Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Patients with Neurocognitive Disorder and Their Performance Between Mild and Major Stages.

BACKGROUND: The neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in patients with neurocognitive disorders (NCD) increases the risk of exhibiting significant cognitive and functional decline. However, to the best of our knowledge, few studies have evaluated to what extent the presence of chronic and early NPS impacts cognition and functionality in patients with minor or major stages of NCD. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the interplay between early and chronic NPS and cognitive and functional presentation of patients with mild and major forms of NCD. METHODS: We used two NPS tools tracking early and late NPS and assessed to what extent they determine cognitive and functional outcomes in patients with mild and major forms of NCD. RESULTS: We found an inverse relationship between the presence of NPS, as measured by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory and Mild Behavioral Impairment Checklist (MBI-C), and cognitive and functional variables in major forms of NCD. In contrast, the minor stage of NCD was associated with increased MBI-C scores. CONCLUSION: Our results revealed that NPS are associated with cognitive and functional outcomes in mild and chronic forms of NCD. Crucially our results suggest that NPS could be considered as a pathological marker of the clinical course of dementia. Additionally, our study calls to study early and late forms of NPS as both impact cognition and functionality of NCD.

Percepción de violencia desde escolares de dos instituciones educativas de la localidad de Kennedy, Bogotá / Perception of violence from schoolchildren of two educational institutions in the locality of Kennedy, Bogotá / Percepção da violência de crianças em idade escolar de duas instituições de ensino na cidade de Kennedy, Bogotá

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir la percepción de violencia desde escolares de dos instituciones educativas de la localidad de Kennedy, Bogotá. Métodos Estudio cualitativo, tipo Investigación Acción Participación (IAP). Los participantes de estos grupos focales fueron elegidos de manera aleatoria, 5 estudiantes por cada curso para un total de 15 grupos focales y 75 alumnos seleccionados previo consentimiento informado de los padres y asentimiento de los estudiantes. Se tuvieron en cuenta los aspectos éticos. Resultados Participantes conformados por 61 escolares, 30 niños (49,1%) y 31 niñas (50,8%), con edades entre 5 y 12 años, de los cursos transición 10 participantes (16,3%), primero 3 estudiantes (4,9%), segundo 10 niños (16,3%), tercero 18 estudiantes (29,5%), cuarto 10 participantes (16,3%) y quinto 10 niños (16,3%). El estrato socioeconómico de los niños es 1 y 2. Los resultados se presentan en cuatro categorías: causas, problemática, consecuencias y soluciones, en las cuales emergieron 8 (ocho) subcategorías, que describen la percepción que tienen los niños de la violencia en el hogar y el colegio donde se resalta la violencia intrafamiliar física y verbal, consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y abuso sexual. Conclusión Se evidenció en la población escolar de la localidad de Kennedy que la violencia es una problemática de salud pública ya establecida en los hogares y en el ámbito escolar; el origen de esta violencia se da en los hogares de los niños, por tanto, es importante construir y generar propuestas de intervención a partir de las soluciones planteadas por los mismos niños a nivel estructural y familiar.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the perception of violence in schoolchildren of two schools of the borough of Kennedy, Bogotá. Methods Participatory action research (PAR) and qualitative study. The participants in these focus groups were chosen randomly, 5 students per course, for a total of 15 focus groups and 75 students included, prior informed consent from parents and students. Ethical aspects were taken into account. Results 61 participants, 30 boys (49.1%) and 31 girls (50.8%), were included in the study, with an age range between 5 and 12 years. 10 participants (16.3%) were kindergarten students, 3 were first-grade students (4.9%), 10 second-grade students (16.3%), 18 third-grade students (29.5%), 10 fourth-grade students (16.3%), and 10 fifth-grade students (16.3%). The socioeconomic status of the children was ranked as 1 and 2. The results are presented in four categories: causes, problems, consequences and solutions, from which 8 subcategories emerged; they describe the perception that children have about violence at home and schools, highlighting physical and verbal domestic violence, the use of psychoactive substances and sexual abuse. Conclusion There is evidence in the school population of the borough of Kennedy that violence is a public health problem established in homes and in schools. The origin of this violence is mainly children's homes, therefore, it is important to build and generate proposals for intervention based on the solutions raised by the children themselves regarding the structural and family levels.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivo Descreva a percepção da violência de crianças em idade escolar de duas instituições de ensino na cidade de Kennedy, Bogotá. Métodos Estudo qualitativo, tipo Participation Action Research (IAP). Os participantes desses grupos focais foram escolhidos aleatoriamente, 5 alunos para cada curso para um total de 15 grupos focais e 75 alunos selecionados com o consentimento prévio dos pais e o consentimento dos alunos. Aspectos éticos foram levados em consideração. Resultados Participantes formados por 61 alunos, 30 meninos (49,1%) e 31 meninas (50,8%), com idades entre 5 e 12 anos, dos cursos de transição 10 participantes (16,3%), primeiros 3 alunos (4 , 9%), segundo 10 filhos (16,3%), terceiro 18 alunos (29,5%), quarto 10 participantes (16,3%) e quinto 10 filhos (16,3%). O estrato socioeconômico das crianças é 1 e 2. Os resultados são apresentados em quatro categorias: causas, problemas, consequências e soluções, nas quais emergiram 8 (oito) subcategorias, que descrevem a percepção que as crianças têm da violência no casa e escola onde se destacam a violência doméstica física e verbal, o consumo de substâncias psicoativas e o abuso sexual. Conclusão Evidenciou-se na população escolar da localidade Kennedy que a violência é um problema de saúde pública já estabelecido nos lares e no ambiente escolar; A origem desta violência ocorre nos lares das crianças, portanto, é importante construir e gerar propostas de intervenção a partir das soluções propostas pelas próprias crianças a nível estrutural e familiar.(AU)

