Neonatal screening of ABO/RhD blood group and direct antiglobulin Coombs test. Experience of a single institution.

BACKGROUND: Evaluating the ABO/RhD blood group and the direct antiglobulin Coombs test (DAT) at birth is recommended good practice, but there is variability in its universal implementation. This study aims to show the comparative results in various variables of clinical impact during the hospital stay of neonates with positive DAT compared with those with negative DAT, based on the systematic detection of the ABO/RhD group and DAT at birth. METHODS: Newborns between 2017 and 2020 in a high-risk pregnancy care hospital were included. The ABO/RhD and DAT group was determined in umbilical cord samples or the first 24 hours of life. Demographic, maternal, and neonatal variables were recorded. The association between the variables was estimated using the odds ratio (OR). RESULTS: 8721 pairs were included. The DAT was positive in 239 newborns (2.7%), with the variables associated with positive PDC being maternal age > 40 years (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0 to 2.3), birth by cesarean section (1.4; 1.1-2.0), mother group O (6.4; 3.8-11.8), prematurity (3.6; 2.6-5.0), birth weight < 2500 g (2.1; 1.6-2.8), newborn group A (15.7; 10.7-23.1) and group B (17.6; 11.4-27.2), hemoglobin at birth < 13.5 g/dl (4.5; 2.8-7.1) and reticulocytosis > 9% (1.9; 1.2 to 3.1). DISCUSSION: The frequency of neonatal positive PDC was 2.7%, with a significant association with maternal/neonatal incompatibility to the ABO and RhD group, with a substantial impact on various neonatal variables. These results support the policy of universal implementation at the birth of the ABO/RhD and DAT determination.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La determinación del grupo sanguíneo ABO/RhD y la prueba directa de Coombs (PDC) al nacimiento son una práctica recomendada, pero existe variabilidad en su implementación universal. Se presentan los resultados de la determinación al nacimiento del grupo ABO/RhD y la PDC en una cohorte institucional. MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron los recién nacidos entre 2017 y 2020 en un hospital de atención a embarazos de alto riesgo. Se determinó el grupo ABO/RhD y se realizó la PDC en muestras de cordón umbilical o en las primeras 24 horas de vida. Se registraron las variables demográficas, maternas y neonatales. Se estimó la asociación entre las variables mediante la razón de probabilidad (OR). RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 8721 binomios. La PDC fue positiva en 239 recién nacidos (2.7%), siendo las variables asociadas a la PDC positiva la edad materna > 40 años (OR: 1.5;IC95%: 1.0-2.3), el nacimiento por vía cesárea (1.4; 1.1-2.0), la madre del grupo O (6.4; 3.8-11.8), la prematuridad (3.6; 2.6-5.0); el peso al nacer < 2500 g (2.1; 1.6-2.8); el neonato del grupo A (15.7; 10.7-23.1) o del grupo B (17.6; 11.4-27.2), la hemoglobina al nacer < 13.5 g/dl (4.5; 2.8-7.1) y la reticulocitosis > 9% (1.9; 1.2 a 3.1). DISCUSIÓN: La frecuencia de PDC positiva neonatal es del 2.7%, con asociación significativa la incompatibilidad materna/neonatal al grupo ABO y RhD, con impacto significativo en diversas variables neonatales. Estos resultados apoyan la política de implementación universal al nacimiento de la determinación de ABO/RhD y PDC.

Disturbances in the IgG Antibody Profile in HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants Associated with Maternal Factors.

