Determining reference ranges for immunological cells of healthy indigenous individuals from a region in Brazil.

Morais et al. conducted a pioneering study with Brazilian indigenous populations to determine reference values for immunologic cells from healthy adult individuals. The main findings included a higher relative median for T lymphocyte subsets in females than males, and T CD3+, T CD4+, and T CD8+ relative values were statistically different when compared with Brazilian populations from other Brazilian regions. The relative medians of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells were significantly higher in women than in men in a healthy indigenous population. Demographic and ethnic diversity of the Brazilian population can be associated with quantitative modifications in the immunologic cells of healthy individuals. OBJECTIVE: The establishment of reference values for a subset of leukocytes is common in clinical practice, and ethnic variations are strongly associated with disease development. In Brazil, indigenous people are vulnerable to infections, and few studies have described the health and disease conditions of this population. This study aimed to provide reference values for immunological cell subsets in indigenous Brazilians living in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. METHODS: Flow cytometry and 4-color combinations of monoclonal antibodies were used to characterize cells. A total of 115 healthy adults, mostly females (72%), were included in the study. The results are presented as mean and median (2.5%-97.5% percentiles) for T and B lymphocytes, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, Natural Killer cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells, providing an average immunological profile for the population in question. RESULTS: The relative medians of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells were significantly higher in women than in men in a healthy indigenous population. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, cell reference data from indigenous Brazilians are unknown in the literature. The immune cell results presented in this pioneering study will contribute to the clinical and laboratory evaluation of the Brazilian indigenous population, especially given the important differences when compared with other Brazilian ethnic groups.

Determining reference ranges for immunological cells of healthy indigenous individuals from a region in Brazil

ABSTRACT Objective The establishment of reference values for a subset of leukocytes is common in clinical practice, and ethnic variations are strongly associated with disease development. In Brazil, indigenous people are vulnerable to infections, and few studies have described the health and disease conditions of this population. This study aimed to provide reference values for immunological cell subsets in indigenous Brazilians living in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Methods Flow cytometry and 4-color combinations of monoclonal antibodies were used to characterize cells. A total of 115 healthy adults, mostly females (72%), were included in the study. The results are presented as mean and median (2.5%-97.5% percentiles) for T and B lymphocytes, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, Natural Killer cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells, providing an average immunological profile for the population in question. Results The relative medians of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells were significantly higher in women than in men in a healthy indigenous population. Conclusion To our knowledge, cell reference data from indigenous Brazilians are unknown in the literature. The immune cell results presented in this pioneering study will contribute to the clinical and laboratory evaluation of the Brazilian indigenous population, especially given the important differences when compared with other Brazilian ethnic groups.

Lymphocyte-Depleted Hodgkin's Lymphoma in Coeliac Disease: A Diagnostic Challenge During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

A 51-year-old woman presented with constitutional symptoms, polydipsia, early satiety, nausea, vomiting, and a pruritic vesicular rash. On physical examination, she was febrile, had low peripheral oxygen saturation in room air (91%), hepatomegaly, lower limb edema, and palpable cervical adenopathies. She was hospitalized for diagnostic investigations and treatment. An autoimmune panel was requested which was positive for anti-parietal gastric cell, anti-endomysial, and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies, raising the suspicion for coeliac disease (CD). Gastric and duodenal biopsies were not diagnostic for CD, which was compatible with necrolytic migratory erythema similar to the vesicular rash biopsy. Thoracic-abdomino-pelvic computed tomography scan and fludeoxyglucose F18-positron emission tomography identified supra- and infra-diaphragmatic hypermetabolic adenopathies, with hypermetabolic activity in the lungs, suggestive of pulmonary lymphomatous involvement. Fine-needle aspiration of one supraclavicular adenopathy was performed but was not enough for histological diagnosis. The patient's respiratory insufficiency worsened and she died on day 63 of hospitalization. The final diagnosis was achieved on an anatomopathological autopsy that showed lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin's lymphoma. The association of CD with other lymphomas besides enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma is not clear. There is no clear relationship between CD and lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin's lymphoma, which is the rarest subtype of classic Hodgkin's lymphoma and, by itself, has a very poor prognosis. This case highlights the challenge in diagnosis and significant delay due to isolation associated with coronavirus disease 2019 infection.

