Social support, temperament and previous prenatal loss interact to predict depression and anxiety during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy is considered a complex period in a woman's life due to the changes that occur at different levels, which increase her vulnerability to developing psychological symptoms. A woman's temperament and perceived social support may play important roles in the development of such symptomatology. The main objective of the present work was to evaluate whether social support is an effective coping resource against the development of symptoms of depression and anxiety, especially among women with certain personality types, while also considering previous prenatal losses. METHODS: The participants were 534 pregnant women in their 26th week of gestation. They completed measures related to social support, temperament (i.e. neuroticism and extraversion) and symptoms of depression and anxiety and informed us of any previous prenatal losses. RESULTS: The association between social support and depression was negative only for women who scored high on neuroticism. Extraversion did not interact with social support to predict depression or anxiety. Additionally, temperament interacted with previous prenatal losses, playing a relevant role in the development of anxiety symptoms. Previous losses had a greater effect on women who scored low in extraversion or high in neuroticism. Finally, a triple interaction between temperament, social support and previous prenatal loss emerged, indicating that previous prenatal loss was related to anxiety in women with low social support and low extraversion. CONCLUSION: Pregnant women, especially those who have suffered a previous prenatal loss and score high in neuroticism or low in extraversion, may benefit from interventions that enhance social support.

Longitudinal associations between dispositional mindfulness and addictive behaviors in adolescents. / Asociaciones longitudinales entre el rasgo de mindfulness y conductas adictivas en adolescentes.

Adolescence is a vulnerable period for the development of addictive behaviors, and substance use (SU) and problematic Internet use (PIU) typically start during this developmental stage. Dispositional Mindfulness (DM) has been proposed as a protective factor for adolescents against numerous psychological problems. Previous studies have suggested that the Observing facet of DM may moderate the other facets' roles. The objective of this study was to longitudinally analyze whether the facets of DM could predict lower levels of PIU and SU among adolescents, and to assess whether the Observing facet moderated the associations between the other facets of DM and addictive behaviors. A total of 836 participants aged 11 to 18 completed measures of PIU, SU, and the five facets of DM. The results indicated that Acting with Awareness predicted lower SU, Describing predicted an increase in both PIU and SU, and Non-judging marginally predicted lower PIU. Furthermore, Observing was beneficial against PIU when combined with high levels of Acting with Awareness, but was not when combined with high levels of Describing. The implications and future directions for the empirical study of DM against addictive behaviors are discussed.

La adolescencia es un período vulnerable para el desarrollo de conductas adictivas. El uso de sustancias (US) y el uso problemático de Internet (UPI) generalmente comienzan durante esta etapa de desarrollo. El mindfulness rasgo (MD) se ha propuesto como un factor protector para los y las adolescentes frente a numerosos problemas psicológicos. Estudios previos sugieren que la faceta Observar de MD puede moderar los roles de las otras facetas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar longitudinalmente si las facetas de MD podían predecir niveles más bajos de UPI y US entre los y las adolescentes, y evaluar si la faceta Observar moderaba las asociaciones entre las otras facetas de MD y las conductas adictivas. Un total de 836 participantes de entre 11 y 18 años completaron medidas de UPI, US y las cinco facetas de MD. Los resultados indicaron que Actuar con conciencia predijo niveles más bajos de US, Describir predijo un aumento tanto de UPI como de US y No juzgar predijo marginalmente niveles más bajos de UPI. Además, la faceta Observar fue beneficiosa frente a UPI cuando se combinó con altos niveles de Actuar con conciencia, pero no fue beneficiosa cuando se combinó con altos niveles de Describir. Se discuten las implicaciones y direcciones futuras para el estudio empírico de MD frente a conductas adictivas.

Asociaciones longitudinales entre el rasgo de mindfulness y conductas adictivas en adolescentes / Longitudinal associations between dispositional mindfulness and addictive behaviors in adolescents

