La Asimetría Cerebral, Retos para la Relación Neuropsicología y Educación / Brain Asymmetry, Relationship Challenges Neuropsychology and Education / Assimetria cerebral, desafios de relacionamento, neuropsicologia e educação

Resumen Introducción: El desarrollo de la neurociencia en relación a la educación ha sido desafiante y sus avances. Objetivo: Analizar hermenéutica y sistemática la línea de desarrollo teórico en artículos cualitativos y cuantitativos publicados entre los años 1999 y 2020 de las relaciones entre la asimetría cerebral dentro de las disciplinas: la neuropsicología y la educación. Materiales y métodos: Análisis hermenéutico desarrollado bajo el esquema de la interpretación de los textos primarios y secundarios, evaluados desde la rigurosidad de la hermenéutica en sus cuatro formas de evaluación: "fijación del discurso"; "disociación mental e intención del autor"; "muestra de las referencias no ostensivas" y "universalidad del documento: ¿A quién está dirigido?". Resultado: La investigación sobre las asimetrías cerebrales (funcionales y anatómicas), especialmente en cuanto al uso de la mano contraria (izquierda o derecha) a la de su lateralidad y su diseminación ha sido limitada e históricamente polarizada haciendo más énfasis en asimetrías cerebrales entendidas desde la influencia fisiológica neurológica y en muestra de resultados desde la actividad cerebral en neuroimágenes. Conclusión: La neuropsicología y la educación en su trabajo sobre las asimetrías cerebrales han estado relacionados a los conceptos médicos: anatomía y fisiología. La "nueva visión" y el surgimiento de especialidades como la neuropsicología, creando la necesidad de dar respuesta a los procesos de aprendizaje y las conexiones existentes entre una y otra.

Abstract Introduction: The development of neuroscience in relation to education has been challenging throughout its development. Objective: To analyze hermeneutically and systematically the line of theoretical development in qualitative and quantitative articles published between 1999 and 2020 of the relationships between brain asymmetry within the disciplines: neuropsychology and education. Materials and methods: Hermeneutical analysis developed under the scheme of the interpretation of primary and secondary texts, evaluated from the scientific rigurosity of hermeneutics in its four forms of evaluation: "discourse fixation"; "Mental dissociation and intention of the author"; "Sample of nonostentatious references'' and "universality of the document: Who is it addressed to?". Result: Research on brain asymmetries (functional and anatomical), especially regarding the use of the opposite hand (left or right) to its laterality and its dissemination has been limited and historically polarized, placing more emphasis on brain asymmetries understood from the neurological physiological influence and the sample of results from brain activity in neuro-images. Conclusion: Neuropsychology and education in their work on brain asymmetries have been related to medical concepts: anatomy and physiology. The "new vision" and the unfolding of specialties such as neuropsychology, creating the need to respond to the learning process and the existing connections between one and the other.

Resumo Introdução: O desenvolvimento da neurociência em relação à educação tem sido desafiador e seus avanços. O objetivo é analisar hermenêutica e sistematicamente a linha de desenvolvimento teórico em artigos qualitativos e quantitativos publicados entre 1999 e 2020 das relações entre assimetria cerebral nas disciplinas: neuropsicologia e educação. Materiais e Métodos: Análise hermenêutica desenvolvida sob o esquema da interpretação de textos primários e secundários, avaliada a partir do rigor da hermenêutica em suas quatro formas de avaliação: "fixação do discurso"; "Dissociação mental e intenção do autor"; "Amostra de referências não ostensivas" e "universalidade do documento: a quem se dirige?". Resultado: as pesquisas sobre assimetrias cerebrais (funcionais e anatômicas), principalmente quanto ao uso da mão oposta (esquerda ou direita) à sua lateralidade e sua disseminação tem sido limitada e historicamente polarizada, dando mais ênfase às assimetrias cerebrais entendidas a partir da influência fisiológica neurológica e a amostra de resultados da atividade cerebral em neuroimagens. Conclusão: a neuropsicologia e a educação em seu trabalho sobre as assimetrias cerebrais têm sido relacionadas aos conceitos médicos: anatomia e fisiologia. A "nova visão" e o surgimento de especialidades como a neuropsicologia, criando a necessidade de responder ao processo de aprendizagem e às ligações existentes entre um e outro.

