Evolution of Virgin Olive Oil during Long-term Storage.

In this work, the evolution of virgin olive oil from 4 olive varieties when stored at 5°C, 10°C and 20°C for a period of up to 3 years was studied. Free acidity increased progressively for the 4 varieties, staying below the limit for extra virgin olive oil, even at the highest temperature. The peroxide value also increased, reaching its maximum after about 28 months of storage, when some samples stored at 20°C exceeded the limit for extra virgin olive oil. The maximum values for K270 and K232 were reached at the end of the storage period, also exceeding the limit for extra virgin olive oil in the case of some varieties stored at 20°C. Oxidative stability decreased by 38%-50% depending on the storage temperature and the variety. Most of the color indexes increased in value because of the degradation of the oil pigments.

Riesgo de enfermedad neumocócica en pacientes ancianos con y sin vacunación previa / Risk of pneumococcal disease in elderly patients with and without previous vaccination

Objetivos: Conocer la cobertura vacunal antineumocócica en pacientes ≥ 65 años, así como el riesgo de enfermedad neumocócica según hayan o no recibido dicha vacunación. Diseño: Estudio transversal, seguido de cohorte histórica. Emplazamiento: Ámbito urbano. Participantes: Se seleccionaron por muestreo sistemático 2.805 personas ≥ 65 años de la ciudad de Albacete. Mediciones principales: Variable dependiente: diagnóstico de enfermedad neumocócica y fecha. Variables independientes: edad, sexo, enfermedades crónicas, medicación, vacunación antineumocócica y fecha. Se revisaron las historias clínicas informatizadas, de 1-1-2009 a octubre-diciembre de 2015. Se ha realizado un análisis descriptivo, se ha calculado el riesgo relativo de aparición de enfermedad neumocócica según la vacunación y se ha realizado un análisis de supervivencia con el programa estadístico SPSS 17.0. Resultados: La mediana de edad era de 71 años; el 57,2% eran mujeres. Recibieron vacuna polisacárida el 46,0% (IC 95% 44,1-47,8). Solo 10 recibieron la conjugada. Fueron diagnosticadas de enfermedad neumocócica invasiva 22 personas, y de no invasiva, 153. El riesgo relativo de enfermedad neumocócica en vacunados frente a no vacunados, respectivamente para invasiva y no invasiva, era 1,59 (IC 95% 0,69-3,68) y 1,84 (IC 95% 1,33-2,54). Por regresión de Cox se demostró un mayor riesgo de enfermedad no invasiva para EPOC (1,95; IC 95% 1,32-2,89), tabaquismo (1,87; IC 95% 1,28-2,73), corticoterapia (1,73; IC 95% 1,08-2,79), vacunación polisacárida (141,41; IC 95% 5,92-3.378,49) y edad (1,11; IC 95% 1,08-1,14), con interacción entre estas 2 (0,94; IC 95% 0,91-0,98). Conclusiones: Existe un mayor riesgo de presentar enfermedad neumocócica en pacientes ≥ 65 años vacunados con la polisacárida, si bien habría que considerar un efecto protector en los vacunados de mayor edad

Objectives: To know the pneumococcal vaccination coverage in patients ≥ 65 years old, as well as the risk of pneumococcal disease according to whether or not they received such vaccination. Design: Cross-sectional study, followed by historical cohort. Location: Urban area. Participants: By systematic sampling, 2,805 people ≥ 65 years from the city of Albacete were selected. Main measurements: Dependent variable: diagnosis of pneumococcal disease and date. Independent variables: age, sex, chronic pathologies, medication, pneumococcal vaccination and date. The computerized medical records were reviewed, from 1-1-2009 to October-December 2015. A descriptive analysis was carried out, the relative risk of the onset of pneumococcal disease according to vaccination has been calculated, and survival analysis has been carried out, with the statistical program SPSS 17.0. Results: Median age 71 years; 57.2% were women; 46% received polysaccharide vaccine (95% CI 44.1-47.8). Only 10 people received conjugated vaccine. Twenty-two people were diagnosed with invasive pneumococcal disease and 153 non-invasive. The relative risk of pneumococcal disease in vaccinated versus unvaccinated, respectively for invasive and non-invasive, was 1.59 (95% CI 0.69-3.68) and 1.84 (95% CI 1.33-2.54). Cox regression showed a higher risk of non-invasive disease for COPD (1.95; 95% CI 1.32-2.89), smoking (1.87; 95% CI 1.28-2.73), corticoid-therapy (1.73; 95% CI 1.08-2.79), polysaccharide vaccination (141.41; 95% CI 5.92-3,378.49) and age (1.11; 95% CI 1.08-1.14), with interaction between these 2 (0.94, 95% CI 0.91-0.98). Conclusions: There is an increased risk of pneumococcal disease in patients ≥ 65 years vaccinated with polysaccharide, although with a protective effect in vaccinated older