Over the last 20 years, the incidence of vertical HIV transmission has decreased from 25%-42% to less than 1%. Although there are no signs of infection, the health of HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants is notoriously affected during the first months of life, with opportunistic infections being the most common disease. Some studies have reported effects on the vertical transfer of antibodies, but little is known about the subclass distribution of these antibodies. We proposed to evaluate the total IgG concentration and its subclasses in HIV+ mothers and HEU pairs and to determine which maternal factors condition their levels. In this study, plasma from 69 HEU newborns, their mothers, and 71 control pairs was quantified via immunoassays for each IgG isotype. Furthermore, we followed the antibody profile of HEUs throughout the first year of life. We showed that mothers present an antibody profile characterized by high concentrations of IgG1 and IgG3 but reduced IgG2, and HEU infants are born with an IgG subclass profile similar to that of their maternal pair. Interestingly, this passively transferred profile could remain influenced even during their own antibody production in HEU infants, depending on maternal conditions such as CD4+ T-cell counts and maternal antiretroviral treatment. Our findings indicate that HEU infants exhibit an altered IgG subclass profile influenced by maternal factors, potentially contributing to their increased susceptibility to infections.

Maternal vaccination against COVID-19 and neonatal outcomes during Omicron: INTERCOVID-2022 study.

BACKGROUND: In early 2023, when Omicron was the variant of concern, we showed that vaccinating pregnant women decreased the risk for severe COVID-19-related complications and maternal morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the impact of COVID-19 during pregnancy on newborns and the effects of maternal COVID-19 vaccination on neonatal outcomes when Omicron was the variant of concern. STUDY DESIGN: INTERCOVID-2022 was a large, prospective, observational study, conducted in 40 hospitals across 18 countries, from November 27, 2021 (the day after the World Health Organization declared Omicron the variant of concern) to June 30, 2022, to assess the effect of COVID-19 in pregnancy on maternal and neonatal outcomes and to assess vaccine effectiveness. Women diagnosed with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 during pregnancy were compared with 2 nondiagnosed, unmatched women recruited concomitantly and consecutively during pregnancy or at delivery. Mother-newborn dyads were followed until hospital discharge. The primary outcomes were a neonatal positive test for COVID-19, severe neonatal morbidity index, severe perinatal morbidity and mortality index, preterm birth, neonatal death, referral to neonatal intensive care unit, and diseases during the neonatal period. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated with adjustment for maternal risk profile. RESULTS: We enrolled 4707 neonates born to 1577 (33.5%) mothers diagnosed with COVID-19 and 3130 (66.5%) nondiagnosed mothers. Among the diagnosed mothers, 642 (40.7%) were not vaccinated, 147 (9.3%) were partially vaccinated, 551 (34.9%) were completely vaccinated, and 237 (15.0%) also had a booster vaccine. Neonates of booster-vaccinated mothers had less than half (relative risk, 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.23-0.91) the risk of being diagnosed with COVID-19 when compared with those of unvaccinated mothers; they also had the lowest rates of preterm birth, medically indicated preterm birth, respiratory distress syndrome, and number of days in the neonatal intensive care unit. Newborns of unvaccinated mothers had double the risk for neonatal death (relative risk, 2.06; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-4.00) when compared with those of nondiagnosed mothers. Vaccination was not associated with any congenital malformations. Although all vaccines provided protection against neonatal test positivity, newborns of booster-vaccinated mothers had the highest vaccine effectiveness (64%; 95% confidence interval, 10%-86%). Vaccine effectiveness was not as high for messenger RNA vaccines only. Vaccine effectiveness against moderate or severe neonatal outcomes was much lower, namely 13% in the booster-vaccinated group (all vaccines) and 25% and 28% in the completely and booster-vaccinated groups, respectively (messenger RNA vaccines only). Vaccines were fairly effective in protecting neonates when given to pregnant women ≤100 days (14 weeks) before birth; thereafter, the risk increased and was much higher after 200 days (29 weeks). Finally, none of the neonatal practices studied, including skin-to-skin contact and direct breastfeeding, increased the risk for infecting newborns. CONCLUSION: When Omicron was the variant of concern, newborns of unvaccinated mothers had an increased risk for neonatal death. Neonates of vaccinated mothers had a decreased risk for preterm birth and adverse neonatal outcomes. Because the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccination decreases with time, to ensure that newborns are maximally protected against COVID-19, mothers should receive a vaccine or booster dose no more than 14 weeks before the expected date of delivery.

