume, bone surface area, relationship between bone surface area and total volume, number of trabeculae, trabecular thickness and trabecular separation. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) between groups considering bone volume (BV) and bone:total volume (BV/TV), on 15, 30 and 90 days postoperatively. Control group showed a statistically significant superiority (P < 0.05) considering the mean of the variables bone surface (BS), number of trabeculae (Tb.N) and between bone surface and total volume (BS/TV) at 15 and 90 days. CONCLUSIONS: Caprine demineralized bone matrix was safe and tolerable. No signs of material rejection were seen macroscopically. It is an alternative for the treatment of bone defects when autologous graft is not available or in insufficient quantities.

Correction: High accuracy of an ELISA test based in a flagella antigen of Leishmania in serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis with potential to improve the control measures in Brazil-A Phase II study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006871.].

Cultivable fungi present in deep-sea sediments of Antarctica: taxonomy, diversity, and bioprospecting of bioactive compounds.

We accessed the culturable mycobiota present in marine sediments at different depths in Antarctica Ocean. Acremonium fusidioides, Penicillium allii-sativi, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium palitans, Penicillium solitum, and Pseudogymnoascus verrucosus were identified. Penicillium allii-sativi was the dominant species. At least one isolate of each species was capable to present antifungal, trypanocidal, leishmanicidal, antimalarial, nematocidal, or herbicidal activities. Penicillium produced extracts with strong trypanocidal and antimalarial activities, and the extracts of P. solitum and P. chrysogenum demonstrated strong antimalarial activities. Acremonium fusidioides and P. verrucosus displayed strong selective herbicidal properties. The 1H NMR signals for extracts of A. fusidioides, P. chrysogenum, and P. solitum indicated the presence of highly functionalized secondary metabolites, which may be responsible for the biological activities detected. In the deep marine Antarctic sediments, we detected fungal assemblages in which the Penicillium species were found to be dominant and demonstrated capabilities to survive and/or colonise that poly-extreme habitat. Penicillium being a polyextremophile Antarctic species, exhibited strong biological activities and the presence of aromatic compounds in its extracts may indicate that they are wild ancient strains with high genetic and biochemical potentials that enable them to produce bioactive compounds which can be researched in further studies and used in the chemotherapy of neglected tropical diseases as well as in agriculture.

Caprine demineralized bone matrix (DBMc) in the repair of non-critical bone defects in rabbit tibias. A new bone xenograft

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the use of demineralized bone matrix of caprine origin in experimental bone defects of the tibia in New Zealand rabbits. Methods Fragments of the tibia diaphysis were collected aseptically from clinically healthy goats. The bones were sectioned into 1 cm fragments and stored at -20°C for subsequent hydrochloric acid (HCL) demineralization. A 70 mg portion of DBMc was used to fill the experimental bone defects. Twenty-four female adult New Zealand rabbits were divided into 2 groups: the MG (matrix group, left tibia) and CG (control group, right tibia). Additionally, they were separated into 4 groups with 6 animals, according to the period of analysis (15, 30, 60 and 90 days postoperatively). Using microCT, volumetric parameters were evaluated: bone volume, relationship between bone volume and total volume, bone surface area, relationship between bone surface area and total volume, number of trabeculae, trabecular thickness and trabecular separation. Results There was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) between groups considering bone volume (BV) and bone:total volume (BV/TV), on 15, 30 and 90 days postoperatively. Control group showed a statistically significant superiority (P < 0.05) considering the mean of the variables bone surface (BS), number of trabeculae (Tb.N) and between bone surface and total volume (BS/TV) at 15 and 90 days. Conclusions Caprine demineralized bone matrix was safe and tolerable. No signs of material rejection were seen macroscopically. It is an alternative for the treatment of bone defects when autologous graft is not available or in insufficient quantities.

Plant Bugs Predators (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae) with References to Arthropods and Fungi in Brazil.