Adherencia a la vacunación antigripal de personas mayores tras participar en talleres específicos / Adherence to influenza vaccination among elderly people after participating in specific workshops

Objetivo: Conocer el seguimiento de la vacunación antigripal por ancianos que habían participado en talleres específicos. Diseño: Estudio cuasiexperimental. Emplazamiento: Atención Primaria. Participantes: Se incluyeron 76 personas participantes en talleres sobre gripe y, como controles, 116 que no lo habían hecho. Mediciones Principales: Se comparó el porcentaje de vacunación entre los años 2009 y 2013, según el registro en la historia clínica informatizada. Por análisis de supervivencia se determinó el tiempo de adherencia, considerando "falta de cumplimiento" la primera vez sin vacunar. Resultados: La proporción de vacunados era más alta en los participantes en los talleres: 68,6 % (IC 95 %: 54,9-82,3) vs 61,2 % (IC 95 %: 51,9-70,5) en los que no habían participado, pero sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas (NS). La vacunación se interrumpió en el 45,1 % (IC 95 %: 30,5-59,7) y 42,2 % (IC 95 %: 32,8-51,7), respectivamente, con un cumplimiento medio de 2 años en ambos grupos (NS). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos para quienes no habiéndose vacunado el año anterior a su inclusión en el estudio, sí lo hacían al año siguiente: 14,9 % vs 5 %, respectivamente para participantes y no participantes en talleres (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Aunque la asistencia de personas mayores a talleres específicos sobre gripe puede estimular la vacunación inicialmente, no existe una mejora significativa a largo plazo

Objective: To know the adherence to influenza vaccination in elderly people who attended specific workshops. Design: Quasi-experimental study. Location: Primary Care Teams. Participants: 76 people who participated in workshops on influenza, and 116 who did not participate in these workshops used as controls. Main measurements: We compared vaccination percentages between 2009 and 2013, according to data from computerized medical records. A survival analysis was carried out to know how long the patients maintained their vaccination adherence, considering as "non adherence" the first time they were not vaccinated. Results: The proportion of vaccinated patients was higher in those who had participated in the workshops: 68.6 % (95% CI: 54.9-82.3) vs 61.2 % (95% CI: 51.9-70.5), than in those who had not participated, but the differences were not statistically significant (NS). The vaccination was discontinued in 45.1 % (95% CI: 30.5-59.7) and in 42.2 % (95% CI: 32.8-51.7), respectively, with a mean adherence of 2 years in both groups (NS). We found significant differences between both groups in relation to those unvaccinated the year prior to their inclusion in the study who did vaccinate the year after: 14.9 % vs. 5 %, respectively in those who had participated in the workshops and in those who had not participated (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Even though older people's participation in specific workshops on influenza can stimulate influenza vaccination initially, there is no significant long-term improvement

Seguimiento a dos años de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 atendidos en dos centros de salud, en España y Portugal / Two-year follow-up of type 2 diabetic patients seen in two health care centers in Spain and Portugal

Objetivo: Conocer los cambios en el grado de control después de 2 años, de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) en un centro de Salud español (público, SESCAM) y otro portugués (Unidad de Salud Funcional). Diseño: Estudio de cohorte. Emplazamiento: Atención Primaria. Participantes: Pacientes con DM2 que revisados 2 años después de un primer control (julio y noviembre del 2014, respectivamente en Portugal y España). Mediciones Principales: A partir de las historias clínicas informatizas se obtuvieron los siguientes datos: sexo, edad, años de evolución, índice de masa corporal (IMC), microalbuminuria, hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c), perfil lipídico, presencia de complicaciones y tratamiento. La información fue introducida en una base de datos informatizada por medio del programa estadístico SPSS 17.0. Se realizó estadística descriptiva y comparación de proporciones y medias/medianas. Resultados: En 2014 se estudiaron 200 pacientes portugueses y 278 españoles. Dos años después, se disponía de información en sus historias clínicas para 135 portugueses y 248 españoles. La media de edad de estos pacientes en 2016 era de 71,2 años (DE: 11,0), con 46,0 % de mujeres. No había diferencias en la distribución por edad y sexo entre ambos centros. La mediana de variación en la HbA1c a los 2 años era 0,0 (rango intercuartil:-0,4 a 0,5), sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los portugueses y un moderado aumento (p=0,05) para los españoles. Los portugueses presentaban una disminución media del IMC de 0,05 (IC95 %:-0,27 a 0,37) y los españoles tenían un aumento medio de 0,07 (IC95 %:-0,27 a 0,41), sin existir diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Conclusiones: A los 2 años de seguimiento, los pacientes portugueses mostraron una leve reducción de peso, con estabilidad en sus cifras de HbA1c, mientras que los españoles empeoraron ligeramente en ambos parámetros

