Incorporation of microencapsulated polyphenols from jabuticaba peel (Plinia spp.) into a dairy drink: stability, in vitro bioaccessibility, and glycemic response.

This work incorporated bioactives extracted from jabuticaba peel in the form of concentrated extract (JBE) and microencapsulated powders with maltodextrin (MDP) and gum arabic (GAP) in a dairy drink, evaluating its stability, in vitro bioaccessibility, and glycemic response. We evaluated the pH, acidity, colorimetry, total phenolics and anthocyanins, antioxidant capacity, degradation kinetics and half-life of anthocyanins, bioaccessibility, and postprandial glycemic physicochemical characteristics response in healthy individuals. The drinks incorporated with polyphenols (JBE, GAP, and MDP) and the control dairy drink (CDD) maintained stable pH and acidity over 28 days. In color, the parameter a*, the most relevant to the study, was reduced for all formulations due to degradation of anthocyanins. Phenolic and antioxidant content remained constant. In bioaccessibility, we found that after the gastrointestinal simulation, there was a decrease in phenolics and anthocyanins in all formulations. In the glycemic response, we observed that the smallest incremental areas of glucose were obtained for GAP and JBE compared to CDD, demonstrating that polyphenols reduced glucose absorption. Then, the bioactives from jabuticaba peel, incorporated into a dairy drink, showed good storage stability and improved the product's functional aspects.

Functional effects of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) and kefir on systemic inflammation, antioxidant activity, and intestinal microbiome in rats with induced colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers with high morbidity and mortality. The modulation of intestinal health through the administration of pro- and prebiotics may be a viable alternative to reduce the risk of CRC. This study aimed to evaluate the functional effects of yacon and kefir, isolated or associated, in rats with colorectal cancer. Adult Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 8): HC (healthy control AIN-93M diet), CC (CCR + AIN-93M diet), Y (CCR + AIN-93 M + yacon diet), K (CCR + AIN-93-M + kefir diet) and YK (CCR + AIN-93 M + yacon + kefir diet). Colorectal carcinogenesis was induced in groups CC, Y, K, and YK with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (55 mg kg-1, subcutaneously) for 5 weeks. From the 6th week onwards, the experimental groups were fed the respective diets. In the 15th week, urine was collected for analysis of intestinal permeability and then the animals were euthanized. Yacon increased acetate levels, reduced pH and carcinogenic neoplastic lesions, and increased the abundance of bacteria related to the fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates, such as the genera Dorea, Collinsela, and Bifidobacteria. On the other hand, kefir increased macroscopic neoplastic lesions and increased the abundance of Firmicutes and Clostridium. The association of yacon + kefir increased the number of carcinogenic lesions, despite a reduction in pH and beneficial bacteria prevalence. Thus, it is concluded that yacon, unlikely kefir, is a promising alternative to mitigate the manifestations of induced carcinogenesis in rats.

Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) Flour Reduces Inflammation and Had No Effects on Oxidative Stress and Endotoxemia in Wistar Rats with Induced Colorectal Carcinogenesis.

Colorectal cancer has a high worldwide incidence. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of yacon flour (YF) on oxidative stress, inflammation, and endotoxemia in rats with induced colorectal cancer (CRC). The Wistar male rats were divided and kept for 8 weeks in four groups: S (basal diet, n = 10), Y (YF flour + basal diet, n = 10), C (CRC-induced control + basal diet, n = 12), CY (CRC-induced animals + YF, n = 12). CRC was induced by intraperitoneal injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (25 mg/kg body weight). Groups Y and CY received 7.5% of the prebiotic FOS from YF. The treatment with YF increased fecal secretory immunoglobulin A levels and decreased lipopolysaccharides, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-12. However, no effect was observed on the oxidative stress by the total antioxidant capacity of plasma, anion superoxide, and nitric oxide analysis of the animals (p < 0.05). The short-chain fatty acids acetate, propionate, and butyrate showed interactions with NF-κB, TLR4, iNOS, and NADPH oxidase by in silico analysis and had a correlation (by the Person analysis) with CRC markers. The yacon flour treatment reduced the inflammation in rats with induced CRC, and could be a promising food to reduce the damages caused by colorectal cancer.