Whole chickpea flour as an ingredient for improving the nutritional quality of sandwich bread: Effects on sensory acceptance, texture profile, and technological properties

ABSTRACT The inclusion of pulse flours with higher dietary fiber content in bakery products, such as chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) flour, has been exploited by the food industry due to its nutritional and sensory characteristics. This work aimed to develop a sandwich bread with a partial substitution (7.5%, 15%, and 30%) of refined wheat flour by whole chickpea flour (WCF) and also to evaluate the effects on sensory acceptance, physicochemical parameters, and texture profile during the shelf life. Four methods for obtaining WCF were assessed and the best condition was used to produce the sandwich bread. Sensory evaluation was carried out with 65 consumers using a 9-point hedonic scale and a purchase intention scale. Firmness, elasticity, cohesiveness, chewability, and fracturability was evaluated by the Texture Profile Analysis (TPA). The specific volume, total fungi count, pH, titratable acidity, and moisture content were also determined. The nutritional composition was estimated by mass balance. Data demonstrated that there was no difference (p>0.05) in sensory evaluation of the products elaborated with different concentrations of WCF, and all samples presented good acceptance. The addition of WCF did not cause negative effects on the texture and volume characteristics of the bread. The sample with 30% WCF had adequate technological characteristics, resulting in a product with higher nutritional value, especially dietary fiber, and was well accepted by the consumers. This formulation can be used by the food industry and also in domestic preparations, contributing to the diversification and nutritional enrichment of sandwich bread.

RESUMEN La inclusión de harinas de granos no convencionales con mayor contenido de fibra dietética en productos de panadería, como la harina integral de garbanzo (HIG) (Cicer arietinum L), es utilizada por la industria alimentaria debido a sus características nutricionales y sensoriales. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo desarrollar un pan para sándwich (PPS) con sustitución parcial (7.5%, 15% y 30%) de harina de trigo refinada por HIG así como evaluar la aceptación sensorial, parámetros fisicoquímicos y el perfil de textura durante su vida útil. Fueron evaluados cuatro métodos para la obtención de HIG, utilizándose la mejor condición para producir el PPS. Sesenta y cinco consumidores realizaron la evaluación de aceptación sensorial e intención de compra con una escala hedónica de 9 puntos. La firmeza, la elasticidad, la cohesión, la masticabilidad y la fracturabilidad se evaluaron mediante el análisis de perfil de textura (TPA). También se determinó el volumen específico, el recuento total de hongos, el pH, la acidez titulable y el contenido de humedad. La composición nutricional se estimó por balance de masa. Todas las muestras presentaron buena aceptabilidad sin diferencias estadística. La adición de HIG no causó efectos negativos en la textura ni el volumen del PPS. La muestra con 30% de HIG tubo características tecnológicas adecuadas, resultando en un producto con mayor valor nutricional, especialmente por la fibra dietética. Esta formulación podría ser utilizada por la industria alimentaria y también en preparaciones domésticas, contribuyendo a la diversificación y al enriquecimiento nutricional del pan para sándwich.

Visual Status in a Portuguese Population with Intellectual Disability.

BACKGROUND: Neurosensory deprivation associated with vision is a well-known fact in people with intellectual disability (ID). This work aims to report the visual status of a population with ID in Portugal. METHODS: A vision screening protocol was conducted during two Special Olympics events. The vision protocol included personal medical history, ocular health evaluation, and clinical measures, such as visual acuity (VA), binocular vision, colour vision, refractive error, and intraocular pressure. This protocol was administered to 134 subjects. RESULTS: Half of the subjects reported that they had never attended or they did not remember having attended a previous eye exam. Additionally, 10% of them had not attended an eye exam in the immediate past three years. Half the subjects failed the VA test and 13% presented moderate Visual Impairment (VI) (VA worse than 0.5 logMAR in the best eye). Manifest ocular deviation was found in 25% of the subjects and the most common ocular health dysfunction conditions were conjunctiva hyperaemia, meibomian gland dysfunction, and lens anomalies. Refractive error correction allowed a reduction in the level of moderate VI to 3.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The population analysed showed a poor eye care attendance rate and vision-related conditions are in agreement with previous reports. The development of national strategies to promote the awareness for routine eye care in people with ID and improving accessibility to eye care services may mitigate many of the most prevalent conditions encountered.