Objective: The aim of the study is to know the changes in the degree of control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Spanish health center (public, SESCAM) and a Portuguese health center (Functional Health Unit) after a two-year follow-up period. Design: Cohort study. Location: Primary Care. Participants: Patients with type 2 diabetes who were reviewed two years after a first control (July and November 2014, respectively in Portugal and Spain). Main measurements: The data obtained from the computerized clinical records were sex, age, years of disease course, body mass index (BMI), microalbuminuria, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile, complications, and treatment. The information was entered into a computerized database with the statistical program SPSS 17.0. Descriptive statistics and comparison of proportions and means/medians were performed. Results: 200 Portuguese patients and 278 Spanish patients were studied in 2014. Information on their clinical follow-up was available two years after for 135 Portuguese and 248 Spanish. The mean age of these patients in 2016 was 71.2 years (SD: 11.0), with 46.0% of women. There were no differences in the distribution by age and sex in both centers. The median of variation in HbA1c after 2 years was 0.0 (interquartile range:-0.4 to 0.5), without statistically significant (NS) differences for Portuguese patients and moderate increase (p=0.05) for Spanish patients. The Portuguese presented a mean BMI decrease of 0.05 (95%CI:-0.27 to 0.37) and Spanish patients had a mean increase of 0.07 (95%CI:-0.27 to 0.41), NS differences. Conclusion: After 2 years of follow-up, Portuguese patients showed a slight weight reduction, with stability in their HbA1c levels, while Spanish patients worsened slightly in both parameters

[Risk of pneumococcal disease in elderly patients with and without previous vaccination]. / Riesgo de enfermedad neumocócica en pacientes ancianos con y sin vacunación previa.

OBJECTIVES: To know the pneumococcal vaccination coverage in patients≥65 years old, as well as the risk of pneumococcal disease according to whether or not they received such vaccination. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study, followed by historical cohort. LOCATION: Urban area. PARTICIPANTS: By systematic sampling, 2,805 people≥65 years from the city of Albacete were selected. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Dependent variable: diagnosis of pneumococcal disease and date. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: age, sex, chronic pathologies, medication, pneumococcal vaccination and date. The computerized medical records were reviewed, from 1-1-2009 to October-December 2015. A descriptive analysis was carried out, the relative risk of the onset of pneumococcal disease according to vaccination has been calculated, and survival analysis has been carried out, with the statistical program SPSS 17.0. RESULTS: Median age 71 years; 57.2% were women; 46% received polysaccharide vaccine (95% CI 44.1-47.8). Only 10 people received conjugated vaccine. Twenty-two people were diagnosed with invasive pneumococcal disease and 153 non-invasive. The relative risk of pneumococcal disease in vaccinated versus unvaccinated, respectively for invasive and non-invasive, was 1.59 (95% CI 0.69-3.68) and 1.84 (95% CI 1.33-2.54). Cox regression showed a higher risk of non-invasive disease for COPD (1.95; 95% CI 1.32-2.89), smoking (1.87; 95% CI 1.28-2.73), corticoid-therapy (1.73; 95% CI 1.08-2.79), polysaccharide vaccination (141.41; 95% CI 5.92-3,378.49) and age (1.11; 95% CI 1.08-1.14), with interaction between these 2 (0.94, 95% CI 0.91-0.98). CONCLUSIONS: There is an increased risk of pneumococcal disease in patients≥65 years vaccinated with polysaccharide, although with a protective effect in vaccinated older.

Satisfacción de los pacientes atendidos en dos modelos asistenciales de Atención Primaria distintos, en España y Portugal / Satisfaction of patients attended in two different Primary Care models, in Spain and in Portugal

