RESUMO
The hippocampus is a primary region of the brain controlling the formation of memories and learned behaviours. The ability to learn or form a memory requires a neuron to translate a transient signal into gene expression changes that have a long-lasting effect on synapse activity and connectivity. Numerous studies over the past decade have detailed changes in epigenetic modifications under various learning paradigms to support a role for chromatin remodelling in these processes. Moreover, the identification of mutations in epigenetic regulators as the cause of mental retardation or intellectual disability (MR/ID) disorders further strengthens their importance to learning and memory. Animal models for many of these disorders are emerging and advancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking epigenetic regulation and cognitive function. Here, we review how chromatin remodelling proteins implicated in MR/ID contribute to the development of the hippocampus and memory formation.
Assuntos
Transtornos Cognitivos/genética , Epigênese Genética , Hipocampo/embriologia , Hipocampo/fisiologia , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Animais , Montagem e Desmontagem da Cromatina , Transtornos Cognitivos/fisiopatologia , Metilação de DNA , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Histonas/genética , Histonas/metabolismo , Aprendizagem/fisiologia , Memória/fisiologia , Camundongos , MutaçãoAssuntos
Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Alucinações/etiologia , Marca-Passo Artificial/efeitos adversos , Doença de Parkinson/complicações , Taquicardia/complicações , Tremor/complicações , Adaptação Fisiológica/fisiologia , Idoso , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Cardiovasculares , Causalidade , Circulação Cerebrovascular/fisiologia , Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/etiologia , Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/fisiopatologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/fisiopatologia , Ponte de Artéria Coronária/efeitos adversos , Tolerância ao Exercício/fisiologia , Alucinações/fisiopatologia , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Doença de Parkinson/fisiopatologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/terapia , Taquicardia/fisiopatologia , Tremor/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
AIDS: Hormonal disturbances are common in patients with advanced HIV disease, and these imbalances may contribute to the loss of muscle and lean body mass. The most common endocrine manifestations related to HIV disease are reviewed and potential therapeutic strategies for combating AIDS wasting syndrome are discussed. Discussions include disturbances related to gonadal function and androgen levels, energy metabolism, growth hormone abnormalities, problems with adrenal and thyroid function, and disturbances in sodium and water balances. Disruptions in calcium, glucose, and lipid metabolism in AIDS patients are also examined. The anabolic agents nandrolone decanoate and oxandrolone are highlighted as therapies to AIDS wasting syndrome. While there are some benefits from these agents, both require further research to assess efficacy. Oral anabolic agents being studied include natural testosterone derivatives and growth hormone.^ieng