Green Coffee Extract Microencapsulated: Physicochemical Characteristics, Stability, Bioaccessibility, and Sensory Acceptability through Dairy Beverage Consumption.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of spray drying (SD) and freeze-drying (FD) on the microencapsulation of green coffee extracts by using polydextrose (PD) and inulin (IN) as encapsulating agents and their physicochemical, bioactive compounds' stability, phenolic compounds' bioaccessibility after digestion, and sensory effects in unfermented dairy beverages. The extract encapsulated with IN by FD had lower moisture content, water activity, and hygroscopicity, while particles encapsulated by SD exhibited a spherical shape and the structure of the FD products was irregular. No difference was observed in phenolic compounds' bioaccessibility. Dairy beverages with added encapsulated extracts had higher total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Microencapsulation allowed a controlled release of the bioactive compounds with an increase in the content of caffeine, chlorogenic acid, and trigonelline during storage. The dairy beverage with added extract encapsulated with IN by FD had the highest scores of acceptability regarding the overall impression and purchase intent.

Brown and golden flaxseed reduce intestinal permeability and endotoxemia, and improve the lipid profile in perimenopausal overweight women.

The effect of brown and golden flaxseeds on lipid profile, oxidative stress, intestinal permeability, endotoxemia, and fasting glycaemia of perimenopausal overweight women was investigated in this clinical trial. Thirty participants were divided into control (CG), brown flaxseed (BF), and golden flaxseed (GF) groups. BF and GF received 40 g of brown and golden flaxseed for 12 weeks. Venous blood samples were collected at the beginning and at the end. Intestinal permeability analysis was performed by urinary excretion of lactulose and mannitol. There was significant reduction in intestinal permeability in flaxseed groups, with delta of lactulose/mannitol ratio smaller (p ≤ 0.05). LPS levels were reduced in the flaxseed groups, whereas low-density lipoproteins (LDL) was decreased in the GF group (p ≤ 0.05). Flaxseed consumption did not change oxidative stress markers and glycaemia. Flaxseed consumption, especially golden flaxseed, reduced intestinal permeability and improved the lipid profile, showing positive effects on metabolic changes caused by menopausal transition.HIGHLIGHTSBrown and golden flaxseeds show a high content of insoluble fibre and alpha-linolenic acid, and brown flaxseed presented higher antioxidant activity.Golden flaxseed improved the lipid profile.Brown and golden flaxseeds reduced intestinal permeability and endotoxemia.Brown and golden flaxseed can be a promising alternative for the prevention of metabolic changes caused by menopausal transition, and for the improvement of the intestinal health.

Índice glicêmico e resposta glicêmica de mingau de amido de milho com adição de aveia, linhaça ou fibra solúvel isolada / Glycemic index and glycemic response of corn starch porridge with addition of oats, flaxseed or soluble fiber isolated

Introdução: Fibras são comumente conhecidas por contribuírem na melhora do perfil glicêmico e lipídico, exercendo um efeito benéfico sobre à saúde, porém seu efeito no índice glicêmico dos alimentos ainda é controverso na literatura. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da adição de alimentos ricos em fibras (aveia e linhaça) e de um suplemento de fibra solúvel isolada sobre o índice glicêmico (IG) e na resposta glicêmica de um mingau de amido de milho. Metodologia: O estudo foi do tipo crossover, onde 06 indivíduos saudáveis ingeriram preparações, tendo como base um mingau de milho somado a diferentes alimentos ricos em fibras. Resultados: A preparação adicionada de linhaça resultou em menor resposta glicêmica nos tempos de 45 a 90 minutos e a preparação com adição de aveia demonstrou melhores resultados nos tempos 60 e 90 minutos. Considerações: A média da área abaixo da curva da resposta glicêmica e o IG das preparações não diferiram. Aveia e linhaça podem ser considerados alimentos com propriedades benéficas para reduzir a resposta glicêmica dos alimentos (AU)