Apolipoprotein E2 Genotype Is Associated with a 2-Fold Increase in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Results from a Long-Term Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: The apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms are associated with cardiovascular (CV) disease, but its interaction with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) long-term incidence is unknown. We investigated the association between APOE genotype and long-term (i) CV events and (ii) T2DM incidence in a Southern European primary prevention cohort. METHODS: We assessed individual APOE genotypes in a total of 436 patients followed at a lipid clinic, with a 15-year median follow-up time. We collected data on major CV events (CV death, myocardial infarction, and stroke) and T2DM development. RESULTS: No differences were found regarding major CV event incidence among the different APOE genotypes. However, after excluding 39 patients with a prior history of T2DM, APOE2 carriers displayed a higher incidence of T2DM during follow-up (42.2%) than APOE3 (27.1%) and APOE4 (28.7%) carriers. The age-, sex-, triglycerides-, and statin usage-adjusted OR for T2DM incidence in APOE2 carriers was 1.8 (95%CI 1.1-2.9, p=0.03), compared with wild-type APOE3. To address the role of statins as a confounder, we analyzed T2DM incidence in statin-treated patients. Statin-treated APOE2 carriers also had a higher T2DM incidence (57.9%), in comparison with APOE3 homozygotes (31.6%) and APOE4 carriers (32.5%). After adjustment for confounding, APOE2 carriers on statins displayed a similar twofold increase in T2DM risk compared to APOE3 homozygotes (OR 2.1, 95%CI 1.1-4.0, p=0.03). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest a twofold increase in T2DM incidence in APOE2 carriers. This may prompt for a specific glucose dysmetabolism follow-up that might be tailored on the APOE genotype.

Breast Lump: A Rare Presentation of Tuberculosis in an Elderly Man.

INTRODUCTION: Chest wall masses are caused by various entities and have diverse aetiologies. A careful history and physical examination are crucial to establish the correct diagnosis. CASE REPORT: A 77-year-old man presented with depressive mood, anorexia (weight loss of 20 kg) and a 1-month history of a non-painful breast lump with well-defined contours, which was about 6 cm in diameter. There was no history of trauma. Computed tomography of the thorax revealed a collection of liquid in the left anterior thoracic wall, associated with discontinuity of the 4th left costal cartilage, and upper left lobe cavitation, suggesting pulmonary tuberculosis. The patient was started on quadruple therapy with anti-tuberculosis drugs and discharged after a negative smear. CONCLUSION: In this case, the indolent onset of unspecific symptoms made it difficult to reach a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, which was confirmed by positive culture and imaging. A breast lump in an elderly patient with unspecific clinical manifestations is an unusual presentation of pulmonary tuberculosis. It is important to be aware of rib invasion and exclude tuberculosis in a patient with a chest wall mass. As tuberculosis is treatable, early diagnosis is vital as diagnostic delay can lead to contagion. LEARNING POINTS: Chest wall tuberculosis is a rare complication of pulmonary tuberculosis.As smears and acid-fast bacilli cultures are often negative, polymerase chain reaction and imaging should be performed.Tuberculosis should be treated with first-line drugs; the role of surgery is still controversial.

Dexterous hand gestures recognition based on low-density sEMG signals for upper-limb forearm amputees

Abstract Introduction Intuitive prosthesis control is one of the most important challenges in order to reduce the user effort in learning how to use an artificial hand. This work presents the development of a novel method for pattern recognition of sEMG signals able to discriminate, in a very accurate way, dexterous hand and fingers movements using a reduced number of electrodes, which implies more confidence and usability for amputees. Methods The system was evaluated for ten forearm amputees and the results were compared with the performance of able-bodied subjects. Multiple sEMG features based on fractal analysis (detrended fluctuation analysis and Higuchi's fractal dimension) combined with traditional magnitude-based features were analyzed. Genetic algorithms and sequential forward selection were used to select the best set of features. Support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbors (KNN) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were analyzed to classify individual finger flexion, hand gestures and different grasps using four electrodes, performing contractions in a natural way to accomplish these tasks. Statistical significance was computed for all the methods using different set of features, for both groups of subjects (able-bodied and amputees). Results The results showed average accuracy up to 99.2% for able-bodied subjects and 98.94% for amputees using SVM, followed very closely by KNN. However, KNN also produces a good performance, as it has a lower computational complexity, which implies an advantage for real-time applications. Conclusion The results show that the method proposed is promising for accurately controlling dexterous prosthetic hands, providing more functionality and better acceptance for amputees.