La adolescencia es un período vulnerable para el desarrollo de conductas adictivas. El uso de sustancias (US) y el uso problemático deInternet (UPI) generalmente comienzan durante esta etapa de desarrollo. El mindfulness rasgo (MD) se ha propuesto como un factorprotector para los y las adolescentes frente a numerosos problemaspsicológicos. Estudios previos sugieren que la faceta Observar de MDpuede moderar los roles de las otras facetas. El objetivo del presenteestudio fue analizar longitudinalmente si las facetas de MD podíanpredecir niveles más bajos de UPI y US entre los y las adolescentes, yevaluar si la faceta Observar moderaba las asociaciones entre las otrasfacetas de MD y las conductas adictivas. Un total de 836 participantesde entre 11 y 18 años completaron medidas de UPI, US y las cincofacetas de MD. Los resultados indicaron que Actuar con concienciapredijo niveles más bajos de US, Describir predijo un aumento tantode UPI como de US y No juzgar predijo marginalmente niveles másbajos de UPI. Además, la faceta Observar fue beneficiosa frente a UPIcuando se combinó con altos niveles de Actuar con conciencia, perono fue beneficiosa cuando se combinó con altos niveles de Describir.Se discuten las implicaciones y direcciones futuras para el estudio empírico de MD frente a conductas adictivas. (AU)

Adolescence is a vulnerable period for the development of addictivebehaviors, and substance use (SU) and problematic Internet use(PIU) typically start during this developmental stage. DispositionalMindfulness (DM) has been proposed as a protective factor for adolescents against numerous psychological problems. Previous studieshave suggested that the Observing facet of DM may moderate theother facets’ roles. The objective of this study was to longitudinallyanalyze whether the facets of DM could predict lower levels of PIUand SU among adolescents, and to assess whether the Observing facetmoderated the associations between the other facets of DM and addictive behaviors. A total of 836 participants aged 11 to 18 completedmeasures of PIU, SU, and the five facets of DM. The results indicatedthat Acting with Awareness predicted lower SU, Describing predictedan increase in both PIU and SU, and Non-judging marginally predicted lower PIU. Furthermore, Observing was beneficial against PIUwhen combined with high levels of Acting with Awareness, but wasnot when combined with high levels of Describing. The implicationsand future directions for the empirical study of DM against addictivebehaviors are discussed. (AU)

Atención plena (mindfulness) disposicional, autoconcepto y síntomas psicológicos: asociaciones predictivas bidireccionales en niños y adolescentes / Dispositional mindfulness, self-concept and psychological symptoms: bidirectional predictive associations in children and adolescents

Varios estudios han indicado que la atención plena (mindfulness)disposicional (APD) predice una mejor salud mental en los adolescentes. Elpresente estudio amplía la investigación previa al examinar las asociacioneslongitudinales recíprocas entre las facetas de MD y los problemas psicológicos.Además, se examina el posible papel mediador de las dimensiones deautoconcepto (AC). 832 adolescentes de entre 11 y 18 años completaronmedidas de MD, AC y problemas interiorizados y exteriorizados en dos tiemposde medida separados por seis meses. La APD no predijo cambios en problemaspsicológicos. Sin embargo, los problemas psicológicos predijeron en generalniveles más bajos de APD, algunas facetas de APD predijeron un aumento en lasdimensiones de AC, y AC predijo mayores niveles de APD y menos problemasexteriorizados. Además, actuar con conciencia medió la relación entre losproblemas exteriorizados y dos dimensiones de AC. Los resultados destacan elpapel beneficioso de tener un AC positivo para algunas dimensiones de APD, y viceversa. (AU)

Several studies have indicated that dispositional mindfulness (DM) predictsbetter mental health in adolescents. The current study expands previous researchby examining the reciprocal longitudinal associations between DM facets andpsychological problems. In addition, the potential mediating role of self-concept(SC) dimensions is examined. A sample of 832 adolescents aged between 11 and18 completed measures of DM, SC, and internalizing and externalizing problemsin two waves six months apart. DM did not predict changes in psychologicalproblems. However, in general, psychological problems predicted lower DM,some facets of DM predicted an increase in SC dimensions, and SC predictedhigher scores on DM and fewer externalizing problems. In addition, acting withawareness mediated the relationship between externalizing problems and two SCdimensions. Findings highlight the beneficial role of having a positive SC for some dimensions of DM, and vice versa. (AU)

Effects of a Brief Preventive Intervention in Cyberbullying and Grooming in Adolescents / Los efectos de una intervención preventiva breve en ciberacoso y grooming en adolescentes