Objetivo: Conocer el grado de satisfacción de los pacientes con la atención recibida en un centro de salud español (público, SESCAM) y otro portugués (Unidad de Salud Funcional). Diseño: Estudio transversal. Emplazamiento: Atención Primaria. Participantes: Pacientes que acudían de forma consecutiva a consulta durante los meses de julio (Portugal) y noviembre (España) de 2014 (80 y 87 pacientes, respectivamente) y 2016 (144 y 174, respectivamente). Mediciones Principales: Cuestionario EUROPEP, con 23 ítems, validado y estandarizado internacionalmente; otras variables: edad, sexo, nivel de estudios. El análisis estadístico incluyó descripción de variables y comparación de respuestas en ambos centros (U de Mann-Whitney). Resultados: En 2014, la media de edad fue de 50,1 años en los españoles y 56,9 en los portugueses (p=0,011); en 2016 no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas por edad, con una media global de 49,9 años. En ambos años existía un ligero predominio femenino en los dos centros. En general, los pacientes portugueses tenían una opinión más favorable acerca de la atención que recibían. Las diferencias más llamativas (p<0,001) se encontraron, en 2014, para los ítems: el médico le habla suficientemente acerca de sus síntomas (97,2 vs 81,7 %), le ayuda a manejar las emociones (94,5 vs 74,1 %) y con el tiempo de espera (74,7 vs 40,0 %). En 2016: el médico muestra interés sobre su situación (59,9 vs 75,5 %), facilita poder contar sus problemas (59,6 vs 79,0 %), se esmera en el abordaje de sus problemas (55,9 vs 73,3 %), le explora (58,1 vs 81,2 %), le ofrece prevención (50,0 vs 74,5 %), le habla suficientemente acerca de sus síntomas (58,0 vs 77,2 %), le ayuda a manejar las emociones (47,5 vs 71,2 %), sabe lo que se ha hecho durante anteriores visitas (52,8 vs 74,8 %), y con el tiempo de espera (12,9 vs 35,7 %). Con relación a ítems que valoran algunos aspectos relacionados con profesionalismo (escucha, confidencialidad, ayudar a sentirse bien) o administrativos (conseguir una cita o contactar por teléfono), no existían diferencias significativas. Conclusiones: Los pacientes portugueses atendidos en la Unidad de Salud Funcional han mostrado una mayor satisfacción con la asistencia recibida que los atendidos en el centro de salud español

Objective: The aim of the study is to know the level of patient satisfaction with the care received in a Spanish health center (public, SESCAM) and in a Portuguese health center (Functional Health Unit). Design: cross-sectional study. Location: Primary Care. Participants: Patients who visited the health center consecutively during the months of July (Portugal) and November (Spain) in 2014 (80 and 87 patients, respectively) and 2016 (144 and 174, respectively). Main measurements: EUROPEP questionnaire, with 23 items, validated and internationally standardized. Other variables: age, sex, education level. The statistical analysis included a description of the variables and a comparison of answers in both health centers (Mann-Whitney U test). Results: In 2014, the mean age was 50.1 in Spain and 56.9 years in Portugal (p=0.011); in 2016 there were no statistically significant differences (NS) by age, with a global average of 49.9 years. In both years there was a slight female predominance in both centers. In general, Portuguese patients had a more favorable opinion about the care received. The most striking differences (p<0.001) were found, in 2014, for items: the doctor explains sufficiently about their symptoms (97.2 vs 81.7 %), helps to deal with emotions (94.5 vs 74.1 %); and waiting time (74.7 vs 40.0 %). In 2016: the doctor shows interest in their situation (59.9 vs 75.5 %), makes it easier to talk about their problems (59.6 vs 79.0 %), takes great care in addressing their problems (55.9 vs 73.3 %), examines (58.1 vs 81.2 %), provides prevention (50.0 vs 74.5 %), explains sufficiently about their symptoms (58.0 vs 77.2 %), helps to deal with emotions (47.5 vs 71.2 %), knows what has been done during previous visits (52.8 vs 74.8 %), and waiting time (12.9 vs 35.7 %). With regard to questions assessing some aspects related to professionalism (listening skills, confidentiality, helping to feel well) and administrative aspects (getting an appointment, or contact by telephone) there were NS. Conclusion: Portuguese users of Functional Health Unit have shown a higher degree of satisfaction with the care provided compared with those who were attended in the Spanish health center

Esas extrañas alucinaciones: síndrome de Charles Bonnet / Those strange hallucinations: Charles Bonnet syndrome

El Síndrome de Charles Bonnet se caracteriza por la aparición de alucinaciones visuales complejas, elaboradas y persistentes en pacientes ancianos sanos sin deterioro cognitivo y que presentan un déficit visual significativo de cualquier origen. En nuestro trabajo presentamos el caso de una mujer de 81 años con múltiples factores de riesgo cardiovascular y déficit visual severo que comenzó con dichas manifestaciones clínicas sin antecedente de deterioro conductual previo (AU)

Charles Bonnet Syndrome is characterized by the appearance of complex, elaborate and persistent visual hallucinations in healthy elderly patients without cognitive impairment, who present a significant visual deficit of any origin. We present the case of an 81-year-old woman with multiple cardiovascular risk factors and severe visual deficit who began to show these clinical manifestations without a history of previous behavioral deterioration (AU)

Oral Hairy Leukoplakia in Patients With No Evidence of Immunosuppression: A Case Series and Review of the Literature.

