Tapping into Tapajos: antibacterial potential of fungal strains isolated from decaying wood in the Brazilian Amazon.

The emergence of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials poses a significant health threat. To address this issue, exploring the fungal diversity in freshwater environments in the Amazon Forest has potential in the search for new antimicrobials. This study aimed to investigate the production of antibacterial metabolites by aquatic fungi from Amazon lakes, specifically Lake Juá and Lake Maicá (Brazil-PA). The fungal isolates were obtained from wood fragments submerged in these lakes, and the ethyl acetate extracts were evaluated for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus (MRSA), ATCC 43300, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and E. coli (ESBL) NCTC 13353. Additionally, toxicity of the extracts (EtOAc with antimicrobial activity) against human fibroblasts MRC-5 was investigated. The study identified 40 fungal strains with antimicrobial screening, and the ethyl acetate extracts of Fluviatispora C34, Helicascus C18, Monodictys C15, and Fusarium solani LM6281 exhibited antibacterial activity. F. solani LM6281 showed the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 µg/mL against S. aureus strains and MIC of 100 µg/mL against E. coli strains including ESBL. The cytotoxicity (IC50) of the extract (EtOAc) of F. solani LM6281 was 34.5 µg/mL. Preliminary studies of the TLC culture and RNM-H from the extract (EtOAc) of F. solani suggested the presence of substances from the class of terpenes, quinones, phenolics, and flavonoids. This study highlights the potential of submerged wood fungi in the Amazon region to produce antibacterial substances, thus identifying them as sources of novel bioactive compounds with potential use in the pharmaceutical industry and regional bioeconomy.

Amazonian soil fungi are efficient degraders of glyphosate herbicide; novel isolates of Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Trichoderma / Os fungos do solo amazônico são degradadores eficientes do herbicida glifosato; novos isolados de Penicillium, Aspergillus e Trichoderma

Abstract Pesticide residues that contaminate the environment circulate within the hydrological cycle can accumulate within the food chain and cause problems to both environmental and human health. Microbes, however, are well known for their metabolic versatility and the ability to degrade chemically stable substances, including recalcitrant xenobiotics. The current study focused on bio-prospecting within Amazonian rainforest soils to find novel strains fungi capable of efficiently degrading the agriculturally and environmentally ubiquitous herbicide, glyphosate. Of 50 fungal strains isolated (using culture media supplemented with glyphosate as the sole carbon-substrate), the majority were Penicillium strains (60%) and the others were Aspergillus and Trichoderma strains (26 and 8%, respectively). All 50 fungal isolates could use glyphosate as a phosphorous source. Eight of these isolates grew better on glyphosate-supplemented media than on regular Czapek Dox medium. LC-MS revealed that glyphosate degradation by Penicillium 4A21 resulted in sarcosine and aminomethylphosphonic acid.

Resumo Resíduos de agrotóxicos que contaminam o meio ambiente circulam no ciclo hidrológico, podendo se acumular na cadeia alimentar e causar problemas tanto à saúde ambiental quanto humana. Por sua vez, microrganismos são bem conhecidos por sua versatilidade metabólica e capacidade de degradar substâncias quimicamente estáveis, incluindo xenobióticos recalcitrantes. O estudo atual se concentrou na bioprospecção nos solos da floresta amazônica para encontrar novas linhagens de fungos capazes de degradar com eficiência o herbicida onipresente na agricultura e no meio ambiente, o glifosato. Entre os 50 fungos isolados (usando meio de cultura suplementado com glifosato como única fonte de carbono), a maioria eram isolados do gênero Penicillium (60%) e os outros eram isolados de Aspergillus e Trichoderma (26 e 8%, respectivamente). Todos os 50 isolados de fungos foram capazes de usar glifosato como fonte de fósforo. Oito desses isolados cresceram melhor em meio suplementado com glifosato do que em meio Czapek Dox regular. LC-MS revelou que a degradação do glifosato por Penicillium 4A21 resultou nos metabólitos sarcosina e ácido aminometilfosfônico.

Amazonian soil fungi are efficient degraders of glyphosate herbicide; novel isolates of Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Trichoderma / Os fungos do solo amazônico são degradadores eficientes do herbicida glifosato; novos isolados de Penicillium, Aspergillus e Trichoderma

Pesticide residues that contaminate the environment circulate within the hydrological cycle can accumulate within the food chain and cause problems to both environmental and human health. Microbes, however, are well known for their metabolic versatility and the ability to degrade chemically stable substances, including recalcitrant xenobiotics. The current study focused on bio-prospecting within Amazonian rainforest soils to find novel strains fungi capable of efficiently degrading the agriculturally and environmentally ubiquitous herbicide, glyphosate. Of 50 fungal strains isolated (using culture media supplemented with glyphosate as the sole carbon-substrate), the majority were Penicillium strains (60%) and the others were Aspergillus and Trichoderma strains (26 and 8%, respectively). All 50 fungal isolates could use glyphosate as a phosphorous source. Eight of these isolates grew better on glyphosate-supplemented media than on regular Czapek Dox medium. LC-MS revealed that glyphosate degradation by Penicillium 4A21 resulted in sarcosine and aminomethylphosphonic acid.(AU)