Metabolic Reprogramming in SARS-CoV-2 Infection Impacts the Outcome of COVID-19 Patients.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection triggers inflammatory clinical stages that affect the outcome of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Disease severity may be associated with a metabolic imbalance related to amino acids, lipids, and energy-generating pathways. The aim of this study was to characterize the profile of amino acids and acylcarnitines in COVID-19 patients. A multicenter, cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 453 individuals were classified by disease severity. Levels of 11 amino acids, 31 acylcarnitines, and succinylacetone in serum samples were analyzed by electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Different clusters were observed in partial least squares discriminant analysis, with phenylalanine, alanine, citrulline, proline, and succinylacetone providing the major contribution to the variability in each cluster (variable importance in the projection >1.5). In logistic models adjusted by age, sex, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and nutritional status, phenylalanine was associated with critical outcomes (odds ratio=5.3 (95% CI 3.16-9.2) in the severe vs. critical model, with an area under the curve of 0.84 (95% CI 0.77-0.90). In conclusion the metabolic imbalance in COVID-19 patients might affect disease progression. This work shows an association of phenylalanine with critical outcomes in COVID-19 patients, highlighting phenylalanine as a potential metabolic biomarker of disease severity.

Cord Blood SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies and Their Association With Maternal Immunity and Neonatal Outcomes.

Passive transplacental immunity is crucial for neonatal protection from infections. Data on the correlation between neonatal immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and protection from adverse outcomes is scarce. This work aimed to describe neonatal seropositivity in the context of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection, seropositivity, and neonatal outcomes. This retrospective nested case-control study enrolled high-risk pregnant women with a SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive test who gave birth at the Instituto Nacional de Perinatología in Mexico City and their term neonates. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in maternal and cord blood samples were detected using a chemiluminescent assay. In total, 63 mother-neonate dyads (mean gestational age 38.4 weeks) were included. Transplacental transfer of SARS-CoV-2 IgG occurred in 76% of neonates from seropositive mothers. A positive association between maternal IgG levels and Cycle threshold (Ct) values of RT-qPCR test for SARS-CoV-2 with neonatal IgG levels was observed. Regarding neonatal outcomes, most seropositive neonates did not require any mechanical ventilation, and none developed any respiratory morbidity (either in the COVID-19 positive or negative groups) compared to 7 seronegative neonates. Furthermore, the odds of neonatal respiratory morbidity exhibited a tendency to decrease when neonatal IgG levels increase. These results add further evidence suggesting passive IgG transfer importance.

ACE and ACE2 Gene Variants Are Associated With Severe Outcomes of COVID-19 in Men.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, affecting more than 219 countries and causing the death of more than 5 million people worldwide. The genetic background represents a factor that predisposes the way the host responds to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this sense, genetic variants of ACE and ACE2 could explain the observed interindividual variability to COVID-19 outcomes. In order to improve the understanding of how genetic variants of ACE and ACE2 are involved in the severity of COVID-19, we included a total of 481 individuals who showed clinical manifestations of COVID-19 and were diagnosed by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and saliva samples. ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism was evaluated by the high-resolution melting method; ACE single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs4344) and ACE2 SNPs (rs2285666 and rs2074192) were genotyped using TaqMan probes. We assessed the association of ACE and ACE2 polymorphisms with disease severity using logistic regression analysis adjusted by age, sex, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. The severity of the illness in our study population was divided as 31% mild, 26% severe, and 43% critical illness; additionally, 18% of individuals died, of whom 54% were male. Our results showed in the codominant model a contribution of ACE2 gene rs2285666 T/T genotype to critical outcome [odds ratio (OR) = 1.83; 95%CI = 1.01-3.29; p = 0.04] and to require oxygen supplementation (OR = 1.76; 95%CI = 1.01-3.04; p = 0.04), in addition to a strong association of the T allele of this variant to develop critical illness in male individuals (OR = 1.81; 95%CI = 1.10-2.98; p = 0.02). We suggest that the T allele of rs2285666 represents a risk factor for severe and critical outcomes of COVID-19, especially for men, regardless of age, hypertension, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.

COVID-19 Infection in Pregnancy: PCR Cycle Thresholds, Placental Pathology, and Perinatal Outcomes.