The present study demonstrates 30 plant bugs species associated with 50 records of prey and six records of mycophagy for Brazil. The data were compiled from Schuh's Catalog, the literature, specimens deposited in entomology museums and exemplars from different regions of Brazil sent for identification. Some of the data from the literature used did not presented complete information. This study aims to increase the knowledge of the relationships among plant bugs, prey and fungi and emphasize those species with potential for biological control strategies and pest integrated management.

High accuracy of an ELISA test based in a flagella antigen of Leishmania in serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis with potential to improve the control measures in Brazil - A Phase II study.

BACKGROUND: Canine Visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a serious public health problem, thus for its control, the Ministry of Health in Brazil recommends the rapid diagnosis and euthanasia of seropositive dogs in endemic areas. Therefore, our group had previously selected six recombinant proteins (rLci1, rLci2, rLci4, rLci5, rLci8, and rLci12) due to their high potential for CVL diagnostic testing. The present study aims to produce an immunodiagnostic test using the aforementioned antigens, to improve the performance of the diagnosis of CVL recommended by Brazilian Ministry of Health. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To evaluate the recombinant proteins in the serological assays, positive and negative samples were selected based on parasitological test (culture) and molecular test (qPCR) of splenic aspirate. Initially, we selected 135 dog serum samples, 73 positives (symptomatic and asymptomatic) and 62 negatives to screen recombinant proteins on ELISA platform. Then, for rLci5 ELISA validation, 361 serum samples collected in a cross-sectional study were selected, being 183 positives (symptomatic and asymptomatic) and 178 negatives. In the screening of the recombinant proteins, rLci5 was the only protein to present a performance statistically higher than the performance presented by EIE-LVC test, presenting 96% (IC 95%; 85-99%) vs. 83% (IC 95%; 69-92%) of sensitivity for symptomatic dogs, 71% (IC 95%; 49-97%) vs. 54% (IC 95%; 33-74%) for asymptomatic dogs and 94% (IC 95%; 83-99%) vs, 88% (IC 95%; 76-95% of specificity. Thus, the rLci5 protein was selected to compose a final ELISA test. Validation of rLci5 ELISA showed 87% (IC 81-91%) of sensitivity, 94% (IC 95%; 90-97%) of specificity and 90% accuracy. Testing the EIE-LVC with the same validation panel, we observed a lower performance when compared to ELISA rLci5 (sensitivity of 67% (IC 95%; 59-74%), specificity of 87% (IC 95%; 81-92%), and accuracy of 77%). Finally, the performance of current CVL diagnostic protocol recommended by Brazilian Ministry of Health, using DPP-LVC as screening test and EIE-LVC as confirmatory test, was compared with a modified protocol, replacing EIE-LVC by rLci5 ELISA. The current protocol presented a sensitivity of 59% (IC 95%; 52-66%), specificity of 98% (IC 95%; 95-99%) and accuracy of 80% (IC 95%; 76-84%), while the modified protocol presented a sensitivity of 71% (IC 95%; 63-77%), specificity of 99% (IC 95%; 97-100%) and accuracy of 86% (IC 95%; 83-89%). CONCLUSION: Thus, we concluded that rLci5 ELISA is a promising test to replace EIE-LVC test and increase the diagnostic performance of CVL in Brazil.

The mass use of deltamethrin collars to control and prevent canine visceral leishmaniasis: A field effectiveness study in a highly endemic area.

BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis of great importance. Limitations in current VL control measures compromise efficacy, indicating the need to implement new strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the mass use of deltamethrin-impregnated collars in dogs as a public health measure to control and prevent canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). METHODOLOGY: An interventional study was implemented in two endemic areas in the district of Monte Gordo (Bahia-Brazil): an intervention area, in which VL seronegative dogs were collared, and a control area in which only conventional CVL control measures were applied. At baseline, seropositive dogs were removed and seronegative dogs were included. Dogs were then reevaluated every 7-8 months for almost two years. At each time point, dogs in the intervention area that remained seronegative received new collars and newly identified seronegative dogs were included and collared. The local zoonosis control authorities were notified of any dogs that tested seropositive in both areas, which were subsequently marked for euthanasia as mandated by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In the first serological survey, seroprevalence was similar in both areas. At the second evaluation, significant reductions in seroprevalence were seen in both areas, while seroprevalence in the intervention area reduced to 6.0% during the final evaluation versus an increase of 11.0% in the control area. This significant increase and the estimated relative risk (RR = 0.55) indicated protection against CVL in the intervention area. Although CVL incidence did not differ significantly between the areas, an increased tendency was observed in the control area, which could be due to low seroconversion rates throughout the study or a high loss to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Although our evaluation of the effectiveness of deltamethrin-impregnated collars as a community-wide public health control measure was inconclusive, this measure likely provides protection over time. In endemic areas of Brazil, this strategy represents an operational challenge for local zoonosis control authorities, indicating the need for adjustments, including improved collar design.

Rede de atenção ao idoso: fatores facilitadores e barreiras para implementação / Elderly care network: facilitating factors and barriers to implementation

Resumo Este artigo tem por objetivos identificar e discutir os fatores que favorecem e os que dificultam a implementação de uma Rede de Atenção ao Idoso em um município com 100% de cobertura pela Estratégia Saúde da Família. Foi utilizada a metodologia qualitativa, com a realização de dez grupos focais e entrevista semiestruturada com o gestor de saúde do município. Os resultados foram contrastados com dados da estrutura do sistema de saúde local. O estudo revela que lógica atual do processo de trabalho da ESF não diferencia a assistência ao idoso à do adulto. Apesar da consolidação da atenção primária como porta de entrada e da forte atuação dos agentes comunitários de saúde no município estudado, a fragmentação do sistema de saúde e a ausência de um modelo de atenção à saúde da pessoa idosa ainda são grandes limitadores da assistência a essa população. Esse contexto é agravado pela deficiência dos recursos humanos e pelo cenário de desvalorização social da velhice. Espera-se que os conhecimentos gerados possam se transformar em subsídios para a implementação de um modelo de atenção à saúde do idoso adequado à realidade local.

Abstract This article aimed to identify and discuss the factors that favor and hinder the implementation of an Integrated Delivery Network Service for the Elderly in a municipality with 100% coverage by the Family Health Strategy. Using a qualitative method, ten focus groups were conducted, a semi-structured interview with the municipal health manager was performed, and the results were compare with the structure of the local health system. The results revealed that the current logic of the work process in primary health care does not differentiate the care delivered to the elderly from the one provided to adults. Despite the consolidation of primary health care as an entry point and the strong presence of community health agents in the studied city, fragmentation of the health system and the absence of a model of health care for the elderly are still limiting factors for comprehensive care. Lack of human resources training and devaluation of old age aggravate this scenario. It is expected that the knowledge generated by this study can be turned into subsidies for the implementation of a model for elderly care suitable to local conditions.

Longevity of restorations in direct composite resin: literature review / Longevidade de restaurações diretas em resina composta: revisão de literatura

ABSTRACT Composite resin restorations have increased considerably in popularity and predictability, enabling the realization of a minimally invasive dental treatment. However, to obtain the success of composite resin restorations, knowledge of adhesives and the use of the technique are required, otherwise failure may appear quickly. The objective of the present work was to conduct a literature review on the clinical performance of different types of composite resins and adhesive systems with regard to longevity. For this evaluation, some characteristics of the restorations were immediately verified after they were completed and after a determined time. Characteristics such as postoperative sensitivity, color, marginal integrity, secondary caries, texture, marginal adaptation, retention, displacement, marginal discoloration and anatomical shape had their performances compared. The influence of different adhesive systems on the longevity of the restorations was also observed as a function of its fundamental importance in the union between the tooth and the restorative material. It was concluded that most restorations performed clinically acceptable when hybrid, nanoparticle or microhybrid composite resins and conventional adhesive systems were used.

