[Characterization of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children and adolescents in Latin American and the Caribbean countries: A descriptive study]. / Caracterización de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) en niños y adolescentes en países de América Latina y El Caribe: estudio descriptivo.

INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus disease 2019 has been reported in the pediatric population; however, there is limited information in Latin American and the Caribbean countries. OBJECTIVES: To describe the frequency of cases, deaths, incidence, and case fatality rate attributed to COVID-19 in children and adolescents from Latin American and the Caribbean countries. METHODS: An observational study was carried-out using COVID-19 case registries in children and adolescents published by the Ministries of Health of 19 countries in Latin American and the Caribbean countries until May 20, 2020. Cases and deaths were classified by sex and age group. Also, incidence and case fatality rates were calculated for each country. RESULTS: A total of 20,757 (4.2% of all patients) cases of COVID-19 were reported in children from 0 to 19 years of age. 52.4% was in the group aged 10 to 19 years. 50.6% were male. 139 (0.26%) deaths were reported in children from 0 to 19 years. The accumulated incidence was higher in Chile, Panama, and Peru. The cumulative incidence per 100,000 inhabitants ranged from 1.26 to 77.55 in the population from 0 to 9 years old, 1.57 to 98.84 from 10 to 19 years old, and 0.91 to 88.34 from 0 to 19 years old. The case fatality rate in children from 0 to 19 years old ranged from 0 to 9.09%. CONCLUSION: In 19 Latin American and the Caribbean countries, the frequency of cases, cumulative incidence, case fatality rate in children and adolescents was heterogeneous. These results contribute to understanding the epidemiological behavior of this disease in children and adolescents of the countries included in the study.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 ha sido reportada en la población pediátrica; sin embargo, existe limitada información en países de América Latina y El Caribe. OBJETIVOS: Describir la frecuencia de casos, defunciones, incidencia acumulada y letalidad atribuida a COVID-19 en niños y adolescentes de países de América Latina y El Caribe. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional utilizando los registros de casos atribuidos a COVID-19 en niños y adolescentes publicados por los Ministerios de Salud de 16 países de América Latina y tres países de El Caribe hasta el 20 de mayo de 2020. Se clasificaron los casos y las defunciones por sexo y grupo de edad. Además, se calcularon la incidencia acumulada y letalidad por cada país. RESULTADOS: Se reportaron 20 757 casos de COVID-19 de 0 a 19 años (4,2% del total de enfermos). El 52,4% fue en el grupo de 10 a 19 años. El 50,6% fueron del sexo masculino. Se registraron 139 (0,26% del total) defunciones de 0 a 19 años. La incidencia acumulada fue mayor en Chile, Panamá y Perú. La incidencia acumulada por 100 000 habitantes varió de 1,26 a 77,55 en la población de 0 a 9 años, de 1,57 a 98,84 entre 10 a 19 años y de 0,91 a 88,34 entre 0 a 19 años. La letalidad de 0 a 19 años tuvo un rango de 0 a 9,09%. CONCLUSIONES: En 19 países de Latinoamérica y El Caribe, la frecuencia de casos, incidencia acumulada, letalidad en niños y adolescentes fue heterogénea. Estos resultados contribuyen a comprender el comportamiento epidemiológico de esta enfermedad en niños y adolescentes en los países incluidos en el estudio.

National trends in age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of acute kidney injury in Peru / Tendências nacionais na incidência e mortalidade padronizadas por idade de lesão renal aguda no Peru

ABSTRACT Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common disorder that causes high healthcare costs. There are limited epidemiological studies of this disorder in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to describe trends in the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of AKI in Peru. Methods: We conducted an ecological study based on a secondary data sources of the basic cause of death from healthcare and death records obtained from establishments of the Ministry of Health of Peru for the period 2005-2016. The age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of AKI were described by region and trend effects were estimated by linear regression models. Results: During the period 2005-2016, 26,633 cases of AKI were reported nationwide. The age-standardized incidence rate of AKI per 100,000 people increased by 15.2%, from 10.5 (period 2005-2010) to 12.1 (period 2011-2016). During the period 2005-2016, 6,812 deaths due to AKI were reported, which represented 0.49% of all deaths reported for that period in Peru. The age-standardized mortality rate of AKI per 100,000 people decreased by 11.1%, from 2.7 (period 2005-2010) to 2.4 (period 2011-2016). The greatest incidence and mortality rates were observed in the age group older than 60 years. Conclusions: During the study period, incidence of AKI increased and mortality decreased, with heterogeneous variations among regions.

