Chilean's Self-Perception of Their Self-Regulatory Behaviors and Vocal Symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: To compare vocal symptoms and self-regulatory behaviors between Chileans having behavioral dysphonia and those who were vocally healthy; and to correlate their vocal symptoms and self-regulatory behaviors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The 100 Chileans who participated in this study were divided into the dysphonic group (DG) having behavioral dysphonia and the vocally healthy group (VHG). The DG and VHG each had 50 participants (32 females and 18 males), whose mean ages were 28.3 and 28.6 years, respectively. The participants responded to the Chilean Spanish versions of the Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SSRQ-Ch) and Voice Symptom Scale (VoiSS) instruments. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: The VHG Chileans had significantly lower scores in the VoiSS domains and significantly higher scores in the total and impulse control domains of SSRQ-Ch as compared to the DG Chileans. There was a negative correlation between all VoiSS domains as well as the total and impulse control domains of SSRQ-Ch. CONCLUSION: The DG Chileans had more vocal symptoms and less self-regulation of general behavior and impulse control than the VHG Chileans. There was an inverse relationship between the frequency of vocal symptoms and the self-regulated general and impulse control behaviors.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the Chilean version of Evaluation of Ability to Sing Easily: EASE. / Equivalencia cultural de la versión Chilena del Evaluation of Ability to Sing Easily: EASE.

PURPOSE: To adapt the Australian singing voice protocol, Evaluation of Ability to Sing Easily (EASE) to Chilean Spanish. METHODS: A translation of the EASE to Chilean Spanish was performed and later back translated; these were reviewed by a committee made up of 4 Speech-Language pathologists who created the first version in Chilean Spanish (EASE-CL). The EASE-CL is made up of 22 items, the same as the original, which are answered according to a Likert frequency scale, to which, during its adaptation, the option 'not applicable' was added in order to identify the instructions that were not understood or inappropriate for the vocabulary of Chilean singers. This version was applied to 21 professional singers in the Valparaiso Region. During this application there were no suggestions to change any of the instructions. RESULTS: The EASE-CL reflects the original English both in the number of items and in the domains. CONCLUSION: The cultural and linguistic equivalence of the EASE protocol in Chilean Spanish was demonstrated and the EASE-CL version came to be.

OBJETIVO: Adaptar lingüística y culturalmente el protocolo australiano de voz cantada Evaluation of Ability to Sing Easily (EASE) al español chileno. MÉTODO: Fue realizada la traducción al español chileno del EASE y posteriormente la retrotraducción; ambas fueron revisadas por un comité compuesto por 4 fonoaudiólogos quienes crearon la primera versión en español chileno (EASE-CL). El EASE-CL está compuesto, al igual que el original, por 22 ítems que se contestan de acuerdo con una escala de Likert de frecuencia, a la que, durante la adaptación, se le sumó la alternativa "no aplicable" para poder identificar las consignas no comprendidas o inapropiadas para el vocabulario de los cantantes chilenos. Esta versión se aplicó a 21 cantantes profesionales de la región de Valparaíso. Durante esta aplicación no existieron sugerencias para el cambio de alguna consigna. RESULTADO: El EASE-CL refleja la versión original del inglés, tanto en la cantidad de ítems como en dominios. CONCLUSIÓN: Queda demostrada la equivalencia cultural y lingüística del protocolo EASE al español chileno, originándose la versión EASE-CL.

Equivalencia cultural de la versión Chilena del Evaluation of Ability to Sing Easily: EASE / Cross-cultural adaptation of the Chilean version of Evaluation of Ability to Sing Easily: EASE