Estresse infantil e a percepção do suporte familiar das crianças submetidas à cirurgia ortopédica / Childhood stress and the perception of family support of children undergoing orthopedic surgery

Objetivo: Investigar a correlação existente entre o nível de estresse de crianças pós-operadas, de 11 a 14 anos de idade, em relação à qualidade da percepção destes pacientes sobre o suporte familiar recebido durante o processo de reabilitação física. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com análise qualitativa e quantitativa, desenvolvido em um centro de reabilitação, no município de São Paulo. Os instrumentos aplicados nos pacientes foram: Escala de Stress Infantil (ESI), Inventário de Percepção do Suporte Familiar (IPSF) e no respectivo cuidador, um questionário de caracterização dos participantes. Resultados: Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente e se observou significância estatística entre o fator Adaptação (IPSF) com a dimensão Reações psicológicas com componente depressivo (ESI). Houve associação significativa entre o escore total da ESI e do IPSF. Neste estudo, das crianças com sinais significativos de estresse, a maioria apresentou baixa/ médio-baixa percepção do suporte familiar. Discussão: A percepção do paciente sobre o meio pelo qual se relaciona é um importante indício do enfrentamento às situações adversas vividas no meio social, conforme associação encontrada neste estudo. Conclusão: Os aspectos relacionados à maturidade cognitiva e emocionais da criança contribuem na qualidade da percepção do suporte familiar. É importante que novos estudos sejam realizados para ampliar as discussões nessa área

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the correlation between the levels of stress of children from 11 to 14 years of age after orthopedic surgery, and their perceived quality of family support received during the process of physical rehabilitation. Method: This is a cross-sectional study with qualitative and quantitative analysis, developed in a rehabilitation center, in Sao Paulo. The following instruments were applied in the patients: Childhood Stress Scale (CSS) and Perceived Family Support Inventory (PFSI), along with a characterization questionnaire of the participants, which was applied to the patients caretakers. Results: Data was statistically analyzed and statistical significance was observed between the adaptation factor (PFSI) and the domain of psychological reactions with depressive component (CSS). There was significant correlation between the total score of the CSS and PFSI - 73%. Children with significant levels of stress presented low/medium-low perception of family support. Discussion: Patient's perception regarding their environment and relations is an important indication of how they deal with adverse situations of their social life, according to association found in this study. Conclusion: The aspects related to child's cognitive and emotional maturity contribute to the perception of family support quality. It is important that further studies are conducted to enlarge discussions in this area

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis PS2: First Autochthonous Paracoccidioidomycosis Case Report in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Literature Review.

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis caused by pathogenic dimorphic fungi of the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis complex. It is the most important systemic mycosis in Latin America, mainly in Brazil. Despite its severity and high mortality rates, it is considered a neglected disease. Species within the genus Paracoccidioides present genetics and morphological variations with probable clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic consequences. In fact, there are a very small number of detailed case reports with molecular identification of these fungal agents. Here, it is reported a case of PCM due to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis PS2. Molecular identification of the isolate was performed by amplification and sequencing of the arf and gp43 genes. Clinical cases and strain reports with molecular identification in the literature are also reviewed. The case herein presented is the first autochthonous report of PCM due to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis PS2 species in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, an important endemic area. The patient presented a chronic pulmonary form of PCM and had a satisfactory response to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim although sequelae such as adrenal insufficiency and dysphonia were observed. This study may contribute to improve the knowledge about this severe disease, its causative cryptic species and their consequences to patients.

Traumatismo crânio encefálico e suas implicações cognitivas e na qualidade de vida / Traumatic brain injury and its implications on cognition and quality of life

