Inhibition kinetics of digestive proteases for Anticarsia gemmatalis.

Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera) is a major pest of soybean in the Brazil. It is known that the reduction of proteolytic activity by the ingestion of protease inhibitors reduces digestion and larval development of the insects. Control via inhibition of the digestive enzymes necessitates deeper knowledge of the enzyme kinetics and the characterization of the inhibition kinetics of these proteases, for better understanding of the active centers and action mechanisms of this enzyme. Trypsin-like proteases found in the gut of Anticarsia gemmatalis were purified in a p-aminobenzamidine agarose column. Kinetic characterization showed KM 0.503 mM for the L-BApNA substrate; Vmax= 46.650 nM s-1; Vmax/[E]= 9.256 nM s-1 mg L-1 and Vmax/[E]/KM= 18.402 nM s-1 mg L-1 mM. The Ki values for the inhibitors benzamidine, berenil, SKTI and SBBI were 11.2 µM, 32.4 µM, 0.25 nM and 1.4 nM, respectively, and all revealed linear competitive inhibition. The SKTI showed the greatest inhibition, which makes it a promising subject for future research to manufacture peptide mimetic inhibitors.

Larval development and proteolytic activity of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) exposed to different soybean protease inhibitors.

Anticarsia gemmatalis represents a relevant factor for lowering soybean and other legume crop productivities. Protease inhibitors affect protein degradation and reduce the availability of amino acids, impairing the development and survival of insect pests. To evaluate the possible use of proteinaceous protease inhibitors in the management of this pest, the activities of midgut proteases and the growth and development of A. gemmatalis larvae exposed to soybean Bowman-Birk trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitor (SBBI) and soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (SKTI) were determined. The survival curves obtained using Kaplan-Meier estimators indicated that SKTI and SBBI stimulated larval survival. However, the development of A. gemmatalis was delayed, and prepupal weight decreased in the presence of both inhibitors. The results showed that SKTI and SBBI inhibited the trypsin-like and total proteolytic activities of larvae on the 12th day after eclosion. On the 15th day after eclosion, larvae exposed to SKTI increased the activities of trypsin and total proteases. Although SKTI and SBBI did not affect the survival of the insect, they had effects on midgut proteases in a stage wherein A. gemmatalis fed voraciously, increased the larval cycle, and decreased prepupal weight. These findings provide baseline information about the potential of proteinaceous protease inhibitors to manage the velvetbean caterpillar, avoiding chemical pesticides.

Molecular identification of three species of Oncideres (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) using RAPD markers.

Twig girdlers have a short adult life and a long larval stage (up to one year in some species). This fact, together with lack of morphological traits to identify the species from the larval stage, poses obstacles for the taxonomic identification and characterization of the many twig girdlers found in the wild. To solve this matter, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular markers have been applied to identify some insect species and to determine species boundaries. The aim of this study was to identify three species of Oncideres using the RAPD technique. Adults and larvae of O. saga, O. ocularis and O. ulcerosa were collected in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two RAPD primers were used (OPA-05 and OPB-13), which produced different electrophoretic profiles that were used to construct a UPGMA phenogram. Three groups identified in the analyses accurately separated the three species, based on individuals in two different stages of development (adults and larvae): I: O. saga, II: O. ulcerosa, and III: O. ocularis. Molecular markers, such as RAPD, are valuable tools that help taxonomists in species identification.

Does mechanical damage on soybean induces the production of flavonoids?

The response of plants to grazing includes the production of chemical defense compounds such as proteases inhibitors and secondary metabolites as flavonoids, which makes them less palatable to feeding and negatively affecting the physiology of insects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical response of soybean cultivars (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) resistant (IAC-17, IAC-24) and susceptible (IAC-P1) to insects after mechanical damage. These cultivars were mechanically injured, and after 24 hours samples of these plants were analyzed by HPLC to identify and quantify flavonoids. The flavonoids daidzein, quercetin, and rutin were quantified, with the highest concentration of daidzin in soybean cultivars after mechanical damage. Rutin was biosynthesized by IAC-24. The cultivars IAC-PL1, IAC-17, and IAC-24 did not show a flavonoid response to mechanical damage. The soybean cultivars are not dependent on mechanical damage to produce flavonoids.

Protease inhibitory, insecticidal and deterrent effects of the trypsin-inhibitor benzamidine on the velvetbean caterpillar in soybean.