The development of brief and inexpensive interventions that reduce risky behaviors in adolescence constitute a challenge for current research. This study addresses the prevention of two online behavior problems in adolescents (cyberbullying and online grooming). Two pilot studies evaluated the effects of a 1-hour intervention, which combined self-affirmation (SA) with the incremental theory of personality (ITP), for cyberbullying and online grooming. Study 1 involved 339 adolescents (51% male, mean age = 14.12 years, SD = 0.70), who were randomly assigned to the SA + ITP intervention or one of two control conditions. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that the SA + ITP intervention reduced the reciprocity between sexual solicitation and sexualized interaction with adults, as well as between cyberbullying victimization and perpetration. Study 2 included 214 adolescents (50.3% male, mean age = 14.06 years, SD = 0.96), who were randomly assigned to the SA + ITP or a control condition. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses indicated that the SA + ITP reduced the reciprocity between sexual solicitation and sexualized interaction with adults, and reduced cyberbullying perpetration. The studies provided preliminary evidence of the benefits of the SA + ITP intervention. (AU)

El desarrollo de intervenciones breves y económicas que reduzcan las conductas de riesgo en la adolescencia constituye un desafío para la investigación actual. Este estudio aborda la prevención de dos problemas de comportamiento online en adolescentes (ciberacoso y grooming en Internet). Dos estudios piloto evaluaron los efectos de una intervención de una hora que combinó autoafirmaciones (AA) con la teoría incremental de la personalidad (TIP) en el ciberacoso y el grooming. En el estudio 1 participaron 339 adolescentes (51% chicos, edad media = 14.12 años, DT = 0.70), que fueron asignados aleatoriamente a la intervención AA + TIP o una de dos condiciones de control. Los análisis de regresión jerárquica indicaron que la intervención AA + TIP redujo la reciprocidad entre la solicitud sexual y la interacción sexualizada con adultos, así como entre la victimización y la perpetración de ciberacoso. El estudio 2 incluyó a 214 adolescentes (50.3% chicos, edad media = 14.06 años, DT = 0.96), que fueron asignados aleatoriamente a AA + TIP o a una condición de control. Los análisis de modelos lineales jerárquicos indicaron que AA + TIP redujo la reciprocidad entre la solicitud sexual y la interacción sexualizada con adultos y redujo la perpetración de ciberacoso. Los estudios aportaron evidencia preliminar de las ventajas de la intervención AA + TIP. (AU)

A spanish adaptation of the mindfulness in parenting questionnaire / Adaptación de la versión española del cuestionario de mindfulness en la crianza

BACKGROUND: The Mindfulness in Parenting Questionnaire (MIPQ) is a self-report instrument to measure how much parents practice mindful parenting. The main aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the MIPQ. METHOD: A total of 271 parents of adolescents completed the MIPQ along with questionnaires about their mindfulness trait, parenting style, and their children's resilience and symptoms of depression. Their adolescent children completed questionnaires about their own depressive symptoms, their perception of their parents' parenting style, and their perceived stress. RESULTS: Factor analyses suggested a two-factor structure corresponding to Being in the Moment with the Child and Mindful Discipline. Moreover, the MIPQ showed good internal consistency and was related to parent's dispositional mindfulness and positive parenting as well as to adolescents' resilience and (negatively) to their depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: The Spanish version of the MIPQ exhibits good psychometric properties and is an easily applicable test for the assessment of mindful parenting

ANTECEDENTES: el Cuestionario Mindfulness in Parenting (MIPQ) es un instrumento de autoinforme para medir la crianza consciente entre las madres y los padres. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del MIPQ. MÉTODO: participaron en el estudio 271 madres y padres de adolescentes que respondieron el MIPQ junto con cuestionarios sobre su rasgo de atención plena, su estilo de crianza y la resiliencia y síntomas de depresión de sus hijos/as. Sus hijos/as adolescentes respondieron cuestionarios sobre sus propios síntomas depresivos, su percepción sobre el estilo de crianza de sus padres y madres y su estrés percibido. RESULTADOS: los análisis factoriales sugirieron una estructura de dos factores correspondientes a Estar en el Momento con el Niño/a y Disciplina Consciente. Además, el MIPQ mostró una buena consistencia interna y se relacionó con el rasgo de atención plena de los padres y madres y la crianza positiva, y con la resiliencia y los síntomas depresivos (negativamente) de los y las adolescentes. CONCLUSIÓN: la versión española del MIPQ presenta buenas propiedades psicométricas y es una prueba fácilmente aplicable para la evaluación de la crianza consciente