RESUMO Introdução: A lesão renal aguda (LRA) é um distúrbio comum que causa altos custos para a saúde. Existem estudos epidemiológicos limitados sobre esse distúrbio em países de baixa e média renda. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as tendências nas taxas de incidência e mortalidade padronizadas por idade da LRA no Peru. Métodos: Realizamos um estudo ecológico com base em fontes de dados secundárias da causa básica de morte de registros de saúde e óbito obtidos de estabelecimentos do Ministério da Saúde do Peru no período de 2005 a 2016. A incidência padronizada por idade e as taxas de mortalidade por LRA foram descritas por região, e os efeitos de tendência foram estimados por modelos de regressão linear. Resultados: No período de 2005 a 2016, 26.633 casos de LRA foram relatados em todo o país. A taxa de incidência padronizada de LRA por idade por 100.000 pessoas aumentou 15,2%, de 10,5 (período de 2005 a 2010) para 12,1 (período de 2011 a 2016). Durante o período de 2005 a 2016, foram relatadas 6.812 mortes por LRA, o que representou 0,49% de todas as mortes relatadas para esse período no Peru. A taxa de mortalidade por LRA padronizada por idade por 100.000 pessoas diminuiu 11,1%, de 2,7 (período de 2005 a 2010) para 2,4 (período de 2011 a 2016). As maiores taxas de incidência e mortalidade foram observadas na faixa etária acima de 60 anos. Conclusões: Durante o período do estudo, a incidência de LRA aumentou e a mortalidade diminuiu, com variações heterogêneas na epidemiologia entre as regiões.

National trends in age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of acute kidney injury in Peru.

INTRODUCTION: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common disorder that causes high healthcare costs. There are limited epidemiological studies of this disorder in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to describe trends in the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of AKI in Peru. METHODS: We conducted an ecological study based on a secondary data sources of the basic cause of death from healthcare and death records obtained from establishments of the Ministry of Health of Peru for the period 2005-2016. The age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of AKI were described by region and trend effects were estimated by linear regression models. RESULTS: During the period 2005-2016, 26,633 cases of AKI were reported nationwide. The age-standardized incidence rate of AKI per 100,000 people increased by 15.2%, from 10.5 (period 2005-2010) to 12.1 (period 2011-2016). During the period 2005-2016, 6,812 deaths due to AKI were reported, which represented 0.49% of all deaths reported for that period in Peru. The age-standardized mortality rate of AKI per 100,000 people decreased by 11.1%, from 2.7 (period 2005-2010) to 2.4 (period 2011-2016). The greatest incidence and mortality rates were observed in the age group older than 60 years. CONCLUSIONS: During the study period, incidence of AKI increased and mortality decreased, with heterogeneous variations among regions.

Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in Peru and its relation to social determinants of health.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing public health problem and an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Disparities in CKD may be related to social determinants and health inequalities in low- and middle-income countries. This study determined how social determinants of health influence trends in the prevalence and mortality of CKD in Peru. METHODS: This was an ecological study based on a secondary analysis of health care and death records obtained from the Ministry of Health of Peru for the period 2010-2016. The standardized prevalence and mortality rates of CKD were descriptively reported using geospatial exploratory analysis. We also determined the association with social determinants of health according to the domains suggested by Healthy People 2020. RESULTS: In the studied period, CKD prevalence increased by 300% and was associated with the health insurance coverage rate (ß=5.9 [95% CI 0.82 to 10.92]), proportion of people with a secondary education level (ß=11.4 [95% CI 1.94 to 20.93]), mean age (ß=-10.7 [95% CI -19.33 to -2.12]), monetary poverty rate (ß=-2.2 [95% CI -3.88 to -0.60]) and gross domestic product per capita (ß=-63.2 [95% CI -117.81 to -8.52]). The standardized mortality decreased by 10% and was associated with mean age (ß=-0.6 [95% CI -1.22 to -0.06]) and the proportion of people with a primary education level (ß=-0.5 [95% CI -0.9 to -0.05]). CONCLUSIONS: During the period 2010-2016, the prevalence of CKD increased and the mortality associated with CKD decreased. The observed changes were associated with some social determinants of health, such as increased health coverage and education. The health system of Peru must be prepared to take on the challenge.

Caracterización de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) en niños y adolescentes en países de América Latina y El Caribe: estudio descriptivo / Characterization of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children and adolescents in Latin American and the Caribbean countries: A descriptive study

INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 ha sido reportada en la población pediátrica; sin embargo, existe limitada información en países de América Latina y El Caribe. OBJETIVOS: Describir la frecuencia de casos, defunciones, incidencia acumulada y letalidad atribuida a COVID-19 en niños y adolescentes de países de América Latina y El Caribe. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional utilizando los registros de casos atribuidos a COVID-19 en niños y adolescentes publicados por los Ministerios de Salud de 16 países de América Latina y tres países de El Caribe hasta el 20 de mayo de 2020. Se clasificaron los casos y las defunciones por sexo y grupo de edad. Además, se calcularon la incidencia acumulada y letalidad por cada país. RESULTADOS: Se reportaron 20 757 casos de COVID-19 de 0 a 19 años (4,2% del total de enfermos). El 52,4% fue en el grupo de 10 a 19 años. El 50,6% fueron del sexo masculino. Se registraron 139 (0,26% del total) defunciones de 0 a 19 años. La incidencia acumulada fue mayor en Chile, Panamá y Perú. La incidencia acumulada por 100 000 habitantes varió de 1,26 a 77,55 en la población de 0 a 9 años, de 1,57 a 98,84 entre 10 a 19 años y de 0,91 a 88,34 entre 0 a 19 años. La letalidad de 0 a 19 años tuvo un rango de 0 a 9,09%. CONCLUSIONES: En 19 países de Latinoamérica y El Caribe, la frecuencia de casos, incidencia acumulada, letalidad en niños y adolescentes fue heterogénea. Estos resultados contribuyen a comprender el comportamiento epidemiológico de esta enfermedad en niños y adolescentes en los países incluidos en el estudio.

INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus disease 2019 has been reported in the pediatric population; however, there is limited information in Latin American and the Caribbean countries. OBJECTIVES: To describe the frequency of cases, deaths, incidence, and case fatality rate attributed to COVID-19 in children and adolescents from Latin American and the Caribbean countries. METHODS: An observational study was carried-out using COVID-19 case registries in children and adolescents published by the Ministries of Health of 19 countries in Latin American and the Caribbean countries until May 20, 2020. Cases and deaths were classified by sex and age group. Also, incidence and case fatality rates were calculated for each country. RESULTS: A total of 20,757 (4.2% of all patients) cases of COVID-19 were reported in children from 0 to 19 years of age. 52.4% was in the group aged 10 to 19 years. 50.6% were male. 139 (0.26%) deaths were reported in children from 0 to 19 years. The accumulated incidence was higher in Chile, Panama, and Peru. The cumulative incidence per 100,000 inhabitants ranged from 1.26 to 77.55 in the population from 0 to 9 years old, 1.57 to 98.84 from 10 to 19 years old, and 0.91 to 88.34 from 0 to 19 years old. The case fatality rate in children from 0 to 19 years old ranged from 0 to 9.09%. CONCLUSION: In 19 Latin American and the Caribbean countries, the frequency of cases, cumulative incidence, case fatality rate in children and adolescents was heterogeneous. These results contribute to understanding the epidemiological behavior of this disease in children and adolescents of the countries included in the study.

Mortalidad y factores asociados en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis en un hospital peruano / Mortality and associated factors in chronic kidney disease patients under hemodialysis in a Peruvian hospital

Introducción: La enfermedad renal crónica es un problema de salud en Perú. Objetivo: Determinar la mortalidad y los factores asociados en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis de una población incidente en un hospital peruano. Material y Métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva, de los pacientes que ingresaron al programa de hemodiálisis crónica del hospital Antonio Lorena (Cusco-Perú), entre 2010-2016. Para el análisis de supervivencia se utilizó el método de Kaplan-Meier, para determinar los factores asociados a mortalidad se realizó la Regresión de Cox, se obtuvo el Hazard Ratio (HR) y sus intervalos de confianza al 95 por ciento (IC 95). Resultados: Se estudiaron 187 pacientes, con una mediana de edad de 57 años (rango intercuartílico: 43-66. El 47 por ciento (89) de los pacientes fallecieron durante el seguimiento. La tasa de mortalidad fue de 24 muertes/100 personas-por año (IC 95 por ciento: 19,6-29,6). La mediana de supervivencia fue de 2,8 años (IC 95 por ciento: 1,9-4,0). La dilatación de la aurícula izquierda en la ecocardiografía (HR: 2,63; IC 95 por ciento: 1,03-6,69; p=0,041), el recuento de leucocitos ≥ 12x103u/mm3 (HR: 6,86; IC 95 por ciento: 2,08-22,66; p=0,002), y la hemoglobina < 7 g/dL (HR: 3,62; IC 95 por ciento: 1,05-12,48; p=0,041) se asociaron a mortalidad. Conclusiones: Se encontró una baja frecuencia de supervivencia la misma que estuvo asociada a factores potencialmente modificable(AU)

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease is a health problem in Perú. Objective: To determine the mortality and the associated factors in chronic kidney disease patients under hemodialysis in an incident population in a Peruvian hospital. Material and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in patients admitted to the chronic hemodialysis program at Hospital Antonio Lorena (Cusco-Peru), from 2010 to 2016. Kaplan-Meier method was used for the survival analysis to determine the factors associated with mortality, Cox´s Regression was carried out, obtaining Hazard Ratio (HR) and 95 percent confidence intervals (95 percent CI). Results: A total of 187 patients were studied, with a mean age of 57 years (interquartile range: 43-66). The 47 percent (89) of patients died during follow-up. Mortality rate was 24 deaths / 100 people-per year (95 percent CI: 19.6-29.6). The mean survival rate was 2.8 years (95 percent CI: 1.9-4.0). Dilatation of the left atrium in the echocardiography (HR: 2.63; 95 percent CI: 1.03-6.69; p=0.041), a white blood cell count ≥ 12x103u/mm3 (HR: 6.86; 95 percent CI: 2.08-22.66; p=0.002), and hemoglobin <7 g/dL (HR: 3.62; 95 percent CI: 1.05-12.48; p=0.041) were associated with mortality. Conclusions: A low frequency of survival was found, which was associated with potentially modifiable factors(AU)