The concordance game: A simple tool to estimate breath hold swimming performance and to teach dynamic apnea.

Introduction: Swimming is composed of several phases. One of them is done underwater in apnea. Although this phase takes an important part of the performance, it is not taught much because of the risk it entails. At the same time, learning apnea can reduce the fear of immersion and, thus, reduce the number of drownings. The pedagogy used in this paper comes from game theory. This paper tested an apnea game based on the agreement between self-prediction and realization of the task. Methods: Considering the preliminary level of the 33 sports students involved, the game offered two choices: swimming apnea over 15 or 20 m with a distribution of payoffs depending on the actual achievement (15 m estimated and less than 20 m performed = + 3 points; 15 m estimated and at least 20 m realized = + 1 points; 20 m predicted and less than 20 m realized = + 2 points; 20 m estimated and at least 20 m realized = + 4 points). Results and discussion: Concordance was favored over discordance, including in the swimmer's comfort zone (15 m). Throughout six apneas the results showed that the structure of this game supports the improvement of the estimation of the distances swum. The "Concordance Game" could be offered in Physical Education or in a sports club to learn to swim a longer distance below the surface without forcing.

[PROPOSAL OF AN OBSERVATION GRID TO DECRYPT CAPABILITIES. AN ILLUSTRATION IN AN ORGANIZATION FOR ALZHEIMER'S PATIENTS]. / PROPOSITION D'UNE MÉTHODOLOGIE PAR GRILLE D'OBSERVATION POUR DÉCRYPTER LES CAPACITÉS: ILLUSTRATION DANS UN PÔLE D'ACTIVITÉS ET DE SOINS ADAPTÉS.

The capability approach (Sen, 2000) is a relevant theoretical choice to be interested in the lives of people with disabilities and/or loss of independence. However, this promising approach to social problems remain shaded by methodological problems. Thus, although its founder emphasizes the need to understand the meaning that the actors give their lives and their choices in the environment that is theirs, there is clearly rooted in a positivist approach, objectivist, quantitatively. This article's objective is to present a methodology for observation grid to overcome this pitfall. Its deployment allows us to understand the relationship of the individual to others, space, time and objects in a social situation. For illustration, we build a grid to a social situation "lunch" in a space welcoming people with Alzheimer's disease.