A Spanish adaptation of the mindfulness in parenting questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: The Mindfulness in Parenting Questionnaire (MIPQ) is a self-report instrument to measure how much parents practice mindful parenting. The main aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the MIPQ. METHOD: A total of 271 parents of adolescents completed the MIPQ along with questionnaires about their mindfulness trait, parenting style, and their children's resilience and symptoms of depression. Their adolescent children completed questionnaires about their own depressive symptoms, their perception of their parents' parenting style, and their perceived stress. RESULTS: Factor analyses suggested a two-factor structure corresponding to Being in the Moment with the Child and Mindful Discipline. Moreover, the MIPQ showed good internal consistency and was related to parent's dispositional mindfulness and positive parenting as well as to adolescents' resilience and (negatively) to their depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: The Spanish version of the MIPQ exhibits good psychometric properties and is an easily applicable test for the assessment of mindful parenting.

Development of a Short Form of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Adolescents for Children and Adolescents.

The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) assesses several dimensions of mindfulness. The objective of this study was to develop a short version of the FFMQ for children and adolescents. The main sample consisted of 829 participants (51% boys; 10-18 years old). From this initial sample, 789 participants (49% boys) completed the FFMQ at a 6-month follow-up. A second independent sample (N = 418, 50% boys; 12-16 years old) was used to confirm the factor structure. Confirmatory factor analyses with the full version supported a structure composed of 5 correlated factors (1 per facet) plus 2 correlated method factors representing the method effect (positive and negative) of the items. From this model, the FFMQ-A-SF was derived, consisting of 25 items (5 per facet). The measure displayed adequate internal consistency, and invariance was confirmed over time and across different age groups. The analysis of the relationship between mindfulness facets and temperament and psychological problems provided additional evidence for the construct validity of the questionnaire. It is concluded that the FFMQ-A-SF presents acceptable validity and reliability in children and adolescents. However, the positive versus negative wording of the items could affect the responses of younger participants.

The Effect of an Intervention Teaching Adolescents that People can Change on Depressive Symptoms, Cognitive Schemas, and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Hormones.

Interest is increasing in developing universal interventions to prevent depression in adolescents that are brief enough to be scaled up. The aim of this study was to test the effects on depressive symptoms, cognitive schemas, and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Hormones of an intervention focused on teaching an element of an incremental theory of personality, namely, the belief that people can change. We also examined whether grade level moderated the effects of the intervention. A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted with 867 Spanish adolescent participants (51.9% boys, Grades 8-10) randomly assigned to an incremental theory intervention (n = 456) or an educational control intervention (n = 411). The adolescents completed measures of depressive symptoms and negative cognitive schemas at pretest, at 6-month follow-up, and at 12-month follow-up. A subsample of 503 adolescents provided salivary samples for cortisol and DHEA-S testing. In 8th grade, adolescents who received the incremental theory intervention displayed a greater decrease in depressive symptoms and cognitive schemas and a lower increase in DHEA-S. Moreover, in adolescents who received the intervention, the rate of adolescents with high depression scores decreased by almost 18% whereas in the control group, the rate increased by 37%. Surprisingly, the effects of the intervention were in the opposite direction among adolescents in 9th grade. These data indicate that a brief universal intervention could prevent depressive symptoms under some conditions, but developmental characteristics can moderate the effectiveness of this approach.

Mindfulness facets and problematic Internet use: A six-month longitudinal study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to study the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between mindfulness facets and problematic Internet use in adolescents. METHODS: The sample consisted of 609 adolescents (313 girls, 296 boys; Mean age=14.21years, SD=1.71; age range 11-18). Participants completed a measure of five facets of mindfulness (describing, observing, acting with awareness, non-judging and non-reacting) at the beginning of the year, and measures of several components of problematic Internet use (preference for online social interactions, the use of the Internet to regulate mood, deficient self-regulation and negative outcomes) at beginning of the year and six months later. RESULTS: Findings indicated that non-judging is the only dimension of mindfulness that predicts a decrease in preference for online social interactions over face-to-face relationships. Moreover, non-judging indirectly predicted reductions in the rest of the problematic Internet use components. The observing and acting with awareness dimensions of mindfulness directly predicted less deficient self-regulation of Internet use and indirectly predicted less negative outcomes through their impact on deficient self-regulation. Thus, these dimensions seem to act when the maladaptive use of the Internet is consolidated. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that interventions should include approaches to develop those mindfulness facets that protect against the development of problematic Internet use.