(1) This study aimed to evaluate characteristics, perinatal outcomes, and placental pathology of pregnant women with or without SARS-CoV-2 infection in the context of maternal PCR cycle threshold (CT) values. (2) This was a retrospective case-control study in a third-level health center in Mexico City with universal screening by RT-qPCR. The association of COVID-19 manifestations, preeclampsia, and preterm birth with maternal variables and CT values were assessed by logistic regression models and decision trees. (3) Accordingly, 828 and 298 women had a negative and positive test, respectively. Of those positive, only 2.6% of them presented mild to moderate symptoms. Clinical characteristics between both groups of women were similar. No associations between CT values were found for maternal features, such as pre-gestational BMI, age, and symptomatology. A significantly higher percentage of placental fibrinoid was seen with women with low CTs (<25; p < 0.01). Regarding perinatal outcomes, preeclampsia was found to be significantly associated with symptomatology but not with risk factors or CT values (p < 0.01, aOR = 14.72). Moreover, 88.9% of women diagnosed with COVID-19 at <35 gestational weeks and symptomatic developed preeclampsia. (4) The data support strong guidance for pregnancies with SARS-CoV-2 infection, in particular preeclampsia and placental pathology, which need further investigation.

Impaired T helper cell responses in human immunodeficiency virus-exposed uninfected newborns.

INTRODUCTION: HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) newborns suffer from higher risks of opportunistic infections during the first months of life compared to HIV-unexposed uninfected (HUU) newborns. Alterations in thymic mass, amounts of T helper (Th) cells, T-cell receptor diversity, and activation markers have been found in HEU newborns, suggesting alterations in T cell ontogeny and differentiation. However, little is known about the ability of these cells to produce specialized Th responses from CD4+ T cells. METHOD: To characterize the Th cell profile, we evaluated the frequency of Th1 (CD183+ CD194- CD196- /CXCR3+ CCR4- CCR6- ), Th2 (CD183- CD194+ CD196- /CXCR3- CCR4+ CCR6- ), Th17 (CD183- CD194+ CD196+ /CXCR3- CCR4+ CCR6+ ), and CD4+ CD25++ blood T-cell phenotypes in 50 HEU and 25 HUU newborns. Early activation markers on CD4+ T cells and the Th cytokine profile produced from mononuclear cells under polyclonal T cell stimulation were also studied. Additionally, we probed the ability of CD4+ T cells to differentiate into interferon (IFN)-γ-producing Th1 CD4+ T cells in vitro. RESULTS: Lower percentages of differentiated Th1 , Th2 , Th17, and CD4+ CD25++ T cells were found in blood from HEU newborns than in blood from HUU newborns. However, polyclonally stimulated Th cells showed a similar ability to express CD69 and CD279 but produced less secreted interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-4. Interestingly, under Th1 differentiation conditions, the percentages of CD4+ IFN-γ+ T cells and soluble IFN-γ were higher in HEU newborns than in HUU newborns. CONCLUSION: HEU neonates are born with reduced proportions of differentiated Th1 /Th2 /Th17 and CD4+ CD25++ T cells, but the intrinsic abilities of CD4+ T cells to acquire a Th1 profile are not affected by the adverse maternal milieu during development.

Prevalence, clinical features, and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women with or without mild/moderate symptoms: Results from universal screening in a tertiary care center in Mexico City, Mexico.

