Cade's identification of lithium for manic-depressive illness--the prospector who found a gold nugget.

John Cade's identification of lithium as a treatment of manic-depressive illness has been judged as a landmark biomedical advance and as an initiator of modern psychopharmacology. His personal background, interests, character, experiences, and key observational skills are sketched to provide the background and logic for his discovery and to argue against his simple self-description as a clinician administrator. The Cade story illustrates the potential strengths of clinical research whereby the clinician observes "signals," formulates hypotheses and explanations, and then pursues or encourages their validity and application. The suggestion that Cade simply "rediscovered lithium" is rejected.

Effects of high- and low-velocity resistance training on the contractile properties of skeletal muscle fibers from young and older humans.

A two-arm, prospective, randomized, controlled trial study was conducted to investigate the effects of movement velocity during progressive resistance training (PRT) on the size and contractile properties of individual fibers from human vastus lateralis muscles. The effects of age and sex were examined by a design that included 63 subjects organized into four groups: young (20-30 yr) men and women, and older (65-80 yr) men and women. In each group, one-half of the subjects underwent a traditional PRT protocol that involved shortening contractions at low velocities against high loads, while the other half performed a modified PRT protocol that involved contractions at 3.5 times higher velocity against reduced loads. Muscles were sampled by needle biopsy before and after the 14-wk PRT program, and functional tests were performed on permeabilized individual fiber segments isolated from the biopsies. We tested the hypothesis that, compared with low-velocity PRT, high-velocity PRT results in a greater increase in the cross-sectional area, force, and power of type 2 fibers. Both types of PRT increased the cross-sectional area, force, and power of type 2 fibers by 8-12%, independent of the sex or age of the subject. Contrary to our hypothesis, the velocity at which the PRT was performed did not affect the fiber-level outcomes substantially. We conclude that, compared with low-velocity PRT, resistance training performed at velocities up to 3.5 times higher against reduced loads is equally effective for eliciting an adaptive response in type 2 fibers from human skeletal muscle.