HIV in pregnant woman and children: Mother-to-child transmission of HIV in the Brazilian land border from 2010 to 2021.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to analyze the profile and trends of HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) in the Brazilian land border strip (LBS). METHODS: This was a quantitative, ecological, and cross-sectional study using secondary data available in the information systems of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. All cases reported in the Notifiable Diseases Information System between 2010 and 2021 were studied. RESULTS: Between 2010 and 2021, 275 children were born infected through MTCT, and 6076 pregnant women were living with HIV in the Brazilian LBS. HIV detection rates in pregnant women increased in all border arcs. The northern arc experienced the highest increase (19.6%), followed by the central arc (11.4%), and the southern arc (6.1%). Despite historically high detection rates, the southern arc exhibited the smallest increase. While MTCT rate decreased by 37.7% in the border area, the central arc showed no statistically significant reduction. In 2021, the average age of pregnant women was 26.2 years, 25.7% had up to 8 years of schooling, and 55.8% identified as non-white. The majority (92.8%) received antenatal care, and 59.7% were diagnosed with HIV before prenatal care. The use of prophylactic antiretroviral therapy during prenatal care occurred in 69.6% of pregnant women, and infant prophylaxis was provided within first 24 h to 43.6% of live births. CONCLUSION: The results indicate progress in reducing MTCT cases in Brazilian LBS. Disparities in HIV detection rates may be influenced by differences in testing uptake, despite mandatory testing for all babies. It is crucial to continue implementing strategies to reach these women and ensure equitable access to healthcare services for MTCT prevention.

The intersecting effects of race, wealth, and education on AIDS incidence, mortality, and case-fatality rate: a Brazilian cohort study of 28.3 million individuals.

The relationships between race, education, wealth, their intersections and AIDS morbidity/mortality were analyzed in retrospective cohort of 28.3 million individuals followed for 9 years (2007-2015). Together with several sensitivity analyses, a wide range of interactions on additive and multiplicative scales were estimated. Race, education, and wealth were each strongly associated with all of the AIDS-related outcomes, and the magnitude of the associations increased as intersections were included. A significantly higher risk of illness (aRR: 3.07, 95%CI:2.67-3.53) and death (aRR: 4.96, 95%CI:3.99-6.16) from AIDS was observed at the intersection of Black race, lower educational attainment, and less wealth. A higher case-fatality rate (aRR: 1.62, 95%CI:1.18-2.21) was also seen for the same intersectional group. Historically oppressed groups lying at the intersections of race, education, and wealth, had a considerably higher risk of illness and death from AIDS. AIDS-related interventions will require the implementation of comprehensive intersectoral policies that follow an intersectionality perspective.

Perspectives and challenges for mother-to-child transmission of HIV, hepatitis B, and syphilis in Brazil.

Background: Eliminating mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV, hepatitis B, and syphilis is a challenge in Brazil. Many policies have been implemented since 1986, but important gaps remain. This study aimed to describe the trends of MTCT in Brazil and evaluate the gaps and perspectives in this scenario. Methods: This is a descriptive study conducted with secondary data publicly available in the information systems of the Brazilian Ministry of Health regarding data on HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B in pregnant women and children from 2011 to 2021. Results: HIV and hepatitis B have had constant rates over the years in pregnant women, with the detection rates around 2.5/1,000 live birth (LB) and 0.5/1.000LB, respectively. The same did not happen with syphilis, which has shown an increasing line in the last decade. In 2011, the detection rate of syphilis in pregnancy was 4.7/1,000LB, and in 2021 it reached 27.1/1,000LB. Regarding the trends in children, an important decrease was observed in HIV/AIDS (incidence rate from 0.18/1,000 in 2011 to 0.04/1,000 in 2021) and Hepatitis B (incidence rate from 0.9/1,000LB in 2011 to 0.5/1,000LB in 2021). For congenital syphilis, there is a continuous increase, being 3.3/1,000LB in 2011 and 9.9/1,000LB in 2021. Data from the HIV clinical monitoring showed that antiretroviral treatment coverage among pregnant women identified increased slightly between 2011 and 2021, in Brazil, from 92.3% to 94.3%. For syphilis, 82.5% of pregnant women were treated with benzathine penicillin, and 88.7% in 2011. The historical series of hepatitis B vaccination coverage in children has decreased over the years; it was 96% in 2013 and 76% in 2021. Conclusion: These data show many gaps and some perspectives in the MTCT program in Brazil. The country is close to reaching MTCT HIV elimination, but there are many challenges regarding HBV and syphilis. These data can be used to organize the strategies to improve the Brazilian response to MTCT elimination of HIV, hepatitis B, and syphilis.