Resíduos de agrotóxicos que contaminam o meio ambiente circulam no ciclo hidrológico, podendo se acumular na cadeia alimentar e causar problemas tanto à saúde ambiental quanto humana. Por sua vez, microrganismos são bem conhecidos por sua versatilidade metabólica e capacidade de degradar substâncias quimicamente estáveis, incluindo xenobióticos recalcitrantes. O estudo atual se concentrou na bioprospecção nos solos da floresta amazônica para encontrar novas linhagens de fungos capazes de degradar com eficiência o herbicida onipresente na agricultura e no meio ambiente, o glifosato. Entre os 50 fungos isolados (usando meio de cultura suplementado com glifosato como única fonte de carbono), a maioria eram isolados do gênero Penicillium (60%) e os outros eram isolados de Aspergillus e Trichoderma (26 e 8%, respectivamente). Todos os 50 isolados de fungos foram capazes de usar glifosato como fonte de fósforo. Oito desses isolados cresceram melhor em meio suplementado com glifosato do que em meio Czapek Dox regular. LC-MS revelou que a degradação do glifosato por Penicillium 4A21 resultou nos metabólitos sarcosina e ácido aminometilfosfônico.(AU)

Amazonian soil fungi are efficient degraders of glyphosate herbicide; novel isolates of Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Trichoderma / Os fungos do solo amazônico são degradadores eficientes do herbicida glifosato; novos isolados de Penicillium, Aspergillus e Trichoderma

Pesticide residues that contaminate the environment circulate within the hydrological cycle can accumulate within the food chain and cause problems to both environmental and human health. Microbes, however, are well known for their metabolic versatility and the ability to degrade chemically stable substances, including recalcitrant xenobiotics. The current study focused on bio-prospecting within Amazonian rainforest soils to find novel strains fungi capable of efficiently degrading the agriculturally and environmentally ubiquitous herbicide, glyphosate. Of 50 fungal strains isolated (using culture media supplemented with glyphosate as the sole carbon-substrate), the majority were Penicillium strains (60%) and the others were Aspergillus and Trichoderma strains (26 and 8%, respectively). All 50 fungal isolates could use glyphosate as a phosphorous source. Eight of these isolates grew better on glyphosate-supplemented media than on regular Czapek Dox medium. LC-MS revealed that glyphosate degradation by Penicillium 4A21 resulted in sarcosine and aminomethylphosphonic acid.

Resíduos de agrotóxicos que contaminam o meio ambiente circulam no ciclo hidrológico, podendo se acumular na cadeia alimentar e causar problemas tanto à saúde ambiental quanto humana. Por sua vez, microrganismos são bem conhecidos por sua versatilidade metabólica e capacidade de degradar substâncias quimicamente estáveis, incluindo xenobióticos recalcitrantes. O estudo atual se concentrou na bioprospecção nos solos da floresta amazônica para encontrar novas linhagens de fungos capazes de degradar com eficiência o herbicida onipresente na agricultura e no meio ambiente, o glifosato. Entre os 50 fungos isolados (usando meio de cultura suplementado com glifosato como única fonte de carbono), a maioria eram isolados do gênero Penicillium (60%) e os outros eram isolados de Aspergillus e Trichoderma (26 e 8%, respectivamente). Todos os 50 isolados de fungos foram capazes de usar glifosato como fonte de fósforo. Oito desses isolados cresceram melhor em meio suplementado com glifosato do que em meio Czapek Dox regular. LC-MS revelou que a degradação do glifosato por Penicillium 4A21 resultou nos metabólitos sarcosina e ácido aminometilfosfônico.

Amazonian soil fungi are efficient degraders of glyphosate herbicide; novel isolates of Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Trichoderma

Abstract Pesticide residues that contaminate the environment circulate within the hydrological cycle can accumulate within the food chain and cause problems to both environmental and human health. Microbes, however, are well known for their metabolic versatility and the ability to degrade chemically stable substances, including recalcitrant xenobiotics. The current study focused on bio-prospecting within Amazonian rainforest soils to find novel strains fungi capable of efficiently degrading the agriculturally and environmentally ubiquitous herbicide, glyphosate. Of 50 fungal strains isolated (using culture media supplemented with glyphosate as the sole carbon-substrate), the majority were Penicillium strains (60%) and the others were Aspergillus and Trichoderma strains (26 and 8%, respectively). All 50 fungal isolates could use glyphosate as a phosphorous source. Eight of these isolates grew better on glyphosate-supplemented media than on regular Czapek Dox medium. LC-MS revealed that glyphosate degradation by Penicillium 4A21 resulted in sarcosine and aminomethylphosphonic acid.