The recognition of protease inhibitors with insecticidal activity is important as a basis for the development of mimetic peptides with potential use as biorational insecticides. We sprayed benzamidine on soybean plants and assessed whether this potent synthetic trypsin-inhibitor has protease inhibitory, insecticidal and deterrent effects on the velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). Activity of trypsin inhibition in soybean leaves was increased and total proteolytic activity in the midgut extract from larvae fed on these leaves was reduced by benzamidine. Different concentrations of benzamidine sprayed on the plant caused approximately 50 % of larval mortality, and larval choice and moth preference and oviposition were all negatively affected. Low concentrations of benzamidine increased mortality and hindered insect choice and oviposition as well as higher doses. Since many synthetic protease inhibitors are usually expensive, small doses of benzamidine may be effective to protect soybean against A. gemmatalis attack. Our results highlight the potential of synthetic protease inhibitors for insecticidal and deterrent purposes in insect pest management.

Qualidade de vida e satisfação estética de pacientes com câncer de mama submetidas a quimioterapia neoadjuvante e cirurgia / Quality of life and aesthetic satisfaction of breast cancer patients submitted to the neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery

Introdução: O tratamento do câncer de mama localmente avançado geralmente envolve a quimioterapia neoadjuvante seguido de cirurgia e tem demonstrado segurança oncológica, tornando as reconstruções imediatas cada vez mais possíveis. O impacto da reconstrução imediata em suas diversas modalidades na qualidade de vida das pacientes com câncer de mama já é bem estabelecido através da aplicação de questionários específicos. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade de vida e satisfação estética de pacientes com câncer de mama localmente avançado submetidas a quimioterapia neoadjuvante e cirurgia. Materiais e métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal, com aplicação dos questionários de qualidade de vida global e específica (WHOQOL-BREF e BREAST-Q) nos grupos de pacientes submetidas à cirurgia com e sem reconstrução imediata no Hospital do Câncer Aldenora Bello (HCAB), São Luís - MA. Foi utilizado o teste não-paramétrico U de Mann-Whitney para verificar a associação entre os escores. O coeficiente de correlação de Spearman foi utilizado para avaliar escores e variáveis numéricas do IMC e tempo de cirurgia. O nível de significância de 5% foi adotado. As pacientes foram selecionadas de janeiro de 2013 a maio de 2017, sendo aplicados os questionários de agosto a dezembro de 2017. Resultados: a população do estudo foi de 60 (sessenta) pacientes, sendo 32 no grupo das reconstruídas (grupo 1) e 28 não reconstruídas (grupo 2). A idade variou de 24 a 73 anos, com média de 45 anos. O tempo médio entre a cirurgia e a aplicação dos questionários foi de 19,4 meses (6 a 44 meses) no Grupo 1 e de 25,7 meses (6 a 47 meses) no Grupo 2. O tempo médio entre a cirurgia e a aplicação do questionário foi de 22,4 meses, variando de 6 a 47 meses. Pacientes do Grupo 1 são mais jovens (média de idade de 41,3 x 49,7 anos, p = 0,001) e com menor IMC (25,05 x 29,67 p=0,023). Pacientes reconstruídas apresentam melhor qualidade de vida nos domínios de bem-estar físico (10,0 x 60,5; p=0,027), cirurgião (98,4 x 88,9; p=0,003) e equipe auxiliar do cirurgião (97,7 x 90,7; p= 0,006) pelo BREAST-Q. Pacientes reconstruídas com prótese definitiva tiveram maior satisfação com as mamas quando comparadas às pacientes com expansor (76,5 x 54,4, p=0,020). A simetrização causa melhora da qualidade de vida nos domínios de satisfação com as mamas (79,5 x 57,0; p=0,022), bem-estar psicossocial (91,5 x 73,2; p=0,037) e bem-estar físico com o tórax (82,4 x 58,9; p= 0,002). Nas pacientes não-reconstruídas, ha correlação negativa entre o IMC e a satisfação com as mamas (⍴= -0,3279) e entre o tempo de cirurgia e a satisfação com as mamas (⍴=-0,4572) e bem-estar sexual (⍴=-3735). Em pacientes reconstruídas, há correlação positiva entre o tempo de cirurgia e a qualidade de vida sexual (⍴= 0,3405). Conclusão: as pacientes submetidas à reconstrução imediata apresentam maior bem-estar físico e satisfação com o cirurgião, sendo mais jovens e com menor IMC. A reconstrução com prótese definitiva e a simetrização contra-lateral mostraram impacto na qualidade de vida (AU)