The perinatal consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection are still largely unknown. This study aimed to describe the features and outcomes of pregnant women with or without SARS-CoV-2 infection after the universal screening was established in a large tertiary care center admitting only obstetric related conditions without severe COVID-19 in Mexico City. This retrospective case-control study integrates data between April 22 and May 25, 2020, during active community transmission in Mexico, with one of the highest COVID-19 test positivity percentages worldwide. Only pregnant women and neonates with a SARS-CoV-2 result by quantitative RT-PCR were included in this study. Among 240 pregnant women, the prevalence of COVID-19 was 29% (95% CI, 24% to 35%); 86% of the patients were asymptomatic (95% CI, 76%-92%), nine women presented mild symptoms, and one patient moderate disease. No pregnancy baseline features or risk factors associated with severity of infection, including maternal age > 35 years, Body Mass Index >30 kg/m2, and pre-existing diseases, differed between positive and negative women. The median gestational age at admission for both groups was 38 weeks. All women were discharged at home without complications, and no maternal death was reported. The proportion of preeclampsia was higher in positive women than negative women (18%, 95% CI, 10%-29% vs. 9%, 95% CI, 5%-14%, P<0.05). No differences were found for other perinatal outcomes. SARS-CoV-2 test result was positive for nine infants of positive mothers detected within 24h of birth. An increased number of infected neonates were admitted to the NICU, compared to negative neonates (44% vs. 22%, P<0.05) and had a longer length of hospitalization (2 [2-18] days vs. 2 [2-3] days, P<0.001); these are potential proxies for illness severity. This report highlights the importance of COVID-19 detection at delivery in pregnant women living in high transmission areas.

Retinopathy of prematurity, frequency and risk factors in very low birth weight infants.

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is the principal cause of blindness during childhood. The objective of this study was to analyze the frequency of ROP and risk factors associated with ROP in a cohort of very low birth weight infants. Methods: A cases (ROP) and controls (no ROP) study of infants less than 1500 g was conducted. Perinatal and neonatal variables were analyzed. For the statistical analysis, χ2 test, Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney's U-test were used. Results: For the study, 282 neonates were included: 152 (53.9%) with ROP and 130 (46.1%) without ROP. The most frequent stages observed were stage 1 and 2, with 139 (91.4%) patients, and stages 3 to 5, with only 13 patients (8.5%). In those neonates with ROP compared with neonates without ROP, the birth weight was less (902.7 vs. 1037.9 g) and the difference was significant (p < 0.0001). Also, the difference with gestational age (28.2 vs. 29.6; p < 0.0001), total ventilation days (32.8 vs. 16.1; p < 0.00001) and total oxygen days (87.7 vs. 62.6; p < 0.0001) was significant in neonates with ROP and neonates without the disease. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage and late onset sepsis were significant with patients with ROP. Conclusions: The frequency of ROP reported here is higher than the reported in Mexican population, with less cases of severe ROP. The neonatal surveillance in babies with less birth weight and gestational age is important to decrease the incidence of ROP.

Introducción: La retinopatía del prematuro (ROP) es una de las principales causas de ceguera infantil. La inmadurez y la exposición a oxígeno son algunos factores de riesgo. El objetivo de este artículo fue analizar la frecuencia y los factores de riesgo de ROP en una cohorte de recién nacidos menores de 1,500 g. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de casos (con ROP) y controles (sin ROP) de recién nacidos menores de 1,500 g. Se analizaron variables prenatales y neonatales, y para su comparación se utilizaron las pruebas estadísticas t de Student, χ2 y U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Se analizaron 282 recién nacidos: 152 (53.9%) con ROP y 130 (46.1%) sin ROP. La mayor frecuencia se encontró en los estadios 1 y 2, con 139 pacientes (91.4%), seguidos de los estadios 3 a 5, con 13 pacientes (8.5%). En los pacientes con ROP, el peso al nacer fue menor (902.7 vs. 1037.9 g; p < 0.0001), así como la edad gestacional (28.2 vs. 29.6 semanas de gestación; p < 0.0001). Los días de ventilación (32.8 vs. 16.1; p < 0.00001) y los días de oxígeno requerido durante la estancia hospitalaria (87.7 vs. 62.6; p < 0.0001) fueron mayores en los pacientes con ROP. La displasia broncopulmonar, la hemorragia intraventricular y la sepsis tardía fueron comorbilidades significativas para el desarrollo de ROP. Conclusiones: En este estudio, la frecuencia de ROP fue mayor que la reportada en la población mexicana, con una baja proporción de formas graves. La vigilancia estrecha del manejo de los neonatos con menor peso y menos edad gestacional es fundamental para lograr disminuir esta enfermedad.

