[Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage caused by a fistula from a right anomalous subclavian artery to the esophagus]. / Hemorragia digestiva por fístula de artéria subclávia direita anômala com o esôfago.

Bleeding from an arterio-esophageal fistula is a rare and nearly lethal condition and surgical treatment is the only curative option. We report a case of bleeding from a fistula from an aberrant right subclavian artery to the esophagus. Diagnosis was made only at necropsy, despite of three previous laparotomies. This anatomical variation is found in 0.5% of the general population. Development of a communication between this artery and the esophagus, secondary to aneurysmatic dilatation or to prolonged nasogastric intubation, as probably occurred with this patient, is a extremely rare condition. Surgical treatment depends on the early recognition of clinical signs of the arterio-esophageal communication, before the onset of systemic complications of hypovolemic shock.

Hemorragia digestiva por fístula de artéria subclávia direta anômala com o esôfago / Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage from a fistula of a right anomalous subclavian artery to the esophagus

As hemorragias decorrentes das comunicaçoes arteriais com o esôfago sao raras e letais em praticamente todos os casos. O tratamento cirúrgico imediato é a única opçao terapêutica curativa. Os autores apresentam um caso de hemorragia por fístula de artéria subclávia direita anômala com o esôfago, no qual o diagnóstico foi esclarecido apenas na necropsia, após três operaçoes. Esta alteraçao anatômica é encontrada em 0,5 por cento da populaçao geral. Raramente se estabelece comunicaçao desta artéria com esôfago, como conseqüência de dilataçao aneurismática ou de traumatismo provocado pela permanência prolongada de sonda nasogástrica, como, provavelmente, ocorreu com esse doente. O tratamento cirúrgico dependerá do reconhecimento precoce dos sinais diagnósticos sugestivos de comunicaçao arterial com o esôfago antes que a hemorragia traga repercussao sistêmica.

Surgical and endoscopic treatment of common bile duct stones

To study the risk of postoperative complications and technical failure to remove stones from common bile duct, 101 patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis andcholedocholithiasis and papillary obstruction due to stone or inflammatory process were randomized and considered in two groups: Group I (n = 50) underwent preoperative endoscopic papillotomy and open cholecystectomy in the same hospitalization; Group II (n = 51) underwent open cholecystectomy, common bile duct exploration, T-tube drainage and transduodenal papillotomy. Multivariate analysis showed that surgical team (p=0.032) was related to postoperative complications and greater hospitalization in the conventional surgery (Group II); surgical risk (p = 0.053) was related to systemic postoperative complications in the conventional surgery (Group II); distal choledochal stenosis (p = 0.014) was related to technical failure, complications and death in the preoperative endoscopic procedures (Group I). We believe that preoperative endoscopic papillotomy should remain the procedure of choice for common bile duct clearance in patients with comorbid illnesses and cholecystectomy and common bile duct exploration should be performed in no clinical risk patients.

Drenagem endoscópica transduodenal de pseudocisto da cabeça do pâncreas e de coleçäo peripancreática / Transduodenal endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts and peripancreatic collection

Até recentemente, o tratamento do pseudocisto do pâncreas era basicamente cirúrgico. Entretanto, dois acessos näo-cirúrgicos säo atualmente possíveis: a aspiraçäo percutânea sob monitorizaçäo ultra-sonográfica ou tomográfica e drenagem endoscópica. OBJETIVO. Relatar os resultados obtidos com a drenagem endoscópica e pseudocisto pancreático. MÉTODOS. Foram estudados 11 doentes com pseudocisto da cabeça do pâncreas e um caso de coleçäo paraduodenal que se originou após surto de pancreatite aguda necrotizante. A cistoduodenostomia endoscópica foi realizada na parede duodenal em contato com o pseudocisto. Foi utilizado um duodenoscópio padräo Olympus para alcançar o abaulamento da parede duodenal e para realizar a fistula diatérmica. RESULTADOS. O percentual de sucesso foi 91,7 por cento. A hemorragia ocorreu em um caso (8,3 por cento), controlada sem transfusäo de sangue. A cistoduodenostomia endoscópica foi o tratamento definitivo em 10 pacientes examinados 36 meses após o procedimento. Um paciente foi submetido a gastrojejunostomia após 14 meses por obstruçäo duodenal consequüente a surto recidivante de pancreatite. Näo havia recidiva do cisto. Näo houve óbito decorrente do procedimento endoscópico. CONCLUSAO. A cistoduodenostomia endoscópica constitui um procedimento alternativo para a drenagem de pseudocisto paraduodenal sempre que estiver restrito a indicaçäo precisa morfológica de contigüidade com abaulamento da luz do duodeno

[Transduodenal endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts and peripancreatic collection]. / Drenagem endoscópica transduodenal de pseudocisto da cabeça do pâncreas e de coleçäo peripancreática.

Until recently, the treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts was mainly surgical. However, two non-surgical invasive approaches are now possible: percutaneous aspiration under ultrasonic or CT monitoring and endoscopic drainage. PURPOSE--To report the result obtained using endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts. METHODS--11 consecutive patients admitted with pancreatic pseudocyst had chronic pancreatitis and 1 patient had a well defined paraduodenal collection originated from acute necrotising pancreatitis. Endoscopic cystoduodenostomy was performed in the area of close contact with the digestive wall. A standard Olympus duodenoscope was used to reach the bulging wall and to allow the diatermic fistula. RESULTS--The success rate was 91.7%. Hemorrhage occurred in 1 patient (8.3%) controlled without blood transfusion. Endoscopic cystoduodenostomy was the definitive treatment in 10 patients 36 months after the procedure. One patient underwent gastrojejunostomy after 14 months for duodenal obstruction following relapsing pancreatitis. There was no relapsing cyst. There was no death following the endoscopic procedure. CONCLUSION--the endoscopic cystoduodenostomy constitutes an alternative procedure for the drainage of paraduodenal pseudocysts whenever restricted to the precise morphological indication of paraintestinal pseudocyst bulging into the duodenal lumen.