RESUMO As restaurações de resinas compostas têm aumentado consideravelmente em popularidade e previsibilidade, possibilitando a realização de um tratamento odontológico minimamente invasivo. No entanto, para se obter o sucesso das restaurações de resina composta é necessário ter conhecimento dos materiais adesivos e da técnica de utilização, caso contrário os insucessos podem aparecer rapidamente. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre o desempenho clínico de diferentes tipos de resinas compostas e de sistemas adesivos no que se refere à longevidade. Para essa avaliação foram verificadas algumas características das restaurações logo após elas serem finalizadas e depois de um determinado tempo. Características como sensibilidade pós-operatória, cor, integridade marginal, cárie secundária, textura, adaptação marginal, retenção, deslocamento, descoloração marginal, forma anatômica, tiveram seus desempenhos comparados. A influência dos vários sistemas adesivos na longevidade das restaurações foi também observada em função da sua fundamental importância na união entre o dente e o material restaurador. Concluiu-se que a maioria das restaurações se apresentou clinicamente aceitável, quando se usou resinas compostas híbridas, nanoparticuladas ou microhíbridas e sistema adesivo convencional.

Review of Rhinotora (Diptera, Heleomyzidae) with description of a new species and key to all known heleomyzid species from Brazil.

Rhinotora Schiner, 1868, are a rare group of flies, previously including seven species distributed in the Americas, six of them occurring in Brazil. This work aims to provide a taxonomic review for Rhinotora Schiner, with addition of two species in the genus: Rhinotora fonsecai, which is transferred back to its original genus, and R. paschoali sp. nov. New distributional records are presented for R. lopesi and R. travassosi. A key to the all known heleomyzid species recorded from Brazil is provided.

Biogeography and areas of endemism of Prepops Reuter (Heteroptera: Miridae)

Resumen Miridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) es una de las familias de insectos más ricas en especies, con alrededor de 11 100 especies descritas. Mirinae es la mayor subfamilia y sus endemismos se hacen evidentes desde el nivel de tribu hacia abajo. La tribu Restheniini (Mirinae) se encuentra en América, con la mayor parte de su diversidad en el Neotrópico. Prepops Reuter es el mayor género de Restheniini con 198 especies, con un rango de distribución similar al de la tribu. Los estudios sobre distribución y áreas de endemismo en Miridae son escasos, y no existen para Prepops. Aquí se analizan todos los registros geográficos de Prepops (707 registros de 181 especies) con el objetivo de identificar patrones de diversidad y áreas de endemismo, usando análisis de redes. Los datos de localidad se asignaron usando especímenes de museo y registros geográficos en la literatura. Además usamos datos de distribución para proponer preferencias de hábitat y variables geoclimáticas importantes para cada grupo de especies co-ocurrentes. Los resultados indican una alta riqueza específica en las regiones subtropicales, mientras que la faja tropical y las altas latitudes aparecen empobrecidas. La región Neotropical presenta 86 % de las especies, la Neártica alrededor del 11 % (pero con mayores rangos específicos de distribución). La región Andina casi no posee registros del género. Veintitrés áreas de endemismo (y dos díadas), formadas por 2 o más especies endémicas se encuentran en la región Neártica (3), la zona de transición Mexicana/subregión Caribe (5), y la zona de transición Sudamericana/ subregiones Amazónica, Chaqueña y Paranaense (15). La superposición de algunas áreas indica regiones con elevada riqueza específica y con una historia compleja. La falta de registros en la región Andina (excepto para P. nigrus en el sur de Patagonia) y la dominancia de especies estrictamente neotropicales (86 %) apoyan la hipótesis del origen neotropical para la tribu Restheniini. La conformación general de los grupos de especies co-ocurrentes de Prepops muestra una estrecha correlación con las regiones y subregiones biogeográficas conocidas. Entre las características ecofisiográficas más comunmente asociadas con los registros geográficos de Prepops se encuentran, en orden de importancia: bosques de hoja ancha (húmedos y secos), pastizales y hábitats xéricos.