Análisis de la frecuencia y factores de riesgo asociados a la retinopatía del prematuro en neonatos de muy bajo peso al nacer / Retinopathy of prematurity, frequency and risk factors in very low birth weight infants

Resumen Introducción: La retinopatía del prematuro (ROP) es una de las principales causas de ceguera infantil. La inmadurez y la exposición a oxígeno son algunos factores de riesgo. El objetivo de este artículo fue analizar la frecuencia y los factores de riesgo de ROP en una cohorte de recién nacidos menores de 1,500 g. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de casos (con ROP) y controles (sin ROP) de recién nacidos menores de 1,500 g. Se analizaron variables prenatales y neonatales, y para su comparación se utilizaron las pruebas estadísticas t de Student, χ2 y U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Se analizaron 282 recién nacidos: 152 (53.9%) con ROP y 130 (46.1%) sin ROP. La mayor frecuencia se encontró en los estadios 1 y 2, con 139 pacientes (91.4%), seguidos de los estadios 3 a 5, con 13 pacientes (8.5%). En los pacientes con ROP, el peso al nacer fue menor (902.7 vs. 1037.9 g; p < 0.0001), así como la edad gestacional (28.2 vs. 29.6 semanas de gestación; p < 0.0001). Los días de ventilación (32.8 vs. 16.1; p < 0.00001) y los días de oxígeno requerido durante la estancia hospitalaria (87.7 vs. 62.6; p < 0.0001) fueron mayores en los pacientes con ROP. La displasia broncopulmonar, la hemorragia intraventricular y la sepsis tardía fueron comorbilidades significativas para el desarrollo de ROP. Conclusiones: En este estudio, la frecuencia de ROP fue mayor que la reportada en la población mexicana, con una baja proporción de formas graves. La vigilancia estrecha del manejo de los neonatos con menor peso y menos edad gestacional es fundamental para lograr disminuir esta enfermedad.

Abstract Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is the principal cause of blindness during childhood. The objective of this study was to analyze the frequency of ROP and risk factors associated with ROP in a cohort of very low birth weight infants. Methods: A cases (ROP) and controls (no ROP) study of infants less than 1500 g was conducted. Perinatal and neonatal variables were analyzed. For the statistical analysis, χ2 test, Student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney’s U-test were used. Results: For the study, 282 neonates were included: 152 (53.9%) with ROP and 130 (46.1%) without ROP. The most frequent stages observed were stage 1 and 2, with 139 (91.4%) patients, and stages 3 to 5, with only 13 patients (8.5%). In those neonates with ROP compared with neonates without ROP, the birth weight was less (902.7 vs. 1037.9 g) and the difference was significant (p < 0.0001). Also, the difference with gestational age (28.2 vs. 29.6; p < 0.0001), total ventilation days (32.8 vs. 16.1; p < 0.00001) and total oxygen days (87.7 vs. 62.6; p < 0.0001) was significant in neonates with ROP and neonates without the disease. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage and late onset sepsis were significant with patients with ROP. Conclusions: The frequency of ROP reported here is higher than the reported in Mexican population, with less cases of severe ROP. The neonatal surveillance in babies with less birth weight and gestational age is important to decrease the incidence of ROP.

Evaluating the quality of the processes of care and clinical outcomes of premature newborns admitted to neonatal intensive care units in Mexico.

