RESUMO
Although the correct diagnosis of inguinal hernias can often be made by clinical examination, there are several situations in which imaging methods represent the best option for evaluating such hernias, their content, and the possible complications. In addition, bulging of the inguinal region is not always indicative of a hernia, because other lesions, including tumors, cysts, and hematomas, also affect the region. The objective of this pictorial essay is to demonstrate what can be identified within inguinal hernias. Differentiating the types of herniated structures is of absolute importance for planning the appropriate treatment.
Embora o diagnóstico correto possa ser muitas vezes realizado pelo exame clínico, há várias situações em que os métodos de imagem representam a melhor opção para avaliar hérnias inguinais, seu conteúdo e eventuais complicações. Além disso, os abaulamentos da região inguinal nem sempre são hérnias, pois outras lesões como tumores, cistos e hematomas também acometem este sítio. O objetivo deste ensaio é demonstrar alguns diferentes conteúdos que podem ser diagnosticados no interior de hérnias inguinais. A diferenciação dos tipos de estruturas herniadas é de suma importância no planejamento do tratamento.
RESUMO
Abstract Although the correct diagnosis of inguinal hernias can often be made by clinical examination, there are several situations in which imaging methods represent the best option for evaluating such hernias, their content, and the possible complications. In addition, bulging of the inguinal region is not always indicative of a hernia, because other lesions, including tumors, cysts, and hematomas, also affect the region. The objective of this pictorial essay is to demonstrate what can be identified within inguinal hernias. Differentiating the types of herniated structures is of absolute importance for planning the appropriate treatment.
Resumo Embora o diagnóstico correto possa ser muitas vezes realizado pelo exame clínico, há várias situações em que os métodos de imagem representam a melhor opção para avaliar hérnias inguinais, seu conteúdo e eventuais complicações. Além disso, os abaulamentos da região inguinal nem sempre são hérnias, pois outras lesões como tumores, cistos e hematomas também acometem este sítio. O objetivo deste ensaio é demonstrar alguns diferentes conteúdos que podem ser diagnosticados no interior de hérnias inguinais. A diferenciação dos tipos de estruturas herniadas é de suma importância no planejamento do tratamento.
RESUMO
RATIONALE: Nitric oxide (NO)-mediated transmission in the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray matter (dlPAG) has been involved in the expression of anxiety-like behaviors. Ethanol withdrawal sensitizes the dlPAG and results in increased anxiety-like responses. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that NO in the dlPAG is involved in the expression of ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were implanted with guide cannulae aimed at the dlPAG. The animals were forced to consume a liquid diet containing ethanol 6-8 % (v/v) for 15 days as their only source of diet. Six days after surgery and 24 h after ethanol discontinuation, the animals received microinjections of the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (carboxy-PTIO), nonselective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N (G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 1-(2-[trifluoromethyl]phenyl) imidazole (TRIM), or selective inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor N-([3-(aminomethyl)phenyl]methyl) ethanimidamide dihydrochloride (1400W) into the dlPAG. Ten minutes later, the animals were tested in the light/dark box. RESULTS: Carboxy-PTIO (1 nmol), L-NAME (200 nmol), TRIM (20 nmol), and 1400W (0.3 and 1 nmol) decreased the anxiogenic-like effects of ethanol withdrawal in rats in the light/dark box test. The NO precursor L-arginine reversed the effects of L-NAME. CONCLUSIONS: NO production in the dlPAG may play a role in the modulation of ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior in rats. Furthermore, iNOS-mediated NO synthesis in the dlPAG is predominantly involved in the behavioral expression of anxiety-like behavior during ethanol withdrawal.