Resumo Resíduos de agrotóxicos que contaminam o meio ambiente circulam no ciclo hidrológico, podendo se acumular na cadeia alimentar e causar problemas tanto à saúde ambiental quanto humana. Por sua vez, microrganismos são bem conhecidos por sua versatilidade metabólica e capacidade de degradar substâncias quimicamente estáveis, incluindo xenobióticos recalcitrantes. O estudo atual se concentrou na bioprospecção nos solos da floresta amazônica para encontrar novas linhagens de fungos capazes de degradar com eficiência o herbicida onipresente na agricultura e no meio ambiente, o glifosato. Entre os 50 fungos isolados (usando meio de cultura suplementado com glifosato como única fonte de carbono), a maioria eram isolados do gênero Penicillium (60%) e os outros eram isolados de Aspergillus e Trichoderma (26 e 8%, respectivamente). Todos os 50 isolados de fungos foram capazes de usar glifosato como fonte de fósforo. Oito desses isolados cresceram melhor em meio suplementado com glifosato do que em meio Czapek Dox regular. LC-MS revelou que a degradação do glifosato por Penicillium 4A21 resultou nos metabólitos sarcosina e ácido aminometilfosfônico.

RHCE variant alleles and risk of alloimmunization in Brazilians.

Variant RHCE alleles are found mainly in Afro-descendant individuals, as well as in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). The most common variants are related to the RHCE*ce allele, which can generate partial e and c antigens. Although RHCE variant alleles have been extensively studied, defining their clinical significance is a difficult task. We evaluated the risk of RhCE alloimmunization as a consequence of partial antigens in patients with a positive phenotype transfused with red blood cell (RBC) units with the corresponding antigen. A retrospective study was performed with Brazilian patients, evaluating the number of antigen-positive transfused RBC units (incompatible due to partial antigen) in 27 patients with SCD carrying RHCE variant alleles who did not develop antibodies as well as evaluating the variants present in 12 patients with partial phenotype and correlated antibody (one patient with SCD and 11 patients with other pathologies). Two patients showed variant alleles with molecular changes that had not yet been described. Variant RHCE alleles were identified in a previous study using molecular methods. RHCE*ceVS.01 was the most frequent allele found among the patients without antibodies. Six patients with partial c antigen had a mean of 3.8 c+ RBC units transfused, and 10 patients with partial e antigen were exposed for a mean of 7.2 e+ RBC units. Among the variant alleles found in alloimmunized patients, the most frequent was RHCE*ceAR, which was found in five patients; the antibodies developed were anti-hrS and/or anti-c. Our results showed that RHCE*ceVS.01 is indeed the most frequent variant allele in our cohort of patients with SCD, but the partial antigens that were identified have low risk of alloimmunization. RHCE*ceAR is the most impactful variant in the Brazilian population with high risk of alloimmunization and clinically significant anti-hrS formation.

High genetic diversity of hepatitis E virus in swine in São Paulo State, Brazil / Diversidade genética do vírus da hepatite E em suínos no estado de São Paulo, Brasil

A hepatite E é uma zoonose emergente que afeta diversas espécies de mamíferos, inclusive o ser humano. É ocasionada por um vírus da espécie Orthohepevirus A que possui diversos genótipos e subgenótipos. No Brasil é descrito o genótipo HEV-3, cujo principal reservatório é o porco doméstico. Testes moleculares e sorológicos demonstram o HEV-3 em diferentes estados, tanto em animais quanto em humanos. No estado de São Paulo, existem diversos estudos sobre a epidemiologia da hepatite E em humanos, mas faltam informações sobre o HEV-3 em suínos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a ocorrência de HEV por meio da técnica de RT-PCR e posterior sequenciamento em um banco de amostras de fezes de suínos colhidas entre 2008 e 2009, na região metropolitana de Campinas. Das 89 amostras analisadas, foi possível detectar o HEV-3 em sete e, pela reconstrução filogenética, foram encontrados os subgenótipos HEV-3b, HEV-3h, e HEV-3j. Uma amostra disponível no GenBank, proveniente de São Paulo, que ainda não havia sido subgenotipada, foi agrupada ao HEV-3i. Os subgenótipos HEV-3j e HEV-3i ainda não tinham sido relatados no país. O estudo demonstra uma grande diversidade genética do HEV no estado de São Paulo e reforça o caráter zoonótico da HEV-3.(AU)

Amazonian soil fungi are efficient degraders of glyphosate herbicide; novel isolates of Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Trichoderma.