Introduction: Treatment of locally advanced breast cancer usually involves neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery and has demonstrated oncological security, making immediate reconstructions more possible. The impact of the immediate reconstruction in its various modalities in the quality of the life of breast cancer patients is well established by the application of specific questionnaires. Objective: The goal of this study has been assessing the quality of life and aesthetic satisfaction of patients with locally advanced breast cancer submitted to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery. Materials and methods: it 's a transverse study, with application of global and specific quality of life questionnaires (WHOQOL-BREF and BREAST-Q) in patients submitted to surgery with and without immediate reconstruction in Hospital do Câncer Aldenora Bello (HCAB), São Luís - MA. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used to check for an association between the scores. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to evaluate scores and numerical variables of BMI and time of surgery. The significance level of 5% was adopted. The patients were selected from January 2013 to May 2017, being the questionnaires applied from August to December 2017. Results: 60 patients represents the population of the study, being 32 in the reconstruction group (group 1), and 28 with no reconstruction (group 2). Age varies from 24 to 73, average 45 years. The average time between surgery and the application of questionnaire was 19,4 months (6 to 44 months) in group 1 and 25,7 months (6 to 47 months) in grou 2. Group 1 patients are younger (average 41,3 x 49,7 years, p=0,001) and with lower BMI (25,05 x 29,67, p=0,023). Reconstructed patients present better quality of life in physical well-being domain (70,0 x 60,6, p=0,027), surgeon (98,4 x 88,9, p=0,003) and assistant surgeon (97,7 x 90,7, p=0,006) with BREAST-Q. Patients with silicone implant reconstruction had greater breast satisfaction when compared to saline expanders (76,5 x 54,4, p=0,020). Symmetrization causes better quality of life related to satisfaction with breasts (79,5 x 57,0, p= 0,022), psychosocial well-being (91,5 x 73,2, p=0,037) and chest well-being (82,4 x 58,9, p=0,002). In no reconstruction group, there's a negative correlation between BMI and breast satisfaction (⍴ = -0,3279) and between time of surgery and breast satisfaction (⍴ = -0,4572). In reconstruction group, there are positive correlation between time of surgery sexual well-being (⍴ = 0,3405). Conclusion: patients submitted to immediate reconstruction presents greater physical well-being and satisfaction with surgeon, being younger and with lower BMI. The reconstruction of silicone implants contralateral symmetrization presented impact on quality of life (AU)

Rastreamento do Câncer de Mama na Atenção Básica

O vídeo fala sobre rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero, fatores para o sucesso do rastreamento as estimativa de casos novos de câncer em mulheres no Brasil, 2016, tendência de mortalidade por câncer de colo uterino no nordeste ( cidades do interior e capitais), estimativa do benefício da vacina quadrivalente no Brasil, como implementar o rastreamento e os desafios.

Metástase ocular após cancer de mama / Ocular metastasis after breast cancer

O câncer de mama metastático para o olho é incomum e de mau prognóstico, sendo frequentemente associado à metastase do sistema nervoso central (SNC). A diminuiçao progressiva da acuidade visual é o sintoma mais marcante. Apresentar-se o caso de uma paciente com cancer de mama confirmado por histopatológico - carcinoma ductal invasivo (CDI) - e com estadiamento inicial T3N1M0 (EC III). Realizaram-se quimioterapia neoadjuvante e mastectomia radical. Ressonância magnética realizada após o início de dor na região ocular esquerda mostrou imagem na fossa posterossuperior da órbita ipsilateral. A imunoistoquímica, após procedimento neurocirúrgico, estabeleceu diagnóstico de metástase cerebral, primária da mama. A paciente permanece estável e em seguimento até o momento.

Metastatic breast cancer is uncommon to the eye and hard to be prognosticated. It is frequently associated to metastasis of the central nervous system (CNS). The most present symptom is the progressive loss of the visual perceptiveness. We presented a patient case with breast cancer confirmed by histopathological - invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) - initial stage T3N1M0 (EC III). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical mastectomy procedure were realized. The magnetic resonance carried out after the ache at the left ocular region showed image of the posterior superior fossa of the ipsilateral orbit. The immohistochemistry, after neurosurgical procedure, determined brain metastasis diagnosis, primary of the mamma. The patient remains stable and in positive process.

Tratamento videolaparoscópico do cisto hepático / Laparoscopic treatment of liver cysts

OBJETIVO: Os autores apresentam a experiência no tratamento laparoscópico do cisto hepático não parasitário. MÉTODOS: No período de maio de 2003 a agosto de 2006, treze pacientes com cisto hepático não parasitário foram submetidos a tratamento com fenestração laparoscópica. Havia dois pacientes do sexo masculino (15,4 por cento) e onze do sexo feminino (84,6 por cento), com idade média no momento do diagnóstico de 48,3 anos (variação de 35 a 72 anos). A maioria dos pacientes apresentava dor e desconforto abdominal, dispepsia e saciedade precoce ao diagnóstico. A tomografia computdorizada do abdome foi realizada em todos os pacientes e o cisto solitário diagnosticado em onze pacientes (84,6 por cento) e doença policística em dois pacientes (15,4 por cento). O tamanho médio do cisto solitário era 11,3 cm (variação de 9,5 a 17 cm) e doença policística era 10,6 cm (um paciente com o maior cisto de 9,2 cm e o outro com 12,1 cm). A cirurgia foi indicada devido a todos os pacientes se apresentarem sintomáticos e a técnica utilizada foi a fenestração laparoscópica. RESULTADOS: O procedimento de fenestração laparoscópica foi realizado com êxito em todos os pacientes. O tempo operatório médio foi de 85 min (variação de 53 a 110 minutos). Não ocorreu óbito ou complicações intra-operatórias. Complicações pós-operatórias foram observadas em dois pacientes (15,4 por cento). Fístula biliar em um paciente e ascite em outro paciente, sendo tratados de forma conservadora com sucesso. O tempo médio de internação hospitalar foi de 3,5 dias (variação de 2 a 9 dias) e o seguimento médio foi de 36 meses. Foi observada uma recorrência assintomática (7,6 por cento) em paciente com doença policística após dois anos de seguimento. CONCLUSÃO: A fenestração laparoscópica é o método preferido para o tratamento do cisto hepático não parasitário. Este procedimento apresenta baixa morbidade associada a recorrência incomum. A adequada seleção dos pacientes e a técnica ...