RESUMEN Objetivo: Adaptar lingüística y culturalmente el protocolo australiano de voz cantada Evaluation of Ability to Sing Easily (EASE) al español chileno. Método: Fue realizada la traducción al español chileno del EASE y posteriormente la retrotraducción; ambas fueron revisadas por un comité compuesto por 4 fonoaudiólogos quienes crearon la primera versión en español chileno (EASE-CL). El EASE-CL está compuesto, al igual que el original, por 22 ítems que se contestan de acuerdo con una escala de Likert de frecuencia, a la que, durante la adaptación, se le sumó la alternativa "no aplicable" para poder identificar las consignas no comprendidas o inapropiadas para el vocabulario de los cantantes chilenos. Esta versión se aplicó a 21 cantantes profesionales de la región de Valparaíso. Durante esta aplicación no existieron sugerencias para el cambio de alguna consigna. Resultado: El EASE-CL refleja la versión original del inglés, tanto en la cantidad de ítems como en dominios. Conclusión: Queda demostrada la equivalencia cultural y lingüística del protocolo EASE al español chileno, originándose la versión EASE-CL.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To adapt the Australian singing voice protocol, Evaluation of Ability to Sing Easily (EASE) to Chilean Spanish. Methods: A translation of the EASE to Chilean Spanish was performed and later back translated; these were reviewed by a committee made up of 4 Speech-Language pathologists who created the first version in Chilean Spanish (EASE-CL). The EASE-CL is made up of 22 items, the same as the original, which are answered according to a Likert frequency scale, to which, during its adaptation, the option 'not applicable' was added in order to identify the instructions that were not understood or inappropriate for the vocabulary of Chilean singers. This version was applied to 21 professional singers in the Valparaiso Region. During this application there were no suggestions to change any of the instructions. Results: The EASE-CL reflects the original English both in the number of items and in the domains. Conclusion: The cultural and linguistic equivalence of the EASE protocol in Chilean Spanish was demonstrated and the EASE-CL version came to be.

Equivalencia cultural de la versión chilena del Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire-SSRQ / Cross-cultural adaptation of the Chilean version of the Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire-SSRQ / Equivalência cultural da versão chilena do Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire-SSRQ

Introducción: La habilidad de autorregulación debería considerarse dentro de la planificación del tratamiento vocal porque, además de ser el núcleo constructor del aprendizaje, es la habilidad de controlar voluntariamente los pensamientos y comportamientos, jugando un rol significativo en el dominio y generalización de nuevas habilidades, incluyendo las usadas en la terapia vocal. Objetivo: Realizar la equivalencia cultural al Español Chileno del Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire - SSRQ. Método: Fue realizada la traducción del SSRQ para el Español Chileno y luego la retro traducción para el inglés, etapa en la que los ítems traducidos fueron comparados con el instrumento original; un comité de fonoaudiólogos resolvió las discrepancias encontradas llegando a un consenso desde donde surgió el instrumento llamado Cuestionario Reducido de Autorregulación Chileno ­ CRAR-Ch. El CRAR-Ch fue aplicado inicilamente a 32 individuos. A cada ítem se le agregó la opción de respuesta "no aplicable" con el fin de identificar ítems incomprendidos lingüísticamente o inapropiados culturalmente para la población en cuestión. Fueron modificados los ítems confusos y el CRAR-Ch modificado fue aplicado a otras diez personas más, esta vez sin existir discrepancias. Resultados: Existe una equivalencia cultural del SSRQ para el Español Chileno, que recibe el nombre de CRAR-Ch. Este cuestionario mantiene la misma cantidad de ítems y opciones de respuesta del original; arrojando un índice total de la capacidad de autorregulación individual. Conclusión: Fue demostrada la equivalencia cultural y lingüística del Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire - SSRQ y su versión traducida al Español Chileno Cuestionario Reducido de Autorregulación Chileno ­ CRAR-Ch.

Introduction: The self-regulation hability should be considered within the planning of vocal treatment, because it is the ability to control voluntarily thoughts and behaviors, as well as being the core of learning, playing a significant role in the mastery and generalization of new skills, including those used in vocal therapy. Purpose: To realize the cultural equivalence to the Chilean Spanish of the Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire - SSRQ. Method: The translation of the SSRQ for Chilean Spanish was done and then the retrotranslation for English, in which the translated items were compared with the original instrument; a committee of speech language therapist resolved the discrepancies found, arriving at a consensus from which the instrument called Cuestionario Reducido de Autorregulación Chileno - CRAR-Ch emerged. The CRAR-Ch was applied to 32 individuals. For each item, the «not applicable¼ answer option was added in order to identify items that were misunderstood or inappropriate for the population in question. The confusing items were modified and the modified CRAR-Ch was applied to another ten people, without any discrepancies. Results:There is a cultural equivalence of SSRQ for Chilean Spanish, which is called CRAR-Ch. This questionnaire maintains the same number of items and response options as the original; yielding a total index of individual self-regulation capacity. Conclusion: Cultural and linguistic equivalence of the Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire - SSRQ and its translated version in Chilean Spanish Cuestionario Reducido de Autorregulación Chileno - CRAR-Ch, was demonstrated.