Gestational and congenital syphilis across the international border in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Brazil lacks data from syphilis in its border areas. We aimed to describe the spatial and temporal distribution of acquired syphilis (AS), in pregnancy (SP) and congenital syphilis (CS) in Brazilian municipalities in the arches border contexts. METHODS: An ecological, cross-sectional study was conducted from 2010 to 2020. The study was based on the cases of syphilis available in the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN), and on the Primary Health Care Information System. The detection rates of AS and SP, and the incidence of CS were estimated, and the time series was analyzed. Data between the border arches were compared. RESULTS: In 2020, data showed 7,603 cases of AS (detection rate 64.8/100,000 inhabitants), 3,960 cases of SP (detection rate of 21.6/1,000 live births) and 836 cases of CS (incidence of 4.6/1,000 live births) in the border region. Between 2010 and 2020, the mean annual increase of detection rate of SP was 53.4% in Brazil, 48.0% in the border region, 59.6% in the North Arch, 28.8% in the Central and 67.2% in the South. Annual variation on the incidence of CS for the same period was 31.0% in Brazil 38.4% at the border, in the North and South Arcs 18.3% and 65.7% respectively. The Central Arch showed an increase only between 2010 and 2018 (62.7%). A total of 427 (72.6%) municipalities has primary health care coverage ≥ 95% of the population. In 2019, 538 (91.8%) municipalities reported using rapid tests for syphilis, which decreased to 492 (84%) in 2020. In 2019, 441 (75.3%) municipalities reported administering penicillin, and 422 (72%) in 2020. CONCLUSION: Our data show syphilis reman problem at the Brazilian border, rates in pregnant are high. It was observed a reduction in the detection rates, SP and the incidence of CS between 2018 and 2020. Syphilis should be included on the agenda of all management levels, aiming at expanding access and quality care.

Comparative study of composition of methanolic extracts of the paratoid gland secretions (PGS) of Rhinella jimi (cururu toad) from northeastern Brazil: Gender, seasonality and geographic occurrence.

Toads belonging to the Bufonidae family have a pair of paratoid glands that store highly toxic a biological secretion with varied chemical composition, that act as a chemical defense against microbial infections and predators. The paratoid gland secretion (PGS) of bufonids is rich in bioactive steroids, alkaloids, proteins, bufadienolides and bufotoxins. In the present investigation we performed a systematic analysis of the chemical profile of PGS obtained from the Bufonidae toad Rhinella jimi ("Cururu" toad) collected at three different regions of Piauí state, Northeastern Brazil. Our aim was to investigate the PGS variation related to the season of animals collection, geographic distribution and gender of the animals. The methanolic extracts of PGS were analyzed by UPLC-QToF-MS/MS. Principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to the data set obtained by the UPLC-QToF-MS/MS analyses. Among 23 compounds identified, dehydrobufotenine, suberoyl arginine, 3-(N-suberoyl-argininyl) telocinobufagin, 3-(N-suberoyl-argininyl) marinobufagin, telocinobufagin, marinobufagin and 3-(N-suberoyl-argininyl) bufalin were detected in all PGS. Minimal variations in the composition of paratoid secretions of R. jimi were observed related to distinct geographical and seasonal parameters. R. jimi female animals presented the most diverse chemical composition in its PGS. With this comparative study, unprecedented for the species, it was possible to observe that the secretions of the paratoid glands produced by R. jimi from different regions of the state of Piauí, at different times of the year, presented consistent chemical composition, with discrete particularities in the number and nature chemistry of its constituents.

Evaluating the impact of social determinants, conditional cash transfers and primary health care on HIV/AIDS: Study protocol of a retrospective and forecasting approach based on the data integration with a cohort of 100 million Brazilians.