Pesticide residues that contaminate the environment circulate within the hydrological cycle can accumulate within the food chain and cause problems to both environmental and human health. Microbes, however, are well known for their metabolic versatility and the ability to degrade chemically stable substances, including recalcitrant xenobiotics. The current study focused on bio-prospecting within Amazonian rainforest soils to find novel strains fungi capable of efficiently degrading the agriculturally and environmentally ubiquitous herbicide, glyphosate. Of 50 fungal strains isolated (using culture media supplemented with glyphosate as the sole carbon-substrate), the majority were Penicillium strains (60%) and the others were Aspergillus and Trichoderma strains (26 and 8%, respectively). All 50 fungal isolates could use glyphosate as a phosphorous source. Eight of these isolates grew better on glyphosate-supplemented media than on regular Czapek Dox medium. LC-MS revealed that glyphosate degradation by Penicillium 4A21 resulted in sarcosine and aminomethylphosphonic acid.

Rendimiento académico de estudiantes universitarios en asignaturas de las ciencias morfológicas: uso de aprendizajes activos basados en problemas (ABP) / Academic performance in university students in morphological science courses: use of active problem-based learning (PBL)

RESUMEN: La educación universitaria busca desarrollar competencias profesionales y capacidades para el aprendizaje autónomo. Las metodologías de aprendizajes activos, centrado en los alumnos, como el aprendizaje basado en problemas (ABP), podría ser de gran utilidad en mejorar el rendimiento académico en asignaturas de las Ciencias Básicas en estudiantes de carreras de salud y medicina. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el impacto del uso de la metodología activa de aprendizaje basado en problemas, sobre el rendimiento académico de estudiantes universitarios que cursan asignaturas morfo-biológicas en las carreras de Kinesiología y de Obstetricia. De un universo de 500 alumnos que ingresaron a los primeros años de carreras de la salud de la Universidad de Tarapacá (año lectivo 2018), se seleccionaron 100 estudiantes (mayores de 18 años), separando como grupo control o no intervenido (n=50) a estudiantes de Obstetricia y grupo intervenido, con aplicación de ABP (n=50), estudiantes de la carrera de Kinesiología. El estudio tuvo una duración de 24 semanas lectivas. Los resultados muestran que el grupo intervenido mejoró significativamente el rendimiento académico, con un 98% de aprobación y una evaluación final de 5,9. El grupo control alcanzó un 84 % de aprobación y evaluación final de 4,8. Se concluye que el uso de metodología activa de ABP, mejora significativamente el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de ciencias de la salud que cursan asignaturas morfo-biológicas y que las actividades con participación directa a través de cuestionarios y exposiciones científicas grupales e individuales permiten que el estudiante sea su propio agente de cambio en los procesos de evaluación formativa. Se sugiere implementar este tipo de metodologías activas en los cursos regulares considerando además, los factores psicológicos del aprendizaje.

SUMMARY: University education seeks to develop professional skills and capacities for autonomous learning. Active learning methodologies, centered on students, such as problem- based learning (PBL), could be very useful in improving academic performance in Basic Sciences courses in health and medical students. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of the use of the active problem-based learning methodology on the academic performance of university students who take morpho-biological courses in the Kinesiology and Obstetrics degree programs. From a total of 500 students who entered the first years of health degrees at the University of Tarapacá (academic year 2018), 100 students (over 18 years of age) were selected, separating as a control or non-intervened group (n = 50) to Obstetrics students and intervened group, with application of ABP (n = 50), students of the Kinesiology degree program. The study lasted 24 school weeks. The results show that the intervened group significantly improved academic performance, with 98 % approval and a final evaluation of 5.9. The control group achieved 84 % approval and a final evaluation of 4.8. It is concluded that the use of the active PBL methodology significantly improves the academic performance of health sciences students who take morpho-biological subjects and that activities with direct participation through questionnaires and group and individual scientific presentations, allow the student be their own agent of change in the educational assessment processes. It is suggested to implement this type of active methodologies in regular courses, also considering the psychological factors of learning.

Synthesis, chemical and biochemical characterization of Lu2O3-iPSMA nanoparticles activated by neutron irradiation.