OBJECTIVE: The authors present their experience with the laparoscopic management of non-parasitic liver cysts. METHODS: During the period from May 2003 to August 2006, thirteen patients with non-parasitic liver cysts underwent laparoscopic fenestration. Eleven patients were female (84.6 percent) and two (15.4 percent) were male. The average age at diagnosis was 48.3 years (range 35-72). The majority of patients presented with pain, discomfort, dyspepsia, or early satiety at diagnosis. Computed tomography scans were performed in all cases. The cysts were solitary in eleven patients (84.6 percent) and polycystic liver disease in two patients (15.4 percent). The average size of the solitary cysts was 11.3 cm (range 9.5-17 cm), and the polycystic liver disease was 10.6 cm (range 9.2-12.1 cm). Operation was indicated due to symptoms in all patients. The technique performed was laparoscopic cyst fenestration. RESULTS: Laparoscopic fenestration was completed in all patients. Mean operative time was 85 minutes (range 53-110). Intraoperative complications were not detected and there was no death. Postoperative complications were observed in two patients (15.4 percent). Bile leakage was present in one patient, and ascites in another patient. Both cases were treated conservatively. The average hospital stay was 3.5 days (range 2-9 days). Mean follow-up was 36 months. There was one asymptomatic recurrence (7.6 percent) in a patient with polycystic liver disease after two years of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic fenestration is the preferred method of treatment for non-parasitic liver cyst. This operation causes low morbidity and the recurrence is uncommon. Adequate selection of patients and the laparoscopic technique are important for the treatment.

Conduta nas lesões polipoides davesícula biliar / Management of polypoid lesions of the gallbladder

Com o aumento do uso da ultrassonografia na prática diária, mais lesões polipoides da vesícula biliar têm sido detectadas. O significado clínico dessas lesões polipoides, bem como seu manuseio adequado, tem sido objeto de discussão. Embora a maioria dos pólipos da vesícula biliar seja de comportamento benigno, alguns casos de câncer precoce de vesícula biliar compartilham as mesmas características. O objetivo desta revisão é apresentar o manuseio atual para o diagnóstico e conduta nessas lesões polipoides da vesícula biliar. Os autores concluem que é possível predizer aquelas situações com a maior probabilidade de lesão maligna na maioria dos pacientes, através do diagnóstico clínico e do exame uItrassonográfico...

[Laparoscopic treatment of liver cysts]. / Tratamento videolaparoscópico do cisto hepático.

OBJECTIVE: The authors present their experience with the laparoscopic management of non-parasitic liver cysts. METHODS: During the period from May 2003 to August 2006, thirteen patients with non-parasitic liver cysts underwent laparoscopic fenestration. Eleven patients were female (84.6%) and two (15.4%) were male. The average age at diagnosis was 48.3 years (range 35-72). The majority of patients presented with pain, discomfort, dyspepsia, or early satiety at diagnosis. Computed tomography scans were performed in all cases. The cysts were solitary in eleven patients (84.6%) and polycystic liver disease in two patients (15.4%). The average size of the solitary cysts was 11.3 cm (range 9.5-17 cm), and the polycystic liver disease was 10.6 cm (range 9.2-12.1 cm). Operation was indicated due to symptoms in all patients. The technique performed was laparoscopic cyst fenestration. RESULTS: Laparoscopic fenestration was completed in all patients. Mean operative time was 85 minutes (range 53-110). Intraoperative complications were not detected and there was no death. Postoperative complications were observed in two patients (15.4%). Bile leakage was present in one patient, and ascites in another patient. Both cases were treated conservatively. The average hospital stay was 3.5 days (range 2-9 days). Mean follow-up was 36 months. There was one asymptomatic recurrence (7.6%) in a patient with polycystic liver disease after two years of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic fenestration is the preferred method of treatment for non-parasitic liver cyst. This operation causes low morbidity and the recurrence is uncommon. Adequate selection of patients and the laparoscopic technique are important for the treatment.