Morpho-anatomy of in vitro germination and cryopreservation of the orchid Cattleya crispa (Orchidaceae Morfoanatomía de la germinación in vitro y criopreservación de la orquídea Cattleya crispa (Orchidaceae) / Morfoanatomía de la germinación in vitro y criopreservación de la orquídea Cattleya crispa (Orchidaceae)

Introduction: Cattleya crispa is an ornamental epiphytic orchid with geographic distribution restricted to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Due to predatory extractivism and human-induced habitat loss, this species appears on the Red List of Brazilian Flora. Objective: To characterize morpho-anatomical aspects regarding germination and post-seminal development from C. crispa seeds; as well as studying the effect of cryopreservation on these seeds. Methods: We used light microscopy and electron microscopy to describe the microstructure of a 100 ripe seeds. We evaluated seed viability, seed germination, survival rate and protocorm weight in cryopreserved and non-cryopreserved material, with four replicas per treatment using 20 mg of plant material. Results: The seeds are fusiform, whitish yellow with a length from 700 to 900 µm and a water content of 5 %. Germination began seven days after sowing, the formation of the globular protocorm at 30 days and the formation of the seedling occurred 150 days. The persistent seed coat can compress the protocorm and cause it to collapse. The cryopreserved seeds presented 87.15 % viability, 78.32 % germination, 8.48 % survival and protocorms with 104.27 mg five months after sowing. Data wasn't different to non-cryopreserved seeds. Conclusions: The cryocapability of the seeds shows that cryopreservation can be used for long-term conservation. The results of this work contribute to the overall biology of C. crispa and to the propagation and storage of genetic material for conservation purposes.

Introducción: Cattleya crispa es una orquídea epífita ornamental con distribución geográfica restringida a la Mata Atlántica brasileña. Debido al extractivismo depredador y a la pérdida de hábitat inducida por el hombre, esta especie aparece en la Lista Roja de la Flora Brasileña. Objetivo: Caracterizar aspectos morfoanatómicos de la germinación y desarrollo inicial de semillas de C. crispa; así como estudiar el efecto de la criopreservación de estas semillas. Métodos: Utilizamos microscopía óptica, microscopía electrónica de barrido y microscopía electrónica de transmisión para describir la microestructura en 100 semillas maduras. Evaluamos la viabilidad de la semilla, la germinación de la semilla, la tasa de supervivencia y el peso de los protocormos en el material criopreservado y no criopreservado, con cuatro réplicas por tratamiento de 20 mg de material vegetal. Resultados: Las semillas son fusiformes, amarillo blanquecinas, con una longitud de 700 a 900 µm y un contenido de agua del 5 %. La germinación comenzó siete días después de la siembra, la formación del protocormo globular a los 30 días y la formación de la plántula a los 150 días. La cubierta de semilla persistente puede comprimir el protocormo y provocar su colapso. Las semillas criopreservadas presentaron 87.15 % de viabilidad, 78.32 % de germinación, 8.48 % de supervivencia y protocormos con 104.27 mg a los cinco meses de la siembra. Los datos no fueron diferentes a las semillas no criopreservadas. Conclusiones: La capacidad criogénica de las semillas muestra que la crioconservación puede utilizarse para la conservación a largo plazo. Los resultados de este trabajo contribuyen a la biología general de C. crispa y a la propagación y almacenamiento de material genético con fines de conservación.

Determination of endogenous IAA and carbohydrates during the induction and development of protocorm-like bodies of Cattleya tigrina A. Richard / Determinação de AIA e carboidratos endógenos durante a indução e desenvolvimento deestruturas semelhantes a protocormos de Cattleya tigrina A. Richard

Tissue culture techniques have been employed for orchid mass propagation by means of themorphogenetic route of protocorm like-bodies (PLBs). This study aimed to analyze and compare Indoleaceticacid (IAA) and sugar endogenous levels in protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) induction and developmentin Cattleya tigrina, in order to better understand this process and to optimize micropropagation procedureprotocols. Leaves grown on MS (Murashige and Skoog) culture medium, suplemented with 9 μM TDZfor PLBs induction and development were collected after 0, 2, 7, 14, 30, 60 and 100 days of cultivation, forfurther analysis. Increase of IAA and reduction of sugar levels are strongly related to morphogeneticresponse, that is, PLBs formation over the preexisting ones and leaf primordia formation. Sucrose, fructoseand glucose presence in this study is related to cell signaling. Thus, hormonal signals and carbohydratesalter metabolism, triggering PLBs initiation and development in C. tigrina.

Técnicas de cultura de tecidos têm sido empregadas para a propagação em massa de orquídeaspor meio da via morfogenética de estruturas semelhantes a protocormos (ESPs). O estudo teve comoobjetivo analisar e comparar os níveis endógenos de ácido indol-3-acético (AIA) e de açúcares na indução eno desenvolvimento de estruturas semelhantes a protocormos (ESPs) em Cattleya tigrina, visando à melhorcompreensão deste processo e à otimização de protocolos de micropropagação. Folhas cultivadas em meiode cultura MS (Murashige & Skoog), suplementadas com 9 μM de TDZ para indução e desenvolvimentode ESPs foram coletadas após 0, 2, 7, 14, 30, 60 e 100 dias de cultivo, para posterior análise. O aumento dosníveis de AIA e a redução dos níveis de açúcar estão fortemente relacionados à resposta morfogenética, ouseja, à formação de ESPs sobre os pré-existentes e à formação de primórdios foliares. A presença desacarose, frutose e glicose neste estudo está relacionada à sinalização celular. Assim, sinais hormonais ecarboidratos alteram o metabolismo, desencadeando a iniciação e o desenvolvimento de ESPs em C. tigrina.

Reduction of copper phytotoxicity by liming: A study of the root anatomy of young vines (Vitis labrusca L.).

Frequent applications of copper (Cu)-based fungicides on vines causes the accumulation of this metal in vineyard soils, which can cause toxicity in young vines. However, liming may reduce these toxic effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Cu toxicity on the root anatomy of young vines and the alleviation of Cu toxicity by lime applications to contaminated sandy soil. The treatments consisted of the addition of lime (0.0, 1.5 and 3.0 Mg ha(-1)) and two Cu concentrations (0 and 50 mg kg(-1)) to Typic Hapludalf soil. Young vines 'Niágara Branca' (Vitis labrusca L.) were obtained by micropropagation and cultivated for 70 days. The young vines grown with Cu and without liming presented a disorganized root structure; reduced root cap size; increased diameter (47%), cortex area (128%), vascular cylinder area (93%), and number of cortical layers and cells containing phenolic compounds (132%); and reduced root (41%), stem (44%) and leaf dry mass (21%) and height increase (55%). Moreover, Cu exposure reduced Ca concentrations (13%) and increased Cu concentrations (371%) in the roots. Liming, primarily with the highest tested dose, increased the soil pH (from 4.4 to 5.4-6.1), decreased the Cu concentration in the soil (extracted by CaCl2), increased the calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) uptake by plants, prevented root anatomical changes and benefited young vine growth in soil with higher Cu concentrations.