Among the nanomaterials, rare sesquioxides (lanthanide oxides such as Lu2O3) are of interest due to their adequate thermal conductivity, excellent chemical stability, and high light output. The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an integral multifunctional protein overexpressed in various types of cancer cells. The radiolabeled PSMA inhibitor peptides (iPSMA) have demonstrated their usefulness as specific probes in the treatment and detection of a wide variety of neoplasms, mainly due to their high in vivo recognition by the PSMA protein. The objective of this research was to synthesize Lu2O3-iPSMA nanoparticles (NPs) and characterize their physicochemical properties before and after neutron activation, as well as to assess their biodistribution profile and in vitro potential to target cells overexpressing PSMA. The Lu2O3 NPs were synthesized by the precipitation-calcination method and conjugated to the iPSMA peptide using DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazocyclodecane-N,N',N″,N‴-tetraacetic acid) as a linking agent. Results of the physicochemical characterization by FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopies, SEM, TEM, DLS, HRTEM, SAED, DSC-TGA, and X-ray diffraction indicated the formation of Lu2O3-iPSMA NPs (diameter of 29.98 ± 9.07 nm), which were not affected in their physicochemical properties after neutron activation. 177Lu2O3-iPSMA NPs showed high affinity (Kd = 5.7 ± 1.9 nM) for the PSMA protein, evaluated by the saturation assay on HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells (PSMA-positive). The biodistribution profile of the nanosystem in healthy mice showed the main uptake in the liver. After irradiation, radioactive Lu2O3-iPSMA NPs exhibited radioluminescent properties, making the in vivo acquisition of their biodistribution, via optical imaging, possible. The results obtained from this research validate the execution of additional preclinical studies with the objective of evaluating the potential of the 177Lu2O3-iPSMA NPs for the targeted radiotherapy and in vivo imaging of tumors overexpressing the PSMA protein.

Seroepidemiological evidence for Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in three Venezuelan rural communities.

Taenia solium is the most common parasite infection of the brain, causing neurocysticercosis and typically found in rural communities with free-ranging pigs. Identification of transmission in rural areas is essential for its control. Risk factors and transmission of the parasite were evaluated in three rural Venezuelan communities (Valle del Rio and Potrero Largo, Cojedes state; and Palmarito, Portuguesa state) by a questionnaire (112 households) and coprological (492 samples) and serological (433 human and 230 porcine sera) analysis, respectively. Typical risk factors were found in all three communities: free-foraging pig husbandry, deficient sanitary conditions, high open defecation and ignorance of the parasite life cycle. Coprological examinations revealed a high level of soil-transmitted parasites. Importantly, two T. solium adult worm carriers were identified in each of the three communities. Anti-metacestode antibodies and the HP10 secreted metacestode glycoprotein were detected at significant levels in human and porcine sera in Valle del Rio, Potrero Largo and Palmarito. In conclusion, these communities may be considered to be endemic for taeniasis/cysticercosis, and the instigation of an appropriate control programme is recommended.

Occurrence of anti-Leptospira antibodies in dogs in the southwestern region of the state of São Paulo / Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Leptospira em cães na região sudeste do estado de São Paulo

Introduction: Leptospirosis is an emerging disease with different prevalence in dog populations. Dogs are crucial in the disease epidemiology, acting as accidental or maintenance hosts. Infective serovars present different geographic distribution among these populations, depending on exposure to hosts from infected wild or domestic animal reservoirs. The most common serovars that infect dogs – prior to the introduction of the vaccines against leptospirosis – were Icterohaemorrhagiae and Canicola. Objective: To analyze the occurrence of anti-leptospira antibodies in dogs from southwestern region of the state of São Paulo, using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT).

Occurrence of anti-Leptospira antibodies in dogs in the southwestern region of the state of São Paulo / Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Leptospira em cães na região sudeste do estado de São Paulo

Introduction: Leptospirosis is an emerging disease with different prevalence in dog populations. Dogs are crucial in the disease epidemiology, acting as accidental or maintenance hosts. Infective serovars present different geographic distribution among these populations, depending on exposure to hosts from infected wild or domestic animal reservoirs. The most common serovars that infect dogs prior to the introduction of the vaccines against leptospirosis were Icterohaemorrhagiae and Canicola. Objective: To analyze the occurrence of anti-leptospira antibodies in dogs from southwestern region of the state of São Paulo, using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT).(AU)

Consumo de bebidas energizantes en estudiantes universitarios / Consumption of energy drinks in university students

Las bebidas energizantes son productos que se consumen para reducir la sensación de cansancio y favorecer un estado activo, contienen principalmente cafeína, glucosa, glucoronolactona, taurina, guaraná vitaminas B1 (tiamina), vitamina B2 (riboflavina), vitamina B3 (niacina), vitamina B6 (piridoxina). El Objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la frecuencia del consumo de las bebidas energizantes en los estudiantes de la Universidad Mayor Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca y describir los posibles efectos adversos. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, transversal, cuantitativo realizado en 367 estudiantes universitarios de las áreas de Salud, Económicas - Financieras, Sociales Humanidades, Tecnológicas y Agrarias. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó la encuesta. Entre los resultados se obtuvo que, del total de estudiantes encuestados, 69,21% si han consumido las bebidas energizantes, con una frecuencia de consumo de 2 a 3 veces por mes (39%), principalmente durante los parciales (18.80%) y después de realizar algún deporte (16.89%). Entre las marcas más consumidas de estas bebidas son red bull (30,25%) y power (14,99%).