O traumatismo cranioencefálico é uma das principais causas de mortalidade em crianças e adultos jovens. Os pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico moderado ou grave podem apresentar sequelas motoras, cognitivas, emocionais, comportamentais e de funcionalidade social, provocando impacto negativo para o próprio indivíduo, sua família e também para a sociedade. Objetivo: Verificar o impacto que o traumatismo cranioencefálico grave ocasionou na vida de pacientes que apresentaram a lesão durante a infância e adolescência, considerando-se questões cognitivas, emocionais e de qualidade de vida, bem como verificar se existem diferenças com relação à idade na época da lesão. Método: Estudo quantitativo, qualitativo de abordagem transversal. Realizado no Centro de Reabilitação da Associação de Assistência à Criança Deficiente (AACD), unidade Ibirapuera. Participaram do estudo, 13 pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico grave, procedentes do estado de São Paulo, atendidos entre janeiro de 2010 e março de 2014. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: questionário sociodemográfico, Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), Escala Geral das Matrizes Progressivas de Raven e as Pirâmides Coloridas de Pfister. Os dados obtidos na avaliação foram avaliados na amostra geral e posteriormente divididos em dois grupos com base na idade no ato da lesão, considerando grupo 1 (3 a 7 anos e 11 meses) e grupo 2 (8 à 16 anos e 11 meses). Resultados: Com relação ao Raven, 76,9% dos participantes apresentaram indício de deficiência mental. Todos os participantes obtiveram boa avaliação da qualidade de vida. Sobre os aspectos afetivos-emocionais observou-se boa capacidade de adaptação e interação. Na comparação entre os grupos, não se evidenciaram diferenças. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos foram compatíveis com estudos que indicam comprometimento cognitivo e boa percepção da qualidade de vida

The treatment for patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is multidisciplinary. It is necessary to understand the effects of activities performed on dry ground as well as water-immersed to allow the development of intervention protocols. Objective: To compare the motor function of children with DMD in physiotherapy carried out on the ground and immersed over a 2-year period. Method: A retrospective study, assisted by the Brazilian Association of Muscular Dystrophy (ABDIM), of 23 patients diagnosed with DMD, 8-24 years of age. We collected assessment data both water-immersed (adaptation to the water, bipedalism, sitting position, cross and longitudinal rotation, swimming, and running) and on the ground (Egan Klassifikation Scale and Vignos Scale) over a 2-year period. Results: Analyzing the ratings between semesters during the 2-year period, there were differences in the performance of water-immersed activities (p < 0.001) and there was no difference on the Egan Klassifikation Scale (p < 0.003) or the Vignos Scale (p < 0.012). Conclusion: Due to the physical properties of the water, patients either improved or maintained their scores for motor function in water immersion. However, their scores for the Egan Klassifikation and the Vignos scales, which represent motor function on the ground, diminished

A Clinical Trial with Brazilian Arnica (Solidago chilensis Meyen) Glycolic Extract in the Treatment of Tendonitis of Flexor and Extensor Tendons of Wrist and Hand.

One of the Brazilian arnicas, Solidago chilensis Meyen, is a species of the Asteraceae family. This plant is known by this common name because it shares remarkably similar organoleptic properties with the genus Arnica L., also within the family Asteraceae. We examined the effectiveness of the S. chilensis fluid extract used externally for treating tendinitis of flexor and extensor tendons of wrist and hand in placebo-controlled double-blind clinical pharmacological studies. This study was approved by the Ethical Committee for Scientific Research in Human Beings at University Vila Velha-UVV. Two daily skin applications on the arm skin of a gel cream containing a 5% glycolic plant extract were administered to eight volunteers for 21 days. Among the volunteers, one of their arms was used as the placebo group, and the other one was used as a test group. Statistical data analyses demonstrated a significant reduction in the perception of pain in the arms in the test group, when it was compared to those receiving only the placebo.

Raman spectroscopic study of antioxidant pigments from cup corals Tubastraea spp.

Chemical investigation of nonindigenous Tubastraea coccinea and T. tagusensis by Raman spectroscopy resulted in the identification of carotenoids and indolic alkaloids. Comparison of Raman data obtained for the in situ and crude extracts has shown the potential of the technique for characterizing samples which are metabolic fingerprints, by means of band analysis. Raman bands at ca. 1520, 1160, and 1005 cm(-1) assigned to ν1(C═C), ν2(C-C), and ρ3(C-CH3) modes were attributed to astaxanthin, and the band at 1665 cm(-1) could be assigned to the ν(C-N), ν(C-O), and ν(C-C) coupled mode of the iminoimidazolinone from aplysinopsin. The antioxidant activity of the crude extracts has also been demonstrated, suggesting a possible role of these classes of compounds in the studied corals.

Itraconazole vs. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: A comparative cohort study of 200 patients with paracoccidioidomycosis.