OBJECTIVES: Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and is often associated with HIV and other immunosuppressive conditions. It is rare in HIV-negative patients, but has been reported in patients who use immune-modulating medications (e.g., cyclosporine). The objectives of this study were to determine the occurrence of OHL in HIV-negative patients and report Langerhans cell counts in these lesions. STUDY DESIGN: A series of 7 new cases of OHL among HIV-negative patients is described. Langerhans cells were counted using an immunoperoxidase stain for CD1a and light microscopy. RESULTS: The 7 patients were male, ranging in age from 26 to 69 years. Clinically, all lesions were diagnosed as leukoplakia on the lateral border of the tongue. Microscopic examination revealed hyperparakeratosis and candidiasis in some cases, acanthosis and a band-like zone with clearing of cells in the upper spinous layer, which were EBV-positive by in-situ hybridization. There was a significant decrease in Langerhans cell counts in OHL patients. CONCLUSION: OHL can occur in HIV-negative patients.

Psoriasis folicular, esa gran desconocida / Follicular Psoriasis, the great unknown

La psoriasis es una enfermedad cutánea crónica caracterizada más frecuentemente por placas eritematosas que aparecen normalmente con una distribución característica en superficie de extensión de extremidades, zonas de presión y cuero cabelludo. Aunque el diagnóstico diferencial de la psoriasis es amplio, el reconocimiento de esta entidad puede ser realizado mediante una correcta anamnesis y exploración física en la mayoría de los casos. La psoriasis folicular es una variante infradiagnosticada entre las diversas formas de psoriasis bien documentadas en la bibliografía (AU)

Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder most commonly characterized by well-demarcated erythematous plaques with a typical distribution on extensor areas of limbs, pressure areas and scalp. Although the differential diagnosis of psoriasis is broad, its identification can be made by means of careful anamnesis and physical examination in the vast majority of cases. Follicular psoriasis is an under-diagnosed variant among the other well documented forms of psoriasis (AU)

Frequency and characteristics of Internet use by Spanish teenagers. A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Internet has completely changed communication among people in today's world, especially among young users. The objective of this study is to establish the frequency of Internet use by teenagers, and most used apps. POPULATION AND METHODS: This was a crosssectional study. In November 2013, students attending two mandatory secondary schools in Albacete were invited to complete a self-administered questionnaire with close-ended and open questions. Questionnaires were completed in the classroom, either "online" or "with pen and paper". Answers were entered in a computer database using the SPSS 17.0 software. Statistical analysis included a comparison of proportions (χ² test) and mean/median values (Student's t test/non-parametric tests). RESULTS: Nine hundred and sixty-seven students participated; their mean age was 13.8 years old (range: 11-20); 53.5% were girls. Most students (70.9%) lived in the city. Most belonged to a middle (51.3%) and high (34.8%) socioeconomic status. Also most students went online on a daily basis (73.4%); only 0.9% indicated that they never did. The most frequently used apps included WhatsApp (77.1%), social networks (70.1%) and music apps (66.6%). Among girls, the most common Internet use was social networks (p= 0.004), WhatsApp (p < 0.0001), Instagram (p < 0.0001) and listening to music (p= 0.004). Boys most commonly used the Internet to browse the web (p < 0.0001), Skype (p=0.001), play (p < 0.0001) andwatchmovies or TV shows (p= 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Internet takes up a large part of the time in adolescents' lives, especially as a means of communications, being WhatsApp and social networks the most commonly used apps.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Internet ha transformado la comunicación entre las personas en el mundo actual, especialmente en el caso de los más jóvenes. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la frecuencia de uso de Internet por adolescentes, así como las aplicaciones utilizadas. POBLACIÓN Y MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio transversal. En noviembre de 2013, los estudiantes de la escuela secundaria obligatoria de dos institutos de Albacete fueron invitados a responder un cuestionario autoadministrable, con preguntas de respuesta abierta y cerrada. Contestaron en las aulas, "on line" o con "lápiz y papel". Las respuestas fueron introducidas en una base de datos informatizada, con el programa SPSS 17.0. El análisis estadístico ha incluido comparación de proporciones (chi cuadrado) y de medias/medianas (t de Student/pruebas no paramétricas). RESULTADOS: Participaron 967 estudiantes, con media de edad de 13,8 años (rango: 11-20); 53,5% de mujeres. La mayoría (70,9%) vivían en la ciudad. La clase social era mayoritariamente media (51,3%) y alta (34,8%). La mayoría se conectaba a Internet a diario (73,4%); solo 0,9% decía no conectarse nunca. Las aplicaciones más utilizadas eran WhatsApp (77,1%), redes sociales (70,1%) y relacionadas con música (66,6%). Se ha encontrado una mayor frecuencia de utilización por las mujeres de redes sociales (p= 0,004), WhatsApp (p <0,0001), Instagram (p <0,0001) y escuchar música (p= 0,004). Los varones navegaban más (p <0,0001), utilizaban Skype (p= 0,001), jugaban (p <0,0001) y veían películas o series (p= 0,035). CONCLUSIONES: Internet ocupa una gran parte del tiempo de los adolescentes, especialmente como medio de comunicación, y WhatsApp y las redes sociales son las aplicaciones que utilizan con más frecuencia.