BACKGROUND: Despite the great progress made over the last decades, stronger structural interventions are needed to end the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC). Brazil is one of the largest and data-richest LMIC, with rapidly changing socioeconomic characteristics and an important HIV/AIDS burden. Over the last two decades Brazil has also implemented the world's largest Conditional Cash Transfer programs, the Bolsa Familia Program (BFP), and one of the most consolidated Primary Health Care (PHC) interventions, the Family Health Strategy (FHS). OBJECTIVE: We will evaluate the effects of socioeconomic determinants, BFP exposure and FHS coverage on HIV/AIDS incidence, treatment adherence, hospitalizations, case fatality, and mortality using unprecedently large aggregate and individual-level longitudinal data. Moreover, we will integrate the retrospective datasets and estimated parameters with comprehensive forecasting models to project HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence and mortality scenarios up to 2030 according to future socioeconomic conditions and alternative policy implementations. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will combine individual-level data from all national HIV/AIDS registries with large-scale databases, including the "100 Million Brazilian Cohort", over a 19-year period (2000-2018). Several approaches will be used for the retrospective quasi-experimental impact evaluations, such as Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD), Random Administrative Delays (RAD) and Propensity Score Matching (PSM), combined with multivariable Poisson regressions for cohort analyses. Moreover, we will explore in depth lagged and long-term effects of changes in living conditions and in exposures to BFP and FHS. We will also investigate the effects of the interventions in a wide range of subpopulations. Finally, we will integrate such retrospective analyses with microsimulation, compartmental and agent-based models to forecast future HIV/AIDS scenarios. CONCLUSION: The unprecedented datasets, analyzed through state-of-the-art quasi-experimental methods and innovative mathematical models will provide essential evidences to the understanding and control of HIV/AIDS epidemic in LMICs such as Brazil.

HIV incidence estimates by sex and age group in the population aged 15 years or over, Brazil, 1986-2018.

INTRODUCTION: HIV incidence estimates are essential to monitor the progress of prevention and control interventions. METHODS: Data collected by Brazilian surveillance systems were used to derive HIV incidence estimates by age group (15-24; 25+) and sex from 1986 to 2018. This study used a back-calculation method based on the first CD4 count among treatment-naïve cases. Incidence estimates for the population aged 15 years or over were compared to Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) estimates from 2000 to 2018. RESULTS: Among young men (15-24 years), HIV incidence increased from 6,400 (95% CI: 4,900-8,400), in 2000, to 12,800 (95% CI: 10,800-15,900), in 2015, reaching incidence rates higher than 70/100,000 inhabitants and an annual growth rate of 3.7%. Among young women, HIV incidence decreased from 5,000 (95% CI: 4,200-6,100) to 3,200 (95% CI: 3,000-3,700). Men aged ≥25 years and both female groups showed significant annual decreases in incidence rates from 2000 to 2018. In 2018, the estimated number of new infections was 48,500 (95% CI: 45300-57500), 34,800 (95% CI: 32800-41500) men, 13,600 (95% CI: 12,500-16,000) women. Improvements in the time from infection to diagnosis and in the proportion of cases receiving antiretroviral therapy immediately after diagnosis were found for all groups. Comparison with GBD estimates shows similar rates for men with overlapping confidence intervals. Among women, differences are higher mainly in more recent years. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that efforts to control the HIV epidemic are having an impact. However, there is an urgent need to address the vulnerability of young men.

HIV incidence estimates by sex and age group in the population aged 15 years or over, Brazil, 1986-2018