Energy drinks are products that are consumed to reduce the feeling of tiredness and promote an active state, mainly contain caffeine, glucose, glucoronolactone, taurine, guarana B1 vitamins (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine). The objective of this research was to determine the frequency of the consumption of energy drinks in the students of the Universidad Mayor Real and Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca and describe the possible adverse effects. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative study conducted on 367 university students in the areas of health, economic - financial, social - humanities, technological and agricultural. The survey was applied to data collection. Among the results it was obtained that, of the total number of students surveyed, 69.21% if they have consumed the energy drinks, with a frequency of consumption of 2 to 3 times per month (39%), mainly during the partial ones (18.80%) and after performing some sport (16.89%). Among the most consumed brands of these drinks are red bull (30.25%) and power (14.99%).

Respiratory signs, fever and lymphopenia in calves inoculated with Brazilian HoBi-like pestiviruses.

Hobi-like viruses (HobiPeV) comprise a novel, recently classified species of bovine pestiviruses, originally identified in commercial fetal bovine serum of Brazilian origin and, subsequently, isolated from diseased animals in several countries. Although frequently isolated from clinical cases, most HobiPeV isolates failed to reproduce overt disease in cattle upon experimental inoculation. Herein, we describe the outcome of experimental infection of four to six months-old seronegative calves with two Brazilian HobiPeV isolates. Calves inoculated intranasally with isolate SV478/07 developed viremia between days 2 and 9 post-inoculation (pi) and shed virus in nasal secretions up to day 11pi. These animals presented hyperthermia (day 7 to 10-11 pi) and lymphopenia from days 4 to 8pi. Clinically, all four calves developed varied degrees of apathy, anorexia, mild to moderate respiratory signs (nasal secretion, hyperemia), ocular discharge and pasty diarrhea in the days following virus inoculation. In contrast, calves inoculated with isolate SV757/15 presented only hyperthermia (days 3 to 10-11 pi) and lymphopenia (days 4-8 pi), without other apparent clinical signs. In these animals, viremia was detected up to day 9 pi and virus shedding in nasal secretions lasted up to day 12-14 pi. Both groups seroconverted to the inoculated viruses, developing virus neutralizing (VN) titers from 320 to 5120 at day 28pi. These results extend previous findings that experimental infections of calves with HobiPeV are predominantly mild, yet they also indicate that field isolates may differ in their ability to cause disease in susceptible animals.

Performance of microbiological, serological, molecular, and modified seminal plasma methods in the diagnosis of Brucella abortus in semen and serum of bovine bulls.

Brucellosis remains as a major infectious disease of domestic animals and is considered a re-emerging zoonosis in several countries. B. abortus infections in bulls are related to reproductive tract infections, although infected animals show transient serological titers or nonreactor status. Thus, diagnosis of bovine brucellosis based exclusively on serological tests probably underestimates B. abortus infections in bulls. In this scenario, three hundred thirty-five serum samples from reproductively mature bovine bulls were subjected simultaneously to standard serodiagnosis using the rose Bengal test (RBT), 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), complement fixation (CFT), and fluorescence polarization assay (FPA). Furthermore, conventional semen plasma agglutination (SPA) and modified 2-ME, FC and, FPA were carried out in all bulls replaing serum by seminal plasma. Semen from all bulls was also analyzed for sperm viability, microbiological culture in Farrell media, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Only eight (2.38%) semen samples were considered improper for reproduction services (necrospermia and azoospermia), although none of these animals was positive in any of the diagnosis methods used. Five bulls (1.49%) were simultaneously positive in conventional RBT, 2-ME, SPA, modified 2-ME, microbiological culture in Farrell media, and in PCR for B. abortus strain 19. Two (1.67%) bulls were positive in PCR for B. abortus field strains and negative in all other tests, although semen was considered viable to reproduction service. The identification of B. abortus B19 strain in serum and semen of bulls occurred probably due to improper vaccination of males or infection by B19 strain shedding by vaccinated females that could to contaminated environment of farms. In addition, detection of B. abortus field strains only using PCR in bulls without sperm viability abnormalities indicate the need for including molecular methods to improve diagnosis of the disease in bovine bulls.

Serum testosterone, sperm quality, cytological, physicochemical and biochemical characteristics of the prostatic fraction of dogs with prostatomegaly.