Escleroterapia endoscópica de varizes esofagogástricas sangrantes e estado funcional do fígado / Endoscopic sclerotherapy of bleeding esophagogastric varices and functional liver status

Os autores analisam os resultados da esclerose endoscópica aplicada em 52 doentes com hemorragia digestiva por varizes de esôfago e estômago. A avaliaçäo funcional do fígado, de acordo com critérios de Child, permitiu a classificaçäo de 34,6// Child A, 23,1// Child B e 42,1// Child C. Os doentes foram submetidos a endoscopia digestiva alta após anestesia tópica do orofaringe com xilocaina 10// e sedaçäo com benzodiazepínico 10 mg endovenoso. Foi empregada soluçäo de oleato de etnolamina a 4// em volume médio total de 28mL injetada preferencialmente intravasal. Foi observado, durante exame endoscópico, sangramento ativo das varizes do esôfago em 46,1//, sangramento recente em 53,9//, neste último o local tendo sido identificado em mamilo varicoso. A hemostasia do sangramento foi obtida em 72,2// nos doentes Child A, 58,3// nos Child B e 45,4// Child C após primeira sessäo de esclerose. A recidiva hemorrágica ocorreu em 28,6// Child A, 41,7// Child B e 54,6// Child C. A hemostasia após segunda sessäo de esclerose foi de 94,4// Child A, 75// child B e 54,5// Child C. As complicaçöes ocorreram em 30,7// dos doentes por escara no nível do mamilo varicoso esofágico, em 19,2// por dor retro-esternal e em 11,5// por febre. A mortalidade foi de 68,1// para doentes Child C, dos quais 45,4 por hemorragia persistente das varizes esofagianas e 22,7// por coma hepático. Neste grupo ocorreram três casos nos quais o sangramento foi por varizes de fundo gástrico e que a esclerose endoscópica näo foi eficaz para coibi-lo e todos evoluíram para óbito. Nos doentes Child B o óbito esteve representado por coma hepático em 16,6//. Entre os doentes Child A näo ocorreram óbitos. A esclerose de varizes esofágicas sangrantes constituiu método hemostático eficaz; entretanto, essa eficácia esteve diretamente relacionada com o estado funcional do fígado. A esclerose de varizes sangrantes do fundo gástrico näo constituiu método hemostático eficaz e este fato näo esteve relacionado com a funçäo hepática

[Endoscopic sclerotherapy of bleeding esophagogastric varices and functional liver status]. / Escleroterapia endoscópica de varizes esofagogástricas sangrantes e estado funcional do fígado.

Endoscopic sclerotherapy of bleeding gastroesophageal varices was carried out in 52 patients within a sclerosis program for acute hemorrhage. According to Child's classification, 18 (34.6%) were A, 12 (23.1%) B and 22 (42.3%) C. The hemorrhagic focus was endoscopically proven in oesophageal varices in 45 (86.5%) and in 7 (13.5%) in gastric varices. The sclerotherapy was performed by both intra and extravascular injections of 3% ethanolamine according to treatment for emergency bleeding. The procedure was repeated on the 7th day or when necessary for recurrent hemorrhage. Hemostasis was achieved in 94.4% Child's class A, 75.0% Child's class B and 54.5% Child's class C, all of them with bleeding oesophageal varices. All patients with severe gastric hemorrhage (2 Child's class A, 2 Child's class B and 3 Child's class C) needed surgical treatment for uncontrolled bleeding. Liver failure and bleeding were the leading causes of death in 15 (68.1%) Child's class C and 2 (16.6%) Child's class B. There was no death in Child's class A. The conclusion was drawn that the results of endoscopic sclerotherapy of bleeding oesophageal varices was effective and clearly related to liver function. The endoscopic sclerotherapy, however, was not able to control severe hemorrhage from gastric varices and this was not related to liver function.

Aspectos endoscópicos das varizes do esôfago e do estomago em doentes esquistossomóticos no pós-operatório imediato e tardio (dez anos) de anastomose espleno-renal distal / Endoscopic aspects of esophageal and gastric varices in schistosomiatic patients in the early and late (ten years) post-operative of distal spleno-renal anastomosis

Os autores apresentam observaçöes endoscópicas de varizes do esôfago e do estômago no pós-operatório imediato e tardio (dez anos) de 18 doentes esquistossomáticos submetidos a anastomose espleno-renal distal.

[Carcinosarcoma of the esophagus: diagnostic importance of partial endoscopic polypectomy]. / Carcinossarcoma de esôfago: importância diagnóstica da polipectomia endoscópica parcial.

The clinical and pathological manifestations of a case of carcinosarcoma of the esophagus are reported. Barium swallow and endoscopy revealed a polypoid mass in mid esophagus. The tumor was large, pedunculated, covered by smooth mucosa with some erosions. Histologically the tumor was composed of a mixture of invasion keratinizing cells and intermingled bundle of spindle shaped cells resembling fibrosarcoma. The tumor was removed with surgery and did not show submucosa infiltration. It was not detected any metastasis or local recurrence during the 12 months follow-up period. The diagnosis was made by an endoscopic partial polypectomy. We conclude that partial polypectomy may be of value in preoperative diagnosis of esophageal polypoid mass.