Frecuencia y características de uso de Internet por adolescentes espanoles: Un estudio transversal / Frequency and characteristics of Internet use by Spanish teenagers: A cross-sectional study

Introducción: Internet ha transformado la comunicación entre las personas en el mundo actual, especialmente en el caso de los más jóvenes. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la frecuencia de uso de Internet por adolescentes, así como las aplicaciones utilizadas. Población y métodos: Se trata de un estudio transversal. En noviembre de 2013, los estudiantes de la escuela secundaria obligatoria de dos institutos de Albacete fueron invitados a responder un cuestionario autoadministrable, con preguntas de respuesta abierta y cerrada. Contestaron en las aulas, "on line" o con "lápiz y papel". Las respuestas fueron introducidas en una base de datos informatizada, con el programa SPSS 17.0. El análisis estadístico ha incluido comparación de proporciones (chi cuadrado) y de medias/medianas (t de Student/pruebas no paramétricas). Resultados: Participaron 967 estudiantes, con media de edad de 13,8 años (rango: 11-20); 53,5% de mujeres. La mayoría (70,9%) vivían en la ciudad. La clase social era mayoritariamente media (51,3%) y alta (34,8%). La mayoría se conectaba a Internet a diario (73,4%); solo 0,9% decía no conectarse nunca. Las aplicaciones más utilizadas eran WhatsApp (77,1%), redes sociales (70,1%) y relacionadas con música (66,6%). Se ha encontrado una mayor frecuencia de utilización por las mujeres de redes sociales (p= 0,004), WhatsApp (p <0,0001), Instagram (p <0,0001) y escuchar música (p= 0,004). Los varones navegaban más (p <0,0001), utilizaban Skype (p= 0,001), jugaban (p <0,0001) y veían películas o series (p= 0,035). Conclusiones: Internet ocupa una gran parte del tiempo de los adolescentes, especialmente como medio de comunicación, y WhatsApp y las redes sociales son las aplicaciones que utilizan con más frecuencia.

Introduction. Internet has completely changed communication among people in today's world, especially among young users. The objective of this study is to establish the frequency of Internet use by teenagers, and most used apps. Population and methods. This was a crosssectional study. In November 2013, students attending two mandatory secondary schools in Albacete were invited to complete a self-administered questionnaire with close-ended and open questions. Questionnaires were completed in the classroom, either "online" or "with pen and paper". Answers were entered in a computer database using the SPSS 17.0 software. Statistical analysis included a comparison of proportions (χ2 test) and mean/median values (Student's t test/non-parametric tests). Results. Nine hundred and sixty-seven students participated; their mean age was 13.8 years old (range: 11-20); 53.5% were girls. Most students (70.9%) lived in the city. Most belonged to a middle (51.3%) and high (34.8%) socioeconomic status. Also most students went online on a daily basis (73.4%); only 0.9% indicated that they never did. The most frequently used apps included WhatsApp (77.1%), social networks (70.1%) and music apps (66.6%). Among girls, the most common Internet use was social networks (p= 0.004), WhatsApp (p < 0.0001), Instagram (p < 0.0001) and listening to music (p= 0.004). Boys most commonly used the Internet to browse the web (p < 0.0001), Skype (p=0.001), play (p < 0.0001) andwatchmovies or TV shows (p= 0.035). Conclusions. Internet takes up a large part of the time in adolescents' lives, especially as a means of communications, being WhatsApp and social networks the most commonly used apps.

Relationship Between Disease Characteristics and Oral Radiologic Findings in Systemic Sclerosis: Results From a Canadian Oral Health Study.

OBJECTIVE: Systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) is associated with a wide periodontal ligament (PDL) and mandibular erosions. We investigated the clinical correlates of SSc with these radiologic abnormalities. METHODS: Subjects from the Canadian Scleroderma Research Group cohort underwent detailed radiologic examinations. Associations between radiologic abnormalities and clinical manifestations of SSc were examined with univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The study included 159 subjects; 90.6% were women, the mean ± SD age was 56 ± 10 years, diffuse disease was present in 28.3%, and mean ± SD disease duration was 13.7 ± 8.4 years. Widening of the PDL involving at least 1 tooth was present in 38% of subjects, and 14.5% had at least 1 site in the mandible with an erosion. In analyses adjusting for age, disease duration, sex, smoking, and education, we found significant associations between the number of teeth with widening of the PDL and disease severity assessed by the physician global assessment (PGA) (relative risk [RR] 1.19, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.02-1.39, P = 0.028). Analyses replacing the PGA with the skin score, disease subset, or anti-topoisomerase I antibodies confirmed the relationship with indices of disease severity. There was no relationship between either the number of teeth with periodontal disease or the number of missing teeth, and the number of teeth with wide PDL. A smaller interdental distance (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82-0.97, P = 0.006), but not disease severity, facial skin score, or ischemia was associated with a larger number of erosions. CONCLUSION: In SSc, a wide PDL may reflect generalized overproduction of collagen, and mandibular erosions are related to local factors in the oral cavity.