Abstract INTRODUCTION HIV incidence estimates are essential to monitor the progress of prevention and control interventions. METHODS Data collected by Brazilian surveillance systems were used to derive HIV incidence estimates by age group (15-24; 25+) and sex from 1986 to 2018. This study used a back-calculation method based on the first CD4 count among treatment-naïve cases. Incidence estimates for the population aged 15 years or over were compared to Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) estimates from 2000 to 2018. RESULTS Among young men (15-24 years), HIV incidence increased from 6,400 (95% CI: 4,900-8,400), in 2000, to 12,800 (95% CI: 10,800-15,900), in 2015, reaching incidence rates higher than 70/100,000 inhabitants and an annual growth rate of 3.7%. Among young women, HIV incidence decreased from 5,000 (95% CI: 4,200-6,100) to 3,200 (95% CI: 3,000-3,700). Men aged ≥25 years and both female groups showed significant annual decreases in incidence rates from 2000 to 2018. In 2018, the estimated number of new infections was 48,500 (95% CI: 45300-57500), 34,800 (95% CI: 32800-41500) men, 13,600 (95% CI: 12,500-16,000) women. Improvements in the time from infection to diagnosis and in the proportion of cases receiving antiretroviral therapy immediately after diagnosis were found for all groups. Comparison with GBD estimates shows similar rates for men with overlapping confidence intervals. Among women, differences are higher mainly in more recent years. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that efforts to control the HIV epidemic are having an impact. However, there is an urgent need to address the vulnerability of young men.

Expanding information on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of iron and zinc in biofortified cowpea seeds.

This work presents new findings on the nutritional quality of recently introduced biofortified and non-biofortified cowpea cultivars as well as some common beans. ICP-MS was used for the measurements. Biofortified cowpea cultivars showed high levels of Fe and Zn, greater than 60 and 40 mg kg-1 dry weight, respectively. The in vitro digestion protocol enabled simultaneous evaluation of bioaccessibility and bioavailability. Fe levels in cowpea cultivars were ca. 2.5-fold higher than in common beans. Cowpea seeds also had higher Zn levels, reaching 50.1% bioaccessibility and 44.2% bioavailability. Cooking improved the availability of micronutrients in bean seeds. The cooked biofortified Aracê cowpea showed a high Zn bioavailability above 60%. Consumption of 50 g of Aracê would contribute 27% and 48% of the Fe and Zn DRI for 1-3-year-old children. The new cowpea cultivars biofortified are a potential vehicle for improving the Fe and Zn status in groups in which the micronutrient deficiency is prevalent.

Access to viral hepatitis care: distribution of health services in the Northern region of Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the distribution of health care services for viral hepatitis and reported cases of viral hepatitis according to the health regions of Northern Brazil. METHOD: It is an evaluative, descriptive and quantitative research considering viral hepatitis care services and reported cases in the Northern region of Brazil, using data collected from the National Registry of Health Establishments and the Notifiable Diseases Information System. Descriptive statistics and georeferencing, through software, were used to demonstrate the spatial distribution of services and reported cases. RESULTS: Viral hepatitis health services are distributed in a differentiated way; rapid tests are capillaries in the states; confirmatory tests and treatment are performed in some health regions, with a greater grouping of services in the capitals and their surroundings. Cases were reported across all regions, with areas of higher concentration near services. CONCLUSION: The availability of services can favor access to prevention, diagnosis and monitoring of cases. However, organizational peculiarities of the health system and services highlight fragilities that have repercussions on the access and entirety of viral hepatitis care.

Health morbidity in Brazilian prisons: a time trends study from national databases.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to explore the surveillance data about mandatory reporting diseases, included in the official information systems, and evaluate the historical trend analysis in prisoners in Brazil. DESIGN: A time trends study was performed using secondary data from prisons' health units. SETTING: Nationwide representative data of Brazilian prisoners obtained from 2007 to 2014 health and prison information systems database were analysed. These data are carried out by units identified as prison health facilities. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Diseases diagnosis and individual data were available at the National System of Disease Notification (in Portuguese SINAN), Mortality Information System (in Portuguese SIM) and Prison Registration Systems (in Portuguese INFOPEN and GEO prisons). Analyses of the notification data performed in the SINAN at the national level. SINAN was consolidated with SIM, INFOPEN and GEO prison data. RESULTS: A total of 23 235 cases of compulsory disease notification causing morbidity were reported in prison units in Brazil; of these cases, 20 003 (85.6%) were men and 3362 (14.4%) were women. Over time, the proportion of prisoners increased from 1.92 per 1000 inhabitants in 2007 to 2.77 per 1000 inhabitants in 2014 (rising trend). From a total of 27 states, 12 of them presented a growth in disease notifications, 14 were stable and in only one state was there a decrease in notifications. There was an increase in notifications in the country as a whole. Tuberculosis (64.4%), dengue (9.1%), AIDS (9.0%) and viral hepatitis (5.9%) were among the most frequently reported diseases during the study period. CONCLUSION: Despite showing stable tendencies, our results show high rates of diseases in Brazilian prisons. Prison health services should not be isolated but integrated into regional and national health and justice systems.