Parental report of quality of life in children with epilepsy: A Spanish/French comparison.

BACKGROUND: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition that affects the quality of life (QoL) of patients and their families. In this study, we compare two sets of reports on QoL that were completed by two samples of parents whose children have epilepsy. METHOD: Parents of children with various types of epilepsy from Spain (N = 196) and France (N = 219) completed the same QoL questionnaire. Medical variables were recorded from the referred specialist doctor for each patient. RESULTS: The factors associated with parental reports on QoL were similar in both countries. Parents of children with nonidiopathic generalized or unclassified epilepsy reported poorer QoL and the highest proportion of learning and behavioral problems. However, the intensity of difficulties varied between the two samples. CONCLUSIONS: This questionnaire made it possible to detect comorbidities and daily life difficulties in children with epilepsy and their families. The type of epilepsy had the same influence on Spanish and French families' ratings of QoL. Families shared the same comorbidities in terms of hyperactivity/attention/sociability problems. Nevertheless, the intensity of reported difficulties varied in both countries, possibly because of differences in cultural and educational environments. This aspect should be further explored in future research.

Evaluación neuropsicológica en niños y adolescentes con fenilcetonuria e hiperfenilalaninemia y su relación con los niveles de fenilalanina plasmática / Neuropsychological assessment among children and adolescents with phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemia and its relationship with plasma phenylalanine levels

Aunque, con tratamiento precoz, los pacientes con fenilcetonuria pueden presentar niveles de inteligencia normales, es importante optimizar el control dietético para mantener niveles de fenilalanina adecuados y poder desarrollar su potencial intelectual sin alteraciones en sus tareas diarias por déficits en las funciones ejecutivas. Se presenta una serie de 26 pacientes, diagnosticados y tratados precozmente, a quienes se realizó una evaluación psicométrica junto con determinaciones de fenilalanina a lo largo de su vida y en el momento de realización de los tests. Se observa una tendencia a la relación inversa entre el cociente intelectual y la fenilalanina concurrente, la mediana de fenilalanina y el cociente fenilalanina/tirosina, así como una tendencia a la relación negativa entre las funciones ejecutivas y los valores de fenilalanina concurrentes y durante la vida.

Although with early treatment phenylketonuria patients may have average intelligence levels, it is important to optimize the nutritional management to maintain adequate phenylalanine levels, so that patients can develop their intellectual potential free of abnormalities in their daily activities due to deficits of cognitive executive functions. This study presents a series of 26 patients, diagnosed and treated early, who underwent a psychometric evaluation together with phenylalanine determinations along their lives, and at the time of doing the tests. A trend is observed towards a reverse relationship between IQ and concurrent phenylalanine concentration, phenylalanine median and phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio. Likewise, a trend towards a negative relationship is observed between executive functions and concurrent phenylalanine values along patients' lives.

Neuropsychological assessment among children and adolescents with phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemia and its relationship with plasma phenylalanine levels. / Evaluación neuropsicológica en niños y adolescentes con fenilcetonuria e hiperfenilalaninemia y su relación con los niveles de fenilalanina plasmática.

Although with early treatment phenylketonuria patients may have average intelligence levels, it is important to optimize the nutritional management to maintain adequate phenylalanine levels, so that patients can develop their intellectal potential free of abnormalities in their daily activities due to deficits of cognitive executive functions. This study presents a series of 26 patients, diagnosed and treated early, who underwent a psychometric evaluation together with phenylalanine determinations along their lives, and at the time of doing the tests. A trend is observed towards a reverse relationship between IQ and concurrent phenylalanine concentration, phenylalanine median and phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio. Likewise, a trend towards a negative relationship is observed between executive functions and concurrent phenylalanine values along patients' lives.

Aunque, con tratamiento precoz, los pacientes con fenilcetonuria pueden presentar niveles de inteligencia normales, es importante optimizar el control dietético para mantener niveles de fenilalanina adecuados y poder desarrollar su potencial intelectual sin alteraciones en sus tareas diarias por déficits en las funciones ejecutivas. Se presenta una serie de 26 pacientes, diagnosticados y tratados precozmente, a quienes se realizó una evaluación psicométrica junto con determinaciones de fenilalanina a lo largo de su vida y en el momento de realización de los tests. Se observa una tendencia a la relación inversa entre el cociente intelectual y la fenilalanina concurrente, la mediana de fenilalanina y el cociente fenilalanina/tirosina, así como una tendencia a la relación negativa entre las funciones ejecutivas y los valores de fenilalanina concurrentes y durante la vida.