Prostatomegaly is a common finding in older non-neutered dogs. This study compared the serum testosterone, sperm quality and characteristics of the prostatic fraction between healthy dogs and dogs with prostatomegaly. Blood samples of ten dogs (five dogs from each group) were taken for serum testosterone measurement. Sperm motility, vigour, concentration, viability, membrane functionality and morphology were analysed in sperm-rich fraction. Osmolality, pH, cell types, and albumin, haemoglobin, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and chloride were analysed in prostatic fraction. Dogs with prostatomegaly have the lowest sperm motility, vigour, concentration and functional membrane. Dogs with prostatomegaly have the highest glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol. Glucose was the only constituent positively correlated with serum testosterone and prostate volume. It can be concluded that dogs with prostatomegaly have poorer sperm quality, and glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol in prostatic fraction can be used as prostatomegaly biomarkers.

Different associations of cryoprotectants for testicular tissue of prepubertal cats submitted to vitrification.

The cryopreservation of testicular tissue is presented as the only alternative for the preservation of genetic material from prepubertal animals. However, this biotechnology is still being tested. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different associations of cryoprotectants and the potential of cell proliferation after vitrification of testicular tissue of prepubertal cats. Five testicular pairs from five prepubertal cats were used, and each pair was divided into four fragments. Of these, one fragment composed of the control group (CG) and the rest were distributed in experimental groups according to the associations of cryoprotectants to be tested (dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)/glycerol (GLY); ethylene glycol (EG)/GLY) or DMSO/EG) in a final cryoprotectant concentration of 5.6 m. The fragments were submitted to vitrification, and after one week, fragments were heated and processed for histomorphological evaluation and quantification of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs). DMSO/GLY did not differ from CG and was superior to the other vitrified groups, as to cell separation and degree of shrinkage of the basal membrane. Concerning cell differentiation, visibility of the nucleus and nuclear condensation, all the vitrified groups were inferior to CG; however, DMSO/EG was inferior to DMSO/GLY and EG/GLY, which did not differ among themselves. CG was superior to all groups in quantification of NORs. DMSO/EG was inferior to all others, and there was no difference between DMSO/GLY and EG/GLY. The association DMSO/GLY presented the best preservation of tissue integrity and potential of cell proliferation after vitrification of the testicular tissue of prepubertal cats.

Recovery of sperm after epididymal refrigeration from domestic cats using ACP-117c and Tris extenders / Recuperação de espermatozoides após refrigeração do epidídimo de gatos domésticos utilizando os diluidores ACP-117c e Tris

We aimed to compare fresh sperm and sperm cooled to 4ºC that had been recovered from the epididymides of cats using powdered coconut water (ACP-117c) and Tris extenders. Sixty epididymides were divided into 6 groups: 10 fresh epididymides were recovered using Tris (T0h); 10 were kept at 4°C/2h and recovered using Tris (T2h); 10 were kept at 4°C/4h and recovered using Tris (T4h); 10 fresh were recovered using ACP-117c (A0h); 10 were kept at 4°C/2h and recovered using ACP-117c (A2h), and 10 were kept at 4°C/4h and recovered using ACP-117c (A4h). The testis-epididymis complexes (TEC) control were not cooled. The others were cooled at 4°C for 2 or 4h. The epididymis was separated and the sperm was recovered by the modified flotation method. Sperm kinetic parameters were evaluated by a computer-system analysis, and vigor, viability, concentration, membrane function and morphology of the sperm were assessed under a light microscope. The progressive motility with ACP-117c declined after 2h of cooling, but did not differ between fresh and 4h. The vigor and membrane function were higher in A4h than A0h. The vigor at T2h and T4h were decreased compared to T0h. T0h was higher than A0h for vigor and sperm membrane function. However, after 4h of cooling, ACP-117c maintained a higher percentage of living cells. Feline epididymal sperm quality can be maintained to the degree necessary for artificial breeding programs following cooling and ACP-117c may be successfully used to recover cat sperm that have been cooled for up to 4h.(AU)