Talleres sobre problemas de salud prevalentes con personas integradas en grupos de trabajo en centros de mayores / Workshops on prevalent health issues with people involved in working groups in centres for the elderly

Objetivo: Evaluar cambios en conocimientos de personas mayores que participan en talleres sobre temas de salud. Diseño del estudio: Estudio “antes-después”. Emplazamiento: Comunitario. Participantes: Personas integradas en grupos de trabajo en dos centros de mayores. Intervención: Se programaron intervenciones educativas sobre gripe, osteoporosis y riesgo cardiovascular (RCV). Previo consentimiento informado, los participantes contestaron un cuestionario de conocimientos, datos sociodemográficos y estado general de salud. A continuación se exponía el tema por uno de los miembros del grupo investigador. Se terminaba con un cuestionario postest. Mediciones principales: Variables sociodemográficas, de conocimientos sobre los temas tratados y estado general de salud. Resultados: En el taller sobre gripe participaron 24 personas. Antes del taller 45,8 % conocían los síntomas, 25 % decía que conocía la prevención; después el 58,3 % (NS) y el 70,8 % (p=0,001), respectivamente. En el de osteoporosis participaron 37. Antes del taller, 59,5 % decía conocer algo sobre osteoporosis, y 89,2 % sabían que afecta a los huesos. Conocían la importancia de consumir lácteos 75,7 %. Tras el taller se planteaban cambios: alimentación (13,5 %), ejercicio (18,9 %), visitas a su médico (27 %), varios aspectos (13,5 %). En el de RCV participaron 19. Antes del taller, 57,9 % había oído sobre factores de RCV, aunque 84,2 % no sabía nombrarlos. Tras el taller se redujo en un 50 % las personas que no sabían dar el nombre de algún factor de RCV (p=0,021). Conclusiones: Los conocimientos de las personas participantes en los talleres mejoraban después de los mismos, para los diferentes temas tratados (AU)

Objective: To evaluate changes in knowledge of elderly people who take part in workshops on health issues. Study Design: Before and after study. Participants: People involved in working groups in two centres for the elderly. Procedure: Educational interventions about influenza, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular risk were programmed. Subject to prior informed consent, the participants answered a questionnaire about previous knowledge, sociodemographic data, and overall health. Then, one of the members of the research group explained a subject. To conclude, a post-test questionnaire was completed. Main measurements: Variables related to sociodemographic features, knowledge of the topics discussed, and overall health. Results: 24 people took part in the workshop on influenza. Before the workshop, 45,8% knew the symptoms, 25% said they knew about its prevention. After the workshop, 58,3% (NS) and 70,8% (p=0,001), respectively. Conclusions: People participating in the workshops improved their knowledge of the topics Discussed (AU)

Conociendo las Unidades de Saúde Familiar: otro modelo de Medicina de Familia / Knowing the Unidades de Saúde Familiar: another model of family medicine

Las Unidades de Saudé Familiar (USF) suponen un modelo de Atención Primaria desconocido para muchos. Nacidas dentro de la reforma del sistema nacional sanitario portugués, surgen ante la necesidad de proporcionar unos cuidados de salud de calidad a los ciudadanos, mejorando la satisfacción tanto de los propios usuarios como de los profesionales que trabajan en ella. En este artículo trataremos de explicar el funcionamiento de estas USF gracias a la oportunidad que tuvimos los autores del mismo de compartir consulta en la USF de Sao Juliao-Oeiras (AU)

Unidades de Saude Familiar (USF) represent a model of primary care unknown to many people. Born within the reform of the Portuguese national health system, they arise from the need to provide a quality health care to citizens, improving the satisfaction of both users and professionals who work in it. This article will try to explain the working of these USF thanks to the opportunity to share medical consultation that the authors had at the USF-Oeiras Sao Juliao (AU)

Lesión indurada de aparición en la infancia / Indurated lesion with onset in childhood

Presentamos un paciente de 13 años referido a la consulta de Dermatología por una lesión indurada, pigmentada, lineal en miembro inferior derecho. Tras su valoración clínica y con sospecha diagnóstica de morfea, se realizaron las exploraciones pertinentes para confirmar el diagnóstico e indicar el tratamiento específico (AU)

