Effect of a Field-Source Mixture of Citrus Viroids on the Performance of 'Nules' Clementine and 'Navelina' Sweet Orange Trees Grafted on Carrizo Citrange.

A field-source mixture of citrus viroids was characterized and shown to contain Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd), and Citrus dwarfing viroid (CDVd). Sequencing results showed that: (i) CEVd contained the PL and PR characteristic of class A variants; (ii) HSVd was a noncachexia variant; (iii) CBLVd was related to CVd-Ia variants; (iv) CDVd was a mixture of two types (CVd-IIIa and CVd-IIIb) of variants. The presence of the same type of variants in inoculated clementine (Citrus clementina 'Nules') and sweet orange (C. sinensis 'Navelina') trees on Carrizo citrange (Poncirus trifoliata × C. sinensis) rootstocks was confirmed. The effect of infection was determined by assessing the performance of infected and noninfected trees growing in the field. Infection resulted in small trees with reduced canopy, yielding a reduced crop. Fruit characteristics were also affected: (i) clementine and sweet orange fruits from infected trees were larger than those from noninfected trees; (ii) clementine fruits from infected trees differed in shape from those of noninfected trees; (iii) sweet orange fruits from infected trees had maturity indexes and juice contents higher than those from noninfected trees; (iv) in both species, the density of the juice, the amount of soluble solids, and the acidity of the fruits from infected trees were lower than those of fruits from noninfected trees. Infected trees had a poorly developed root system with fibrous roots containing fewer amyloplasts than noninfected trees. The results of an in vitro assay on the induction and development of roots in cultured explants are discussed.

[Evaluation of the quality of care at a nursing station in a health center]. / Evaluación de la calidad de la consulta de enfermería en un centro de salud.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the procedures in the care of patients who attend the nursing station (NS), identify possible faults and evaluate the effect of these procedures on the patients. DESIGN: Descriptive and retrospective study concerning the quality of the NS. SITE. Primary Care. At the Molino de la Vega Health Centre, Huelva. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: The 602 people who attended the NS: patients with Hypertension, Diabetic, Obesity and osteoarticular problems. MAIN MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: 54.4% of the procedures show a high level of control: in the case of Hypertension, the percentage reaches 62.7% (C.I. 95%: 57.8-68%). 87.3% of diabetics treated with insulin managed to give themselves their injections. 45.4% of patients suffered more than one chronic illness. The analytical tests envisaged were carried out on 62% of those with light Hypertension and on 41.4% of those with severe Hypertension. 71.3% of patients with light Hypertension had a high rate of attendance at the station, which was correct in 93.8% of the severe cases. All categories of patients with diabetes attended with excessive frequency. CONCLUSIONS: The high level of control attained clearly shows the NS's usefulness. The high percentage of self-injection achieved means that the majority of our diabetics who are treated with insulin are responsible for their own health. A fair number of patients present varied pathologies. Over-use of the NS by the large proportion of those patients with light Hypertension and diabetes implies inadequate care for other groups of patients, for example those suffering severe Hypertension.