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis endemic to Latin America. Brazil accounts for approximately 80% of cases, where it represents a major public health issue due to its disabling impact and the number of premature deaths it causes. We present a retrospective cohort study that was conducted in order to better understand factors that relate to cure of the infection in the treatment of 200 patients with PCM. We evaluated the influence of sociodemographic and clinical factors as well as therapeutic regimen (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [TMP-SMX] and itraconazole) on the progress of PCM (cure and noncure). There was a higher incidence of cure (83%) among patients who regularly received treatment for their infections and completed the treatment protocol. Moreover, itraconazole (86.4%) was significantly superior to TMP-SMX (51.3%) in terms of cure rate and had a median treatment period that was significantly shorter (12 months) than that for TMP-SMX (23 months). A Cox proportional hazard regression model showed that use of itraconazole increased the hazard of cure, regardless of sex, age, education, clinical form, completion of treatment, and regularity. Although the results of this study show that itraconazole was the best treatment option for PCM patients, a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial is necessary to confirm this conclusion.

Fatores que podem influenciar na saúde gengival de crianças com paralisia cerebral / Factors that can influence the gingival health of children with cerebral palsy

Estudos têm demonstrado que, quanto maior a severidade do dano neurológico em crianças comparalisia cerebral (PC), maior é o risco das doenças orais. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência dos fatores:déficit intelectual, sensibilidade oral, habilidade manual e padrões clínicos da PC sobre a saúde gengivalde crianças com PC. Método: Participaram do estudo 106 crianças (10,7 ± 3,6) com PC, que frequentavamum programa de prevenção em Odontologia numa instituição de referência em reabilitação em São Paulo - SP. Os dados relativos ao sexo, desordem do movimento, tipo clínico da PC e uso contínuo de drogas foram coletados dos prontuários. As avaliações clínicas odontológicas incluíram o Índicede Higiene Oral Simplificado (OIHS), o Índice Gengival (IG) e presença do reflexo de mordida. Ainda foram realizadas as avaliações da sensibilidade oral, intelectual pelo Raven test e a habilidade manual pelo Sistema de Classificação da Habilidade Manual (MACS). Foram utilizados os testes t-Student, Qui-quadrado e regressão logística. Fixou-se nível de significância em 5%. Resultados: O grupo 1 (G1) era composto por 47 crianças sem gengivite e o grupo 2 (G2) por 59 crianças com gengivite. As criançasdo G2 eram significantemente mais velhas (p = 0,001), com tetraparesia (p = 0,016), em uso de medicamentos (p < 0,001) e com reflexo de mordida (p = 0,025). As crianças do G2 apresentaram valores significantemente maiores para o IHOS (p < 0,001) e IG (p < 0,001); porcentagens significantemente maiores de crianças com percentis inferiores a 10 (p = 0,036) para o teste Raven e com habilidade manual níveis IV e V (p = 0,002) do MACS. A chance de uma criança apresentar gengivite cresce 23,5% para cada ano de idade, até 5 vezes para cada 1 unidade de aumento do IHOS e cerca de 4,5 vezes com utilização de medicamento. Conclusão: O aumento da idade, o acúmulo do biofilme e o uso de medicamentos aumentam o risco de gengivite em crianças com PC.

Studies have shown that the greater the severity of neurological damage in children with cerebral palsy (CP), the greater risk of oral disease. Objective: To evaluate the influence of some factors as intellectual disability, oral sensitivity, manual ability and clinical patterns of cerebral palsy (CP) onto gingival health of CP children. Method: One hundred and six children (10.7 ± 3.6) with CP participated of the study. Descriptive data and continuous use of drugs were collected from their medical records. Clinical assessments included the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (SOHI), the Gingival Index (GI) and the biting reflex. Were also evaluate oral sensitivity, intellectual assessment by Raven test, and manual dexterity by Manual Ability Classification System Manual (MACS). It was used the chi-square, t Student, and logistic regression tests whit a significance level of 5%. Results: Group 1 (G1) consisted of 47 children without and group 2 (G2)by 59 children with gingivitis. Groups were similar regarding gender (p = 0566), but G2 were significantly older (p = 0.001), with quadriplegia (p = 0.016), who used drugs (p < 0.001) and biting reflex (p = 0.025). G2children presented significantly higher values for SOHI (p < 0.001) and IG (p < 0.001). Significantly higher percentages of children in G2 presented percentiles below 10 (p = 0.036) for Raven test, with manual skilllevels IV and V (p = 0.002) of MACS. The chance of a child present gingivitis grows 23.5% for each year of age, and up to 5 times for every 1 unit increase in SOHI. The use of medication increases the chance ofchildren present gingivitis by about 4.5 times. Conclusion: Increasing age, accumulation of biofilm, and use of drugs increase the risk of gingivitis in children with CP.