We present a 13-year-old patient referred to the Dermatology consultation due to a lineal, indurated, pigmented lesion on the right lower limb. After clinical assessment and suspected diagnosis of morphea, relevant examinations were performed to confirm the diagnosis and to indicate the specific treatment (AU)

The Canadian Systemic Sclerosis Oral Health Study IV: oral radiographic manifestations in systemic sclerosis compared with the general population.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare oral radiologic abnormalities associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc) against abnormalities in the general population. STUDY DESIGN: Patients with SSc and healthy controls were enrolled in a multi-site cross-sectional study. Included in the radiology examination were a panoramic radiograph, four bitewings, and an anterior mandibular periapical radiograph. Radiographs were evaluated by two oral and maxillofacial radiologists tested for interobserver and intraobserver reliability. Chi-squared tests, Fisher exact tests, and Mann Whitney U tests were used to summarize the radiologic manifestations of patients and controls. RESULTS: We assessed 163 SSc patients and 231 controls. Widening of the periodontal ligament space (PLS) (P < .001), with higher percentage of teeth with PLS widening (P < .001), was significantly more frequent in patients with SSc than in controls. The most significant differences between the two groups were found in the molars and premolars (P < .001). Moreover, 26% of the patients with SSc had a periapical PLS greater than 0.19 mm compared with 13% of the controls (P = .003). Patients with SSc had significantly more erosions compared with controls (14.5% vs. 3.6%; P < .001), mostly in the condyles (P = .022), coronoid processes (P = .005) and other locations (P = .012). CONCLUSION: Patients with SSc had more teeth with PLS widening and erosions of the mandible compared with controls.

Frecuencia de estreñimiento en pacientes de Atención Primaria / Frequency of constipation in primary care patients

Objetivo: Determinar con qué frecuencia presentan estreñimiento los pacientes que acuden por cualquier motivo a la consulta del médico de familia y comprobar su asociación con las características sociodemográficas, la existencia de enfermedades digestivas diagnosticadas previamente y el consumo de fármacos. Diseño del estudio: Estudio de prevalencia y asociación cruzada. Emplazamiento: Atención Primaria. Participantes: Una muestra de 473 pacientes seleccionados mediante muestreo sistemático en cuatro consultas de medicina de familia. Mediciones principales: Presencia de síntomas de estreñimiento evaluado mediante la escala GSRS (Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale). Otras variables: diagnóstico previo de enfermedades del aparato digestivo, consumo de medicación, frecuentación y características sociodemográficas. Resultados: El 32,0% de los pacientes (IC 95%: 27,5 - 36,5) declararon la presencia de síntomas de estreñimiento con intensidad moderada o fuerte: disminución de la frecuencia en el número de deposiciones, aumento en la consistencia de las heces o sensación de evacuación incompleta. Los síntomas fueron más frecuentes en mujeres (37,3% vs. 24,0%; p = 0,004) y en consumidores de fármacos para enfermedades del aparato digestivo (47,7% vs. 23,8%; p < 0,001). Se observó una tendencia lineal, estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,001), entre la presencia de estreñimiento y el número total de fármacos consumidos por los pacientes. Conclusiones: Es elevada la frecuencia de síntomas de estreñimiento en los pacientes de Atención Primaria, especialmente en el sexo femenino. Se observa una relación lineal entre la frecuencia de estos síntomas y el consumo de fármacos, por lo que el estreñimiento debe ser considerado como un potencial efecto adverso frecuente en pacientes polimedicados (AU)

Objective: To determine how often patients attending family physician’s consultation for whatever reason present constipation, and to verify its association with sociodemographic characteristics, existence of previously diagnosed digestive diseases and drug consumption. Study design: Prevalence study and crossed association. Setting: Primary health care. Participants: A sample of 473 patients selected by systematic sampling in four family medicine consultations. Measurements: Presence of symptoms of constipation assessed by the GSRS scale (Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale). Other variables: previous diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract diseases, medication use, frequency of attendance, and sociodemographic characteristics. Results: 32,0 % of the patients (IC 95 %: 27,5 - 36,5) stated the presence of symptoms of constipation with moderate or strong intensity: decrease in the frequency of the number of bowel movements, increase in the consistency of the faeces, or sensation of incomplete evacuation. The symptoms were more frequent in women (37,3 % vs. 24,0 %; p = 0,004) and in consumers of medication for diseases of the digestive system (47,7 % vs. 23,8 %; p <0,001). A linear statistically significant trend was observed (p <0,001), between the presence of constipation and the total number of drugs used by the patients. Conclusions: The frequency of symptoms of constipation is high in Primary health care patients, especially in females. A linear relationship between the frequency of these symptoms and drug consumption is observed, whereby constipation should be regarded as a common potential side effect in patients with polypharmacy (AU)