Objetivou-se comparar a qualidade de espermatozoides recuperados a fresco e após refrigeração a 4ºC do epidídimo de gatos domésticos utilizando-se os diluidores ACP-117c e Tris. Sessenta epidídimos foram distribuídos em seis grupos: 10 epidídimos a fresco com o Tris (T0h), 10 a 4°C/2h e recuperados com Tris (T2h), 10 a 4°C/4h e recuperados com Tris (T4h), 10 epidídimos a fresco com o ACP-117c (A0h), 10 a 4 °C/2h e recuperados com ACP-117c (A2h), 10 a 4°C/4h e recuperados com ACP-117c (A4h). Os complexos testículo-epidídimo (CTE) do controle não foram refrigerados. Os outros foram refrigerados a 4°C durante duas e quatro horas. Os epidídimos foram separados das demais estruturas, e os espermatozoides recuperados pela técnica de flutuação modificada. Os parâmetros cinéticos foram avaliados em um sistema computadorizado, e o vigor, a viabilidade, a concentração, a funcionalidade de membrana e a morfologia celular foram avaliados em microscopia de luz. A motilidade progressiva com ACP-117c declinou após duas horas de refrigeração, mas não diferiu entre a recuperação a fresco e após refrigeração por quatro horas. Vigor e integridade funcional da membrana celular foram significativamente superiores no grupo A4h em comparação ao A0h. O vigor espermático em T2h e T4h reduziu significativamente em comparação com T0h. T0h foi significativamente superior ao A0h quanto aos parâmetros de vigor e integridade funcional da membrana espermática, entretanto, após quatro horas de refrigeração, o ACP-117c apresentou um maior percentual de células vivas. Os espermatozoides epididimários de felinos domésticos conseguem manter a qualidade necessária para serem utilizados em programas de reprodução artificial após serem refrigerados e recuperados por meio da técnica de flutuação modificada, e o diluidor ACP-117c pode ser utilizado com sucesso para recuperação de células espermáticas refrigeradas de gatos por até quatro horas.(AU)

Recovery of sperm after epididymal refrigeration from domestic cats using ACP-117c and Tris extenders / Recuperação de espermatozoides após refrigeração do epidídimo de gatos domésticos utilizando os diluidores ACP-117c e Tris

We aimed to compare fresh sperm and sperm cooled to 4ºC that had been recovered from the epididymides of cats using powdered coconut water (ACP-117c) and Tris extenders. Sixty epididymides were divided into 6 groups: 10 fresh epididymides were recovered using Tris (T0h); 10 were kept at 4°C/2h and recovered using Tris (T2h); 10 were kept at 4°C/4h and recovered using Tris (T4h); 10 fresh were recovered using ACP-117c (A0h); 10 were kept at 4°C/2h and recovered using ACP-117c (A2h), and 10 were kept at 4°C/4h and recovered using ACP-117c (A4h). The testis-epididymis complexes (TEC) control were not cooled. The others were cooled at 4°C for 2 or 4h. The epididymis was separated and the sperm was recovered by the modified flotation method. Sperm kinetic parameters were evaluated by a computer-system analysis, and vigor, viability, concentration, membrane function and morphology of the sperm were assessed under a light microscope. The progressive motility with ACP-117c declined after 2h of cooling, but did not differ between fresh and 4h. The vigor and membrane function were higher in A4h than A0h. The vigor at T2h and T4h were decreased compared to T0h. T0h was higher than A0h for vigor and sperm membrane function. However, after 4h of cooling, ACP-117c maintained a higher percentage of living cells. Feline epididymal sperm quality can be maintained to the degree necessary for artificial breeding programs following cooling and ACP-117c may be successfully used to recover cat sperm that have been cooled for up to 4h.(AU)

Objetivou-se comparar a qualidade de espermatozoides recuperados a fresco e após refrigeração a 4ºC do epidídimo de gatos domésticos utilizando-se os diluidores ACP-117c e Tris. Sessenta epidídimos foram distribuídos em seis grupos: 10 epidídimos a fresco com o Tris (T0h), 10 a 4°C/2h e recuperados com Tris (T2h), 10 a 4°C/4h e recuperados com Tris (T4h), 10 epidídimos a fresco com o ACP-117c (A0h), 10 a 4 °C/2h e recuperados com ACP-117c (A2h), 10 a 4°C/4h e recuperados com ACP-117c (A4h). Os complexos testículo-epidídimo (CTE) do controle não foram refrigerados. Os outros foram refrigerados a 4°C durante duas e quatro horas. Os epidídimos foram separados das demais estruturas, e os espermatozoides recuperados pela técnica de flutuação modificada. Os parâmetros cinéticos foram avaliados em um sistema computadorizado, e o vigor, a viabilidade, a concentração, a funcionalidade de membrana e a morfologia celular foram avaliados em microscopia de luz. A motilidade progressiva com ACP-117c declinou após duas horas de refrigeração, mas não diferiu entre a recuperação a fresco e após refrigeração por quatro horas. Vigor e integridade funcional da membrana celular foram significativamente superiores no grupo A4h em comparação ao A0h. O vigor espermático em T2h e T4h reduziu significativamente em comparação com T0h. T0h foi significativamente superior ao A0h quanto aos parâmetros de vigor e integridade funcional da membrana espermática, entretanto, após quatro horas de refrigeração, o ACP-117c apresentou um maior percentual de células vivas. Os espermatozoides epididimários de felinos domésticos conseguem manter a qualidade necessária para serem utilizados em programas de reprodução artificial após serem refrigerados e recuperados por meio da técnica de flutuação modificada, e o diluidor ACP-117c pode ser utilizado com sucesso para recuperação de células espermáticas refrigeradas de gatos por até quatro horas.(AU)