Introduction: Fibers are commonly known to contribute in the improvement of glycemic and lipid profile, exerting a beneficial effect on health, but its effect on the glycemic index of food is still controversial. Objective: To evaluate the effect of adding high-fiber foods (oats and flaxseed) and a supplement of soluble fiber isolated on the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic response of a porridge of corn starch. Methodology: The study was of crossover, where six healthy subjects ingested preparations based on a maize porridge added to different foods rich in fiber, the IG of the preparations was calculated according to the methodology of FAO. Results: The preparation of linseed added resulting in a lesser glycemic response times 45-90 min and with the addition of oat preparation showed the best results at times 60 and 90 minutes. The mean area under the curve of the glycemic response and GI of the preparations did not differ. Conclusion: Oatmeal linseed seem foods with beneficial properties reduce the glycemic response to food (AU)

Modulação e composição de ácidos graxos do leite humano / Modulation and composition of fatty acids in human milk

O leite humano é um fluido complexo, considerado um alimento completo e suficiente para suprir as necessidades nutricionais de recém-nascidos durante os seis primeiros meses de vida. A fração lipídica do leite materno é a principal fonte de energia para o neonato e possui ácidos graxos essenciais; seus produtos poliinsaturados, como o ácido araquidônico e o ácido docosa-hexaenoico, são indispensáveis ao crescimento. Tanto o conteúdo lipídico quanto o tipo de ácido graxo do leite humano podem ser modulados por fatores inerentes ou não à mãe. Dentre esses fatores, destacam-se a adiposidade, o estilo de vida, o estado nutricional e a ingestão alimentar materna, que agem de forma concomitante e interdependente, dificultando as análises dos estudos que se propõem investigar tal modulação. Não se observam grandes diferenças entre as composições de ácidos graxos do leite materno de estudos realizados na América Latina e em países desenvolvidos. O leite das nutrizes de algumas regiões brasileiras apresenta os ácidos graxos essenciais, o ácido araquidônico, o ácido docosa-hexaenoico e um baixo percentual de ácidos graxos saturados e ácidos graxos trans. O presente trabalho avaliou, portanto, os principais fatores que modulam a composição do leite humano, em particular as diferenças na composição de ácidos graxos do leite de mulheres de diferentes nacionalidades e os efeitos desses componentes sobre a saúde do recém-nascido.

Human milk is a complex fluid, considered a complete food and enough to meet the nutritional needs of an infant during the first six months of life. The lipid fraction of breastmilk is the newborn's main source of energy. It contains essential fatty acids and its polyunsaturated fats, such as arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, are essential for growth. Both the lipid content and the kind of fatty acids in human breastmilk can be modulated by factors inherent or not to the mother. Among these factors, adiposity, lifestyle, nutritional status and maternal food intake act in a concomitant and independent manner, making this modulation more difficult to analyze. Few differences have been observed between the fatty acid composition of human milk from studies carried out in Latin America and developed countries. Milk from some women from certain Brazilian regions has the essential fatty acids, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, and a low percentage of saturated and trans fatty acids. Thus, the present study assessed the main factors that modulate the composition of human milk, in particular the differences in fatty acid composition among mothers of different nationalities, and the effects of these components on the newborn's health.

Adição da vitamina E aos alimentos: implicações para os alimentos e para a saúde humana / Adding vitamin E to foods: implications for the foods and for human health

A ingestão de vitamina E em doses acima das estabelecidas pelas Dietary Reference Intake, na forma de alimentos ou suplementos, está relacionada à prevenção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, à estimulação do sistema imune e à modulação dos processos degenerativos relacionados ao envelhecimento. Por outro lado, a adição de vitamina E aos alimentos com o intuito de alcançar tais efeitos ainda não é comum, porque não há consenso sobre a dose a ser consumida. Em muitas populações tem sido necessário ingerir alimentos fortificados com vitamina E, para alcançar os níveis recomendados para a ingestão adequada. Este trabalho enfoca o papel da vitamina E como um componente antioxidante utilizado pela indústria alimentícia, como um composto que exerce funções específicas no organismo humano e no alimento e como um importante nutriente que, quando adicionado aos alimentos, é capaz de atuar contra a lipoperoxidação e contribuir para o aumento de sua ingestão, além de poder reduzir os efeitos deletérios dos processos oxidativos que ocorrem no organismo humano, prevenindo as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis.