Perfil neuropsicológico de niños con dislalias: alteraciones mnésicas y atencionales / Neuropsychological profile of children with dyslalias: Memory impairment and attentional

En este estudio se pretende investigar el funcionamiento neuropsicológico de niños con dislalias. 34 niños con dislalia múltiple (distorsión o sustitución articulatoria de tres fonemas: /r/, /l/ y /s/) y exploración neurológica normal fueron comparados con 28 niños sin problemas del habla. El perfil neuropsicológico se estima mediante la Escala de Inteligencia Wechsler para Niños-Revisada (WISC-R) y la Batería Neuropsicológica Luria-DNI. Los resultados indican que los niños dislálicos presentan: a) un perfil amnésico globalmente deteriorado respecto al grupo de referencia aunque están preservado la memoria remota y la memoria de formas; b) alteraciones en cinestesia y estereognosia; c) problemas atencionales. Estos resultados indican que los niños dislálicos presentan problemas amnésicos y atencionales similares a los manifestados por niños con problemas de lenguaje secundarios a daño cerebral o afectaciones orgánicas o psicolingüísticas importantes. Debemos considerar este perfil neuropsicológico deteriorado en la orientación neurológica y psicoeducativa de estos niños

In this study we investigate the neuropsychological functioning of children with dyslalias. 34 children with multiple dyslalia (articulatory distortion or substitution of three phonemes: / r /, / l / and / s /) and normal neurological examination. 28 children without speech problems are used as reference group. The neuropsychological profile is estimated using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and Luria Neuropsychological Battery-DNI. We found in children with dyslalias: A) The memory profile deteriorated globally in respect to the reference group but are preserved remote memory and the memory of shapes. B) kinesthesia and estereognosia disorders. C) Attentional disorders. We found mnemonic and attentional problems in children with dyslalias similar to those children with language problems secondary to brain damage or affect organs or major psycholinguistic disorders. We consider this neuropsychological profile deteriorated in neurological and psychoeducational counseling, which would justify the treatment and neuropsychological rehabilitation of memory and attention

Epilepsia generalizada idiopática con ausencias típicas tratada con ácido valproico: alteraciones neuropsicológicas / Idiopathic generalized epilepsies with absence seizures with valproic acid treatment: neuropsychological disorders

Objetivo. Investigar el perfil neuropsicológico de niños con crisis de ausencias típicas tratados con ácido valproico. Sujetos y métodos. Se compara una muestra de 34 niños (14 niños y 20 niñas) de 7 a 12 años con diagnóstico de ausencias típicas en tratamiento con ácido valproico (dosis media 30 mg/kg/día) con un grupo de referencia (28 niños sin problemas neurológicos). El perfil neuropsicológico se estima mediante la escala de inteligencia Wechsler para niños revisada y la batería neuropsicológica de Luria-diagnóstico neuropsicológico infantil. Resultados. Los niños con crisis de ausencias típicas con ácido valproico presentan un cociente intelectual verbal significativamente menor que los niños del grupo de referencia, aunque el cociente intelectual manipulativo y el total no difieren significativamente; un perfil neuropsicológico con puntuaciones significativamente menores que el grupo de referencia en todas las áreas, excepto en regulación verbal, cinestesia y estereognosia, percepción visual, comprensión simple y comprensión gramatical; un deterioro importante en memoria lógica, memoria inmediata, aritmética, estructura numérica, lectura, escritura, denominación y articulación; un déficit mnésico global, especialmente en memoria remota, memoria visual inmediata, memoria inmediata y memoria lógica; y alteraciones atencionales importantes. Conclusiones. Debemos considerar el perfil neuropsicológico alterado con la finalidad de programar tratamientos neuropsicológicos y rehabilitación de la memoria y la atención. Por ello, reivindicamos la necesidad de dotar las consultas de neuropediatría con neuropsicólogos que garanticen el análisis sistemático de las dificultades cognitivas y neuropsicológicas tanto en el momento del diagnóstico de la epilepsia como en su seguimiento, así como el apoyo escolar de estos pacientes (AU)