Análises físico-químicas, fenólicos e antioxidantes de polpa de ciriguela (Spondias purpurea L. ) / Physical-chemical analysis, phenolics and antioxidant of ciriguela pulp (Spondias purpurea L. )

O Brasil é o maior produtor de frutas in natura, dentre os frutos produzidos está a Spondias purpúrea L. bastante consumida in natura tal como parte de outros produtos. Desta forma, objetivou-se elaborar a polpa de ciriguela e avaliar suas características físico-químicas, compostos fenólicos e antioxidantes. Os frutos foram despolpados e realizadas as análises físico-químicas (conforme IAL), os compostos fenólicos e antioxidantes foram determinados por espectrofotometria. A polpa apresentou pH de 3,5, acidez de 0,76% em ácido cítrico, 14,74ºBrix de sólidos solúveis, 28,76 mg/100g de vitamina C, 800 EAG mg/100 g de compostos fenólicos e 26,19 mg/ml de antioxidantes. Com os resultados obtidos, evidencia-se que a polpa de ciriguela tem benefícios não apenas nutricionais como é uma boa fonte de compostos fenólico e antioxidante.

Avaliação dos parâmetros de dureza, condutividade e sólidos totais das águas de abastecimento de escolas públicas do município de Teresina-PI / Evaluation of the parameters of hardness, conductivity and total solids of the waters of the public schools of the Teresina-PI municipality

A avaliação de parâmetros físico-químicos fornece uma ideia da qualidade da água das escolas de um determinado local. Desta forma, objetivou-se com este trabalho caracterizar as amostras de águas de abastecimento de escolas públicas no município de Teresina-PI, por meio das análises de dureza, condutividade e sólidos totais dissolvidos. As coletas de água foram realizadas em cinco escolas (Zonas Sul, Sudeste, Leste, Norte e Centro) e coletadas 42 amostras de águas no total. Os referidos parâmetros foram avaliados conforme o prescrito pela APHA. Os resultados revelaram que a água fornecida pelas escolas aos alunos apresenta-se em conformidade com os padrões, exceto um ponto de coleta (zona centro) apresentou valores de condutividade e dureza alterados.

Avaliação dos parâmetros de pH, turbidez e alcalinidade das águas de abastecimento de escolas públicas do município de Teresina-PI / Evaluation of the pH, turbidity and alkalinity parameters of the waters of public schools of integral times of the Teresina-PI municipality

O monitoramento da qualidade da água destinada ao consumo humano é imprescindível. Desta forma, objetivou-se com este trabalho caracterizar as amostras de águas de abastecimento de escolas públicas de tempo integral no município de Teresina-PI, por meio das análises de pH, turbidez e alcalinidade. As coletas de água foram realizadas em cinco escolas (zonas Sul, Sudeste, Leste, Norte e Centro) da cidade de Teresina - PI. Foram coletadas durante três meses, perfazendo 42 amostras de águas no total. As análises foram efetuadas conforme os métodos prescritos pela APHA. Os parâmetros pH, alcalinidade e turbidez das amostras coletadas em escolas de diferentes zonas da cidade de Teresina – PI, encontram-se conforme o estabelecido pelos padrões de potabilidade da Portaria nº 2.914/2011.