Taking vitamin E in higher doses than those recommended by the Dietary Reference Intake in foods or supplements helps prevent non-communicable chronic diseases, stimulates the immune system and modulates the degenerative processes associated with aging. On the other hand, the addition of vitamin E to foods to obtain those effects is not common yet because there is no consensus on an ideal dose. Vitamin E has been added to the foods consumed by some populations because their intake used to be below the recommended amount. This study focuses on the role of vitamin E (1) as an antioxidant used by the food industry, (2) as acompound with specific functions in the human body and in foods, (3) as an important nutrient that, when added to foods, is capable of inhibiting lipoperoxidation and increase its intake and (4) as a substance that might be capable of reducing the deleterious effects of the oxidative processes that occur in the human body and therefore helping to prevent non-communicable chronic diseases.

Questionário de freqüência de consumo alimentar e recordatório de 24 horas: aspectos metodológicos para avaliação da ingestão de lipídeos / Food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour recall: methodological aspects in the assessment of lipid intake

A adequada avaliação da ingestão lipídica, por meio de inquéritos alimentares, é de interesse em estudos populacionais, visto que os lipídeos estão envolvidos tanto no desenvolvimento quanto na prevenção de doenças arteriais coronarianas. Os inquéritos de consumo alimentar consistem em métodos indiretos de avaliação do estado nutricional, que estão sujeitos a erros inerentes ao indivíduo e à metodologia do estudo. É fundamental que tais métodos, particularmente o questionário de freqüência de consumo alimentar sejam validados para a população em estudo. Entre os principais erros que envolvem a avaliação de consumo de lipídeos, incluem-se a variabilidade intrapessoal, que pode ser minimizada com o aumento do número de recordatórios analisados e por técnicas estatísticas. O uso de biomarcadores para estimar o consumo alimentar a longo prazo é cada vez mais utilizado e apresenta um importante papel na correta avaliação do consumo real de lipídeos. Nesse contexto, pretende-se com este trabalho discutir aspectos metodológicos para estimar a ingestão de lipídeos pela população. Discutem-se aspectos relacionados aos erros de avaliação da ingestão alimentar, aspectos relacionados à utilização do questionário de freqüência de consumo alimentar e do recordatório de 24 horas, a importância de estudos utilizando biomarcadores e a utilização de inquéritos alimentares para estimar o consumo de lipídeos.

The correct assessment of lipid intake through dietary questionnaires is interesting in population studies since lipids are involved in the development and prevention of coronary artery diseases. Food intake questionnaires consist of indirect methods of assessing the nutritional status and are subject to errors inherent to the individual and the study methodology. It is essential that such methods, especially the food frequency be validated for the studied population. Among the main mistakes that involve the assessment of lipid intake are intrapersonal variability which can be minimized by increasing the number of analyzed recalls and by statistical techniques. Biomarkers are used increasingly to estimate long term food intake and play an important role in the correct assessment of the real lipid intake. In this context, this study aims to discuss methodological aspects in estimating lipid intake by the population. The aspects associated with assessment errors of food intake and the use of food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour recall, the importance of studies using biomarkers and the use of dietary questionnaires to estimate lipid intake are discussed.

[Trans fatty acids: foods and effects on health]. / Acidos graxos trans: alimentos e efeitos na saúde.

Trans fatty acids can be found in foods derived from ruminant animals and foods that contain partially hydrogenated fat such as fast foods. The consumption of trans fatty acids is larger in the United States, Canada, and some European countries than in Japan and Mediterranean countries. The incidence of coronary heart diseases is higher in countries where the consumption of trans fatty is high. Studies show that trans fatty acids can contribute to increase LDL and lipoprotein [a], and to reduce the levels of HDL. In addition, trans isomeric seems to inhibit the action of desaturase enzymes of essential fatty acids (A5- and A6-desaturase) by holding back the biosynthesis of important fatty acids such as arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). With respect to pregnant women's and infant's health, concentrations of trans fatty acids ingested by the mother are associated to concentrations found in the maternal milk. Besides the milk, the trans fatty acids can be transferred to the newly born through the placenta. Studies suggest that trans fatty acids can affect intrauterine growth due to the inhibition of the conversion of essential fatty acids by desaturase enzymes. The inhibition of DHA can also cause early atherosclerosis lesion. However, studies on the effects of trans fatty acids on health are still inconclusive and there are no current recommendations on their consumption. Additionally, in Brazil, studies to determine the composition of trans isomeric in foods are still incipient, which indicates a great need of research in this area.