A percepção emocional do cuidador familiar frente à técnica do cateterismo intermitente limpo na mielomeningocele / Emotional perception of family-member caregivers regarding the clean intermittent catheterization in myelomeningocele cases

Os cuidados do trato urinário necessários à criança com mielomeningocele demandam auxílio constante de um cuidador, que frequentemente é um membro da família e que por vezes vivencia dúvidas, angústias e dificuldades com relação à técnica do cateterismo intermitente limpo que se faz necessário para essas crianças. Objetivo: Dessa forma, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar pensamentos e sentimentos do cuidador familiar sobre a realização dessa técnica na criança e analisar se o cuidador visualiza a possibilidade da criança fazer o autocateterismo no futuro. Método: O estudo tem abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, observacional e transversal. Realizado com 15 cuidadores familiares provenientes de uma instituição de reabilitação da cidade de São Paulo, de abril a agosto de 2012, por meio de entrevista estruturada gravada em áudio. Para a análise de conteúdo e léxica das questões abertas usou-se o software SPAD-T® versão 1.5. Resultados: As categorias encontradas foram: Impressões do cuidador sobre o cateterismo; Tempo de adaptação ao procedimento; Percepções do cuidador sobre as impressões da criança; Referências à intervenção do profissional; Percepções do cuidador sobre o autocateterismo; Percepções do cuidador sobre o potencial da criança; Referências à (in)dependência na relação cuidador-criança. Para a análise estatística utilizou-se o software SPSS® 15.0. Conclusão: Todos os cuidadores apresentaram sentimentos e pensamentos negativos a respeito do cateterismo, apesar de alguns também mencionarem conteúdos positivos. Além disso, a maior parte dos cuidadores não soube responder com clareza se a criança realizará o autocateterismo futuramente.

There are many special needs of the urinary tract of a child with Myelomeningocele, who requires constant help from a caregiver who is often a family member that can face doubts, fears, and difficulties related to the clean intermittent catheterization that is necessary in these cases. Objective: This study investigates the thoughts and feelings of family-member caregivers regarding their performing this technique on children, and analyzes how the caregiver feels about the possibility of the child carrying out the procedure him/herself later in life. Method: This observational and transversal research uses both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Also, structured interviews were made and recorded in audio with 15 family-member caregivers from a rehabilitation institution located in the city of Sao Paulo between April and August of 2012. Lexical and content analyses of the open questions was made using the software SPAD-T® version 1.5. Results: The categories found where: the caregiver?s general impression of the catheterization, how long it took to get used to the procedure, the caregiver's perception of the child's general impressions, references to the professional's intervention, the caregiver's perception of the auto-catheterization, the caregiver's perception of how capable the child could be (to conduct the procedure him/herself), and references to the (in)dependence in the caregiver-child relationship. The statistical analysis was made using the software SPSS® 15.0. Conclusion: All caregivers showed negative feelings and thoughts about the catheterization even though some of them mentioned positive points as well. Moreover, most caregivers could not answer clearly whether the child would perform the self-catheterization by itself in the future.

Pseudoaneurisma de artéria poplítea secundário a osteocondroma femoral: relato de caso / Popliteal artery pseudoaneurysm caused by a femoral osteochondorma: case report

Osteochondromas are the most common benign tumor of the bone. They are sometimes responsible for vascular complications involving either veins or arteries, principally around the knee. Pseudoaneurysms are considered a rare condition. The authors describe the occurrence of a pseudoaneurysm of the popliteal artery in association with a femoral osteochondroma in a 30-years-old man.

[Popliteal artery pseudoaneurysm caused by a femoral osteochondorma: case report]. / Pseudoaneurisma de artéria poplítea secundário a osteocondroma femoral: relato de caso.

Osteochondromas are the most common benign tumor of the bone. They are sometimes responsible for vascular complications involving either veins or arteries, principally around the knee. Pseudoaneurysms are considered a rare condition. The authors describe the occurrence of a pseudoaneurysm of the popliteal artery in association with a femoral osteochondroma in a 30-years-old man.

Prevalência da doença degenerativa valvar crônica mitral em cães / Prevalence