AbstractThe Miridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are one of the most species rich families of insects, with about 11 100 described species. Mirinae is the largest subfamily and its endemism becomes evident at the tribal level and below. Mirines of the tribe Restheniini are found throughout America, with most of the diversity confined to the Neotropics. Prepops Reuter is the largest genus in Restheniini with 198 described species and its geographical range is similar to that of the tribe. The study of the distribution and areas of endemism in Miridae are scarce and non-existent for Prepops. We analyzed all the geographic records of Prepops (707 records for 181 species) in order to identify diversity patterns and areas of endemism, using network analysis. Locality data were assigned using museum specimens and geographic records in the literature. Additionally we used spatial data to propose habitat preferences and geoclimatic variables important for each group of co-occurring species. The results indicate high species richness in subtropical regions, while the tropical belt and high latitudes appear impoverished. The Neotropical region contains 86% of the species, and the Nearctic about 11 % (but with larger species ranges); the Andean region is sparingly represented. Twenty-three areas of endemism (and two diads), formed by 2 or more endemic species, are distributed in the Nearctic (3), Mexican Transition Zone and Caribbean subregion (5), South American Transition Zone and Amazonian, Chacoan and Paranaense subregions (15). Overlap between some of the areas indicates regions with high species richness and complex history. The lack of records from the Andean region (except for P. nigrus in Southern Patagonia) and dominance of strictly Neotropical species (86 %) supports the hypothesis of a Neotropical origin for the tribe Restheniini. The general arrangement of the units of co-occurrence of Prepops species shows a close correlation with known biogeographic regions and subregions. Broad physiographic characteristics most commonly associated with Prepops geographical records are, in order of importance: broad leaf forests (wet and dry), grasslands and xeric habitats. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64(1): 17-31. Epub 2016 March 01.

Biogeography and areas of endemism of Prepops Reuter (Heteroptera: Miridae).

The Miridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are one of the most species rich families of insects, with about 11 100 described species. Mirinae is the largest subfamily and its endemism becomes evident at the tribal level and below. Mirines of the tribe Restheniini are found throughout America, with most of the diversity confined to the Neotropics. Prepops Reuter is the largest genus in Restheniini with 198 described species and its geographi- cal range is similar to that of the tribe. The study of the distribution and areas of endemism in Miridae are scarce and non-existent for Prepops. We analyzed all the geographic records of Prepops (707 records for 181 species) in order to identify diversity patterns and areas of endemism, using network analysis. Locality data were assigned using museum specimens and geographic records in the literature. Additionally we used spatial data to propose habitat preferences and geoclimatic variables important for each group of co-occurring species. The results indicate high species richness in subtropical regions, while the tropical belt and high latitudes appear impover- ished. The Neotropical region contains 86% of the species, and the Nearctic about 11 % (but with larger species ranges); the Andean region is sparingly represented. Twenty-three areas of endemism (and two diads), formed by 2 or more endemic species, are distributed in the Nearctic (3), Mexican Transition Zone and Caribbean sub- region (5), South American Transition Zone and Amazonian, Chacoan and Paranaense subregions (15). Overlap between some of the areas indicates regions with high species richness and complex history. The lack of records from the Andean region (except for P. nigrus in Southern Patagonia) and dominance of strictly Neotropical spe- cies (86 %) supports the hypothesis of a Neotropical origin for the tribe Restheniini. The general arrangement of the units of co-occurrence of Prepops species shows a close correlation with known biogeographic regions and subregions. Broad physiographic characteristics most commonly associated with Prepops geographical records are, in order of importance: broad leaf forests (wet and dry), grasslands and xeric habitats.