OBJECTIVES: To develop quality of care (QoC) indicators, evaluate the quality of the processes of care (QPC) and clinical outcomes, and analyze the association between the QPC and severe clinical outcomes of preterm newborns admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). DESIGN: Mixed methods approach: (1) development of QoC indicators via modified RAND/UCLA method; (2) cross-sectional study of QoC evaluation and (3) multiple logistic regression analysis to ascertain the association between the QPC and severe clinical outcomes. SETTING: Two NICUs belonged to the Mexican Institute of Social Security in Mexico City. PARTICIPANTS: About 489 preterm neonates (<37 weeks of gestation) without severe congenital anomalies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The QoC indicators; ≥60% of recommended QPC and severe clinical outcomes. RESULTS: The QoC included 10 QPC indicators across four domains: respiratory, nutrition and metabolism, infectious diseases, and screening, and five outcome indicators. The lower QPC indicators were for the nutrition and metabolism domain (17.8% started enteral feeding with human milk, and 20.7% received sodium bicarbonate appropriately). The higher QPC indicator was for the screening domain (97.6% of neonates <30 weeks gestation underwent early (≤14 days) transfontanelar ultrasound). The mean recommended QPC that neonates received was 47.5%. Only 26.6% of neonates received ≥60% of recommended QPC. About 60.7% of neonates developed severe clinical outcomes including mortality and healthcare-related major morbidity. Receiving ≥60% of recommended QPC was associated with a decrease of nearly half of odds of severe clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of the QoC in NICUs is essential to address modifiable gaps in quality.

Monitoring the Postnatal Growth of Preterm Infants: A Paradigm Change.

There is no consensus regarding how the growth of preterm infants should be monitored or what constitutes their ideal pattern of growth, especially after term-corrected age. The concept that the growth of preterm infants should match that of healthy fetuses is not substantiated by data and, in practice, is seldom attained, particularly for very preterm infants. Hence, by hospital discharge, many preterm infants are classified as postnatal growth-restricted. In a recent systematic review, 61 longitudinal reference charts were identified, most with considerable limitations in the quality of gestational age estimation, anthropometric measures, feeding regimens, and how morbidities were described. We suggest that the correct comparator for assessing the growth of preterm infants, especially those who are moderately or late preterm, is a cohort of preterm newborns (not fetuses or term infants) with an uncomplicated intrauterine life and low neonatal and infant morbidity. Such growth monitoring should be comprehensive, as recommended for term infants, and should include assessments of postnatal length, head circumference, weight/length ratio, and, if possible, fat and fat-free mass. Preterm postnatal growth standards meeting these criteria are now available and may be used to assess preterm infants until 64 weeks' postmenstrual age (6 months' corrected age), the time at which they overlap, without the need for any adjustment, with the World Health Organization Child Growth Standards for term newborns. Despite remaining nutritional gaps, 90% of preterm newborns (ie, moderate to late preterm infants) can be monitored by using the International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century Preterm Postnatal Growth Standards from birth until life at home.

Consideraciones sobre la publicación de dictámenes de los comités de bioética / Considerações sobre a publicação de pareceres dos comitês de bioética / Considerations on the publication of decisions by ethics committees

Este es un análisis sobre la forma en que la comunicación escrita puede llegar a ser una herramienta de influencia y legitimidad para los comités de ética. Se plantea a partir de una revisión histórica de documentos generados por diversos tipos de comités de ética, que han influido en toma de decisiones trascendentales en el ámbito médico, legal y social, y propone algunos factores a considerar en la estructuración de todo documento generado por los comités a partir de sus actividades, así como el contexto médico, científico, social y legal. Esta revisión y análisis histórico genera una lista de funciones que podrían tener las diversas publicaciones de los comités de bioética.

This is an analysis about the form in which written communication can become a tool of influence and legitimacy for ethics committees. It stems from a historical revision of documents generated by diverse types of ethics committees which have had an influence on transcendental decisions on the medical, legal, and social spheres and proposes some factors to be considered in every document generated by committees in their activities as well as the scientific, medical, social, and legal contexts. This review and the historical analysis generate a list of functions for the diverse publications of ethics committees.

Esta é uma análise sobre a forma pela qual a comunicação escrita pode chegar a ser uma ferramenta de influência e legitimidade para os comitês de ética. É suscitada a partir de uma revisão histórica de documentos gerados por diversos tipos de comitês de ética, que influiram na tomada de decisões transcendentais no âmbito médico, legal e social, e se propõe alguns fatores a serem considerados na estruturação de todo documento gerado pelos comitês a partir de suas atividades, no contexto médico, científico, social e legal. Esta revisão e análise histórica geram uma lista de funções que poderiam ter as diversas publicações dos comitês de bioética.