Introdução: A habilidade de auto-regulação deve ser considerada no planejamento do tratamento vocal porque, além de ser o núcleo da aprendizagem, é a capacidade de controlar voluntariamente pensamentos e comportamentos, , desempenhando um papel significativo no domínio e generalização de novas habilidades, incluindo as usadas na terapia vocal. Objetivo: Realizar a equivalência cultural para o Espanhol Chileno do Short Self Regulation Questionnaire - SSRQ. Método: A tradução do SSRQ foi feita para o Espanhol Chileno e depois a retrotradução para o inglês, etapa em que os itens traduzidos foram comparados com o instrumento original; um comitê de fonoaudiologos resolveu as discrepâncias encontradas, chegando a um consenso a partir do qual surgiu o instrumento chamado Cuestionario Reducido de Autorregulación Chileno - CRAR-Ch. O CRAR-Ch foi aplicado inicialmente em 32 indivíduos. Para cada item, a opção de resposta "não aplicável" foi adicionada para identificar itens não comprendidos linguísticamente ou inadequados culturalmente para a população em questão. Os itens confusos foram modificados e o CRAR-Ch atualizado foi aplicado a outras mais dez pessoas, sem achar discrepâncias. Resultados: Existe uma equivalência cultural do SSRQ para o Espanhol Chileno, que chama-se CRAR-Ch. Este questionário mantém o mesmo número de itens e opções de resposta que o original; produzindo um índice total de capacidade de auto-regulação individual. Conclusão: Foi demonstrada a equivalência cultural e linguística do Short Self Regulation Questionnare - SSRQ e da sua versão traduzida ao Espanhol Chileno Cuestionario Reducido de Autorregulación Chileno - CRAR-Ch.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the Chilean version of the Modern Singing Handicap Index: MSHI. / Equivalencia cultural de la versión Chilena del Modern Singing Handicap Index: MSHI.

PURPOSE: Perform the cross-cultural equivalence of the Chilean version of the Modern Singing Handicap Index - MSHI, through its cultural and linguistic adaptation. METHODS: A translation of the MSHI for the Chilean Spanish and the back translation for the Italian was made, and discrepancies were found; a committee of four language pathologist had to resolve any discrepancies and, when found, a consensus must be reached resulting in the final version of the Índice de Desventaja Vocal para Canto Popular - IDVCP-Ch, with the same structure than the original of 30 items and four answers options. The IDVCP-Ch was applied to 25 popular singers. Every item had the option "Not applicable" in order to identify questions that were not comprehended or not appropriate for the concerned population. Nine singers' marked eight items as "Not Applicable", therefore, six of them had its translation adapted. The modified IDVCP-Ch was applied to other 11 popular singers who don't participated of the anterior phase. RESULTS: The IDVCP-Ch reflects its original Italian version, both in the number of items and in the limitation of handicap, disability and impairments domains. CONCLUSION: A cross-cultural equivalence od the IDVCP-Ch, was demonstrated for the Chilean Spanish.

OBJETIVO: Realizar la equivalencia a la versión Chilena del protocolo Italiano, Modern Singing Handicap Index - MSHI a través de su adaptación cultural y lingüística. MÉTODO: Fue realizada la traducción del MSHI para el Español Chileno y la retro traducción para el Italiano, de la cual surgieron discrepancias; éstas fueron resueltas por un comité de cuatro fonoaudiólogos bilingües Español e Italiano, que llegaron a un consenso desde donde surgió el instrumento llamado Índice de Desventaja Vocal para Canto Popular ­ IDVCP-Ch, compuesto de 30 ítems y cuatro tipos de respuestas. El IDVCP-Ch fue aplicado a 25 cantantes populares, amateurs y profesionales. A cada ítem se le agregó la opción "No aplicable" en las elecciones de respuesta, con el fin de identificar ítems incomprendidos o inapropiados para la población en cuestión. Nueve de los individuos tuvieron dificultades en el momento de contestar ocho ítems, adaptando nuevamente seis de ellos; el IDCVP-Ch modificado fue aplicado a 11 cantantes que no habían participado de la etapa anterior; en esta segunda aplicación no existieron ítems incomprendidos para la cultura Chilena. RESULTADOS: El IDCVP-Ch refleja la versión original de Italiano, tanto en la cantidad de ítems como en las limitaciones de los dominios discapacidad, desventaja e impedimentos. CONCLUSIÓN: Fue demostrada la equivalencia intercultural y lingüística al Español Chileno del IDVCP-Ch.