Avaliação dos parâmetros microbiológicos das águas de bebedouros de escolas públicas de diferentes zonas do município de Teresina-PI / Evaluation of the microbiological parameters of the waters of public schools before different areas of the Teresina-PI municipality

A água potável não deve conter microorganismos patogênicos e deve estar livre de bactérias indicadoras de contaminação fecal. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar o perfil microbiológico das águas de bebedouros de escolas públicas de diferentes zonas do município de Teresina-PI. Foram coletadas 42 amostras durante um período de 3 meses em águas de bebedouros de escolas das zonas Sul, Sudeste, Leste, Norte e Centro da cidade de Teresina - PI. A determinação de coliformes totais e Escherichia coli foi realizada seguindo os métodos prescritos pela APHA. Diante dos resultados obtidos, observou-se que a totalidade de 42 amostras coletadas em escolas de diferentes zonas da cidade de Teresina - PI, apresentaram ausência para coliformes totais e Escherichia coli.

Determinants of survival of people living with HIV/AIDS on antiretroviral therapy in Brazil 2006-2015.

BACKGROUND: We compared AIDS-related mortality rates in people living with HIV (PLHIV) starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Brazil during 2006-2015 and examined associated risk factors . METHODS: Data on ART use in PLHIV and AIDS mortality in Brazil was analysed with piecewise constant exponential models. Mortality rates and hazard ratios were estimated for 0-6, 6-12, 13-24, 25-36 and > 36 months of ART use and adjusted for region, age, sex, baseline CD4 cell count and calendar year of ART initiation. An additional analysis restricted to those with data on risk group was also performed. RESULTS: 269,076 individuals were included in the analysis, 165,643 (62%) males and 103,433 (38%) females, with 1,783,305 person-years of follow-up time. 21,749 AIDS deaths were reported and 8898 deaths occurred in the first year of ART. The risk of death in the first six months decreased with early ART initiation; those starting treatment early with CD4 > 500 cells per µL had a hazard ratio of 0.06 (95% CI 0.05-0.07) compared with CD4 < 200 cells per µL. Older age, male sex, intravenous drug use and starting treatment in earlier calendar years were associated with higher mortality rates. People living in the North, Northeast and South of Brazil experienced significantly higher AIDS mortality rates than those in the Southeast (HR 1.44, [95% CI 1.35-1.54], 1.10 [1.05-1.16] and 1.22 [1.17-1.28] respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Early treatment is likely to have contributed to the improved survival in PLHIV on ART, with the greatest benefits observed in women, younger age-groups and those living in the North.

Access to viral hepatitis care: distribution of health services in the Northern region of Brazil / Acesso à atenção às hepatites virais: distribuição de serviços na região Norte do Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the distribution of health care services for viral hepatitis and reported cases of viral hepatitis according to the health regions of Northern Brazil. Method: It is an evaluative, descriptive and quantitative research considering viral hepatitis care services and reported cases in the Northern region of Brazil, using data collected from the National Registry of Health Establishments and the Notifiable Diseases Information System. Descriptive statistics and georeferencing, through software, were used to demonstrate the spatial distribution of services and reported cases. Results: Viral hepatitis health services are distributed in a differentiated way; rapid tests are capillaries in the states; confirmatory tests and treatment are performed in some health regions, with a greater grouping of services in the capitals and their surroundings. Cases were reported across all regions, with areas of higher concentration near services. Conclusion: The availability of services can favor access to prevention, diagnosis and monitoring of cases. However, organizational peculiarities of the health system and services highlight fragilities that have repercussions on the access and entirety of viral hepatitis care.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a distribuição dos serviços de saúde de atenção às hepatites virais e os casos notificados de hepatites virais segundo as regiões de saúde dos estados do Norte do Brasil. Método: Trata-se de pesquisa avaliativa, descritiva e quantitativa considerando os serviços de atenção e casos notificados de hepatites virais na região Norte do Brasil. Foram coletados dados do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde e do Sistema de Informação de Agravos e Notificação. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva e georreferenciamento por meio de software para visualizar a distribuição espacial dos serviços e os casos notificados. Resultados: Os serviços são distribuídos de maneira diferenciada; testes rápidos apresentam-se capilarizados nos estados; demais exames para confirmar o diagnóstico e o tratamento são realizados em algumas regiões de saúde, com maior agrupamento de serviços nas capitais e suas cercanias. Verificam-se casos notificados de maneira pulverizada nas regiões, com áreas de maior concentração próximas aos serviços. Conclusão: A disponibilidade de serviços pode favorecer o acesso e a adoção de medidas de prevenção, diagnóstico e monitoramento de casos. Entretanto, peculiaridades organizacionais do sistema e serviços de saúde evidenciam fragilidades que repercutem no acesso e na integralidade da atenção às hepatites virais.