Aim. To analyze the neuropsychological profile of children with absence seizures treated with valproate. Subjects and methods. Sample of 34 children from 7 to 12 years with absence seizures treated with valproate (median dose: 30 mg/kg/day) and 28 controls. We get the neuropsychological profile by applying the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and Luria-DNI Battery. Results. Children with absence seizures manifest verbal IQ significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the control group but within normal. The neuropsychological profile Luria-DNI is significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the control group in all areas except in regulation verbal, kinesthetic, visual perception, comprehension and understanding simple grammar. This is a serious deterioration profile in the areas of logical memory, short-term memory, arithmetic, numerical structure, reading, writing, naming, and articulation. Children with absence seizures have a significant memory deficit. Memory profile measured with the Luria-DNI Battery and the WISC-R appears generally deteriorated when compared with the control group (p < 0.001) although there is a paradoxical preservation of shape memory. The short-term auditory and visual memory and logical memory are particularly affected. In the epileptic group, the attentional profile (estimated by the ‘third factor of the WISC-R’) is generally deteriorated when compared with the control group. Conclusions. We consider in children with this diagnosis and treatment, the neuropsychological profile described to strengthen deficient neuropsychological and psychoeducational areas. Above, we claim the need, in the consultations of neuropediatrics, the neuropsychlogists to ensure the systematic analysis of neuropsychological and cognitive difficulties both at the time of the diagnosis and follow-up of epilepsy (AU)

Thermal sensitivity and cardiovascular reactivity to stress in healthy males.

This paper examines the association of cardiovascular reactivity with thermal thresholds (detection and unpleasantness). Heart period (HP), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure of 42 health young males were recorded during a cardiovascular reactivity task (a videogame based upon Sidman's avoidance paradigm). Thermal sensitivity, assessing detection and unpleasantness thresholds with radiant heat in the forearm was also estimated for participants. Participants with differential scores in the cardiovascular variables from base line to task > or = P65 were considered as reactors and those how have differential scores < or = P35 were considered as non-reactors. Significant differences were observed between groups in the unpleasantness thresholds in blood pressure (BP) but not in HP. Reactors exhibited significant higher unpleasantness thresholds than non-reactors. No significant differences were obtained in detection thresholds between groups.

Thermal sensitivity and cardiovascular reactivity to stress in healthy males

This paper examines the association of cardiovascular reactivity with thermal thresholds (detection and unpleasantness). Heart period (HP), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure of 42 health young males were recorded during a cardiovascular reactivity task (a videogame based upon Sidman’s avoidance paradigm). Thermal sensitivity, assessing detection and unpleasantness thresholds with radiant heat in the forearm was also estimated for participants. Participants with differential scores in the cardiovascular variables from base line to task >=P65 were considered as reactors and those how have differential scores <= P35 were considered as non-reactors. Significant differences were observed between groups in the unpleasantness thresholds in blood pressure (BP) but not in HP. Reactors exhibited significant higher unpleasantness thresholds than non-reactors. No significant differences were obtained in detection thresholds between groups (AU)

Este estudio investiga la relación entre la reactividad cardiovascular y la sensibilidad térmica (umbrales de detección y molestia). 42 varones jóvenes y sanos participaron en un experimento en el que se registraron el periodo cardiaco, la presión arterial sistólica y la presión arterial diastólica durante la realización de una tarea evocadora de reactividad cardiovascular (videojuego basado en el paradigma de evitación de Sidman). La sensibilidad térmica fue medida en todos los participantes mediante la estimación de los umbrales de detección y molestia en la piel del antebrazo con el método de calor radiante. Los participantes que presentaron valores diferenciales en las variables cardiovasculares respecto a la línea base >= P65 fueron considerados como reactores, mientras que los que obtuvieron valores diferenciales <= P35 se consideraron como no-reactores. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en los umbrales de molestia entre los grupos de reactores y no-reactores en presión arterial, aunque no se encontraron diferencias en la reactividad del periodo cardiaco. El grupo de reactores presenta umbrales más elevados en la molestia que el grupo de no-reactores. No se encontraron diferencias en los umbrales de detección entre los grupos (AU)