RESUMO
Pelvic fractures are associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate. This article reviews the anatomy of the pelvis, discusses fracture patterns commonly seen in patients with an injured pelvis, and proposes a new method of classifying pelvic fractures based on potential associated injuries. Finally, algorithms for the management of hemodynamically stable and unstable patients with pelvic fractures are presented.
Assuntos
Algoritmos , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Fixação de Fratura/métodos , Fraturas Ósseas/patologia , Ossos Pélvicos/lesões , Acidentes de Trânsito , Fraturas Ósseas/classificação , Fraturas Ósseas/cirurgia , Humanos , Morbidade , Ortopedia , Ossos Pélvicos/anatomia & histologia , Ossos Pélvicos/patologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , ChoqueRESUMO
Rat embryos explanted at nine and one-half days of gestation (early head-fold stages) were cultured for 48 hours in rotating bottles containing rat serum and a gas phase. Addition of 12-15 mg/ml of D-glucose to the culture medium resulted in severe abnormalities and retarded development in a high proportion of embryos, whether or not the osmolarity increase brought about by the addition of glucose was corrected. The raised osmolarity, however, increased the frequency and severity of malformations observed. L-glucose produced no abnormalities, though embryonic development was retarded.
Assuntos
Anormalidades Induzidas por Medicamentos , Anormalidades Múltiplas/induzido quimicamente , Embrião de Mamíferos/efeitos dos fármacos , Glucose/efeitos adversos , Animais , Meios de Cultura , Técnicas de Cultura , Anormalidades do Olho , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Transtornos do Crescimento/induzido quimicamente , Microcefalia/induzido quimicamente , Concentração Osmolar , Gravidez , Ratos , Canal Medular/anormalidades , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Rat embryos explanted with their membranes at head-fold stage (9 1/2 days gestation) formed an allantoic placenta which enlarged in culture and developed a foetal blood circulation. Embryos explanted at early somite stages (10 1/2 days) also formed a growing allantoic placenta but only after removal of most of the ectoplacental trophoblast. Assays of total protein in the embryo and placenta suggested that, in the absence of a maternal blood circulation to the placenta, embryo and placenta compete for the respiratory and nutritional resources obtained through the yolk-sac.
Assuntos
Embrião de Mamíferos/fisiologia , Placenta/irrigação sanguínea , Animais , Embrião de Mamíferos/análise , Membranas Extraembrionárias/análise , Idade Gestacional , Técnicas In Vitro , Placenta/análise , Proteínas/análise , RatosRESUMO
Rat embryos explanted at early head-fold stage and grown in vitro by improved culture methods were compared with littermates in vivo. Very similar rates of growth and differentiation were obtained over a period of 48 h, while the embryos developed to around the 25-somite stage.