[Perception of violence from schoolchildren of two educational institutions in the locality of Kennedy, Bogotá]. / Percepción de violencia desde escolares de dos instituciones educativas de la localidad de Kennedy, Bogotá.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the perception of violence in schoolchildren of two schools of the borough of Kennedy, Bogotá. METHODS: Participatory action research (PAR) and qualitative study. The participants in these focus groups were chosen randomly, 5 students per course, for a total of 15 focus groups and 75 students included, prior informed consent from parents and students. Ethical aspects were taken into account. RESULTS: 61 participants, 30 boys (49.1%) and 31 girls (50.8%), were included in the study, with an age range between 5 and 12 years. 10 participants (16.3%) were kindergarten students, 3 were first-grade students (4.9%), 10 second-grade students (16.3%), 18 third-grade students (29.5%), 10 fourth-grade students (16.3%), and 10 fifth-grade students (16.3%). The socioeconomic status of the children was ranked as 1 and 2. The results are presented in four categories: causes, problems, consequences and solutions, from which 8 subcategories emerged; they describe the perception that children have about violence at home and schools, highlighting physical and verbal domestic violence, the use of psychoactive substances and sexual abuse. CONCLUSION: There is evidence in the school population of the borough of Kennedy that violence is a public health problem established in homes and in schools. The origin of this violence is mainly children's homes, therefore, it is important to build and generate proposals for intervention based on the solutions raised by the children themselves regarding the structural and family levels.

OBJETIVO: Describir la percepción de violencia desde escolares de dos instituciones educativas de la localidad de Kennedy, Bogotá. MÉTODOS: Estudio cualitativo, tipo Investigación Acción Participación (IAP). Los participantes de estos grupos focales fueron elegidos de manera aleatoria, 5 estudiantes por cada curso para un total de 15 grupos focales y 75 alumnos seleccionados previo consentimiento informado de los padres y asentimiento de los estudiantes. Se tuvieron en cuenta los aspectos éticos. RESULTADOS: Participantes conformados por 61 escolares, 30 niños (49,1%) y 31 niñas (50,8%), con edades entre 5 y 12 años, de los cursos transición 10 participantes (16,3%), primero 3 estudiantes (4,9%), segundo 10 niños (16,3%), tercero 18 estudiantes (29,5%), cuarto 10 participantes (16,3%) y quinto 10 niños (16,3%). El estrato socioeconómico de los niños es 1 y 2. Los resultados se presentan en cuatro categorías: causas, problemática, consecuencias y soluciones, en las cuales emergieron 8 (ocho) subcategorías, que describen la percepción que tienen los niños de la violencia en el hogar y el colegio donde se resalta la violencia intrafamiliar física y verbal, consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y abuso sexual. CONCLUSIÓN: Se evidenció en la población escolar de la localidad de Kennedy que la violencia es una problemática de salud pública ya establecida en los hogares y en el ámbito escolar; el origen de esta violencia se da en los hogares de los niños, por tanto, es importante construir y generar propuestas de intervención a partir de las soluciones planteadas por los mismos niños a nivel estructural y familiar.