Trabalho e subjetividade no contexto hospitalar: análise institucional do discurso produzido em grupo com profissionais de enfermagem da pediatria / Work and subjectivity in a hospital environment: institutional analysis of the discourse of a group of nurses of the Pediatric unity of the hospital

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo realizar uma analise institucional do discurso produzido em grupo por profissionais da equipe de enfermagem da Clinica Pediatrica de um hospital escola da rede publica de saude da cidade de Sao Paulo. Nossa analise foca a relacao que este profissional estabelece com o trabalho a partir do referencial metodologico conceitual da Analise Institucional do Discurso desenvolvido por Guirado (2010). Como produto desse estudo demonstramos que a relacao construida pelas profissionais no e com o trabalho e entretecida por procedimentos, sejam eles de ordem predominantemente administrativo-gerencial no caso das enfermeiras, ou da ordem do cuidado-curativo predominantemente encontrado no fazer das tecnicas e auxiliares de enfermagem. Esse entrelacamento entre procedimento e relacao acarreta indistincao entre ser e fazer no modo como as profissionais se constituem subjetivamente, abrindo, assim, caminho a producao de forte identificacao com o papel de mae, a indiferenciacao na relacao com o paciente e a dificuldade na constituicao de contornos que oferecam limites a sua pratica e a seus sentimentos. Nesse sentido, a morte se constitui como unico limite inexoravel e produz desestruturacao e reorganizacao de si e da relacao com o trabalho, mas tambem pode produzir trauma, paralisia, repeticao e panico. A mae e compreendida como o lugar-referencia por excelencia para a crianca. Quando boa e base para a vida, saude e felicidade do filho. Quando ruim ou ausente e a causa do desalinho, fragilidade, doenca e morte da crianca. As maes sao ao mesmo tempo agentes institucionais e clientela, o trabalho da enfermagem preve o da mae. A carga de trabalho da enfermagem e aliviada quando a mae e boa, e aumenta quando a mae e ma. A crianca aparece como objeto-alvo da acao da enfermagem e como sujeito-produto de sua mae.(AU)

The main goal of this research is to make an institutional analysis of the discourse of a group. For this assignment a Sao Paulo's public teaching hospital was chosen. The focus of our analysis is the relationship the professional has with his work, using the Institutional Analysis of Discourse, developed by Guirado (2010), as a conceptual and methodological reference. This research will demonstrate that the professionals' relationship with their work is tangled up by procedures, majorly composed by administrative and caring procedures (for nurses and auxiliary nurses, respectively). The blending of procedures and relationship disguises the differences between being and doing, leading in turn to the nurses identification with the mother's role, to the indiscriminateness of their relationship with the patients, and to an increased difficulty when defining the limits for their practice and their feelings. In that case, death is for them the only inexorable limit, one that promotes the disruption and reorganization of themselves and their relationship with the work. Death is also able to promote trauma, paralysis, repetition, and panic. The mother is seen, by the child, as a true and only haven. If the mother is good, she is considered the foundations for life, health and happiness of the child. When she is bad or absent, this is considered the reason for the child's untidiness, fragility, illness and death. The mothers are, simultaneously, institutional agents and clientele, since the nursing work presupposes the work of the mother. The amount of work attributed to that staff is lessened in the presence of a good mother and enlarged when dealing with a bad mother. The child appears as object and target of the nurses' action and as subject and product of your mother.(AU)

Alguns relatos sobre a medicina e a astronomia / Medicine in astronomy

A influência dos astros como causa de doença é discutida desde os tempos mais antigos. A partir das grandes descobertas astronômicas nos séculos XVI e XVII, o interesse dos médicos pela nova ciência se tornou muito grande. Muitos astrônomos tinham e têm formação médica e muitos médicos se dedicaram e se dedicam à astronomia. O presente trabalho é uma compilação de dados referente a isso, assim como reconhecimento às muitas homenagens que os astrônomos vêm prestando à Medicina e aos médicos.