Equivalencia cultural de la versión Chilena del Modern Singing Handicap Index: MSHI / Cross-cultural adaptation of the Chilean version of the Modern Singing Handicap Index: MSHI

RESUMEN Objetivo Realizar la equivalencia a la versión Chilena del protocolo Italiano, Modern Singing Handicap Index - MSHI a través de su adaptación cultural y lingüística. Método Fue realizada la traducción del MSHI para el Español Chileno y la retro traducción para el Italiano, de la cual surgieron discrepancias; éstas fueron resueltas por un comité de cuatro fonoaudiólogos bilingües Español e Italiano, que llegaron a un consenso desde donde surgió el instrumento llamado Índice de Desventaja Vocal para Canto Popular - IDVCP-Ch, compuesto de 30 ítems y cuatro tipos de respuestas. El IDVCP-Ch fue aplicado a 25 cantantes populares, amateurs y profesionales. A cada ítem se le agregó la opción "No aplicable" en las elecciones de respuesta, con el fin de identificar ítems incomprendidos o inapropiados para la población en cuestión. Nueve de los individuos tuvieron dificultades en el momento de contestar ocho ítems, adaptando nuevamente seis de ellos; el IDCVP-Ch modificado fue aplicado a 11 cantantes que no habían participado de la etapa anterior; en esta segunda aplicación no existieron ítems incomprendidos para la cultura Chilena. Resultados El IDCVP-Ch refleja la versión original de Italiano, tanto en la cantidad de ítems como en las limitaciones de los dominios discapacidad, desventaja e impedimentos. Conclusión Fue demostrada la equivalencia intercultural y lingüística al Español Chileno del IDVCP-Ch.

ABSTRACT Purpose Perform the cross-cultural equivalence of the Chilean version of the Modern Singing Handicap Index - MSHI, through its cultural and linguistic adaptation. Methods A translation of the MSHI for the Chilean Spanish and the back translation for the Italian was made, and discrepancies were found; a committee of four language pathologist had to resolve any discrepancies and, when found, a consensus must be reached resulting in the final version of the Índice de Desventaja Vocal para Canto Popular - IDVCP-Ch, with the same structure than the original of 30 items and four answers options. The IDVCP-Ch was applied to 25 popular singers. Every item had the option "Not applicable" in order to identify questions that were not comprehended or not appropriate for the concerned population. Nine singers' marked eight items as "Not Applicable", therefore, six of them had its translation adapted. The modified IDVCP-Ch was applied to other 11 popular singers who don't participated of the anterior phase. Results The IDVCP-Ch reflects its original Italian version, both in the number of items and in the limitation of handicap, disability and impairments domains. Conclusion A cross-cultural equivalence od the IDVCP-Ch, was demonstrated for the Chilean Spanish.

Influence on spectral energy distribution of emotional expression.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of emotional expression in spectral energy distribution in professional theater actors. STUDY DESIGN: The study design is a quasi-experimental study. METHOD: Thirty-seven actors, native Spanish speakers, were included. All subjects had at least 3 years of professional experience as a theater actor and no history of vocal pathology for the last 5 years. Participants were recorded during a read-aloud task of a 230-word passage, expressing six different emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, anger, tenderness, and eroticism) and without emotion (neutral state). Acoustical analysis with long-term average spectrum included three variables: the energy level difference between the F(1) and fundamental frequency (F(0)) regions, ratio between 1-5kHz and 5-8kHz, and alpha ratio. RESULTS: All the different emotions differ significantly from the neutral state for alpha ratio and 1-5/5-8kHz ratio. Only significant differences between "joy," "anger," and "eroticism" were found for L1-L0 ratio. Statistically significant differences between genders for the three acoustical variables were also found. CONCLUSION: The expression of emotion impacts the spectral energy distribution. On the one hand emotional states characterized by a breathy voice quality such as tenderness, sadness, and eroticism present a low harmonic energy above 1kHz, high glottal noise energy, and more energy on F(0) than overtones. On the other hand, emotional states such as joy, anger, and fear are characterized by high harmonic energy greater than 1kHz (less steep spectral slope declination), low glottal noise energy, and more energy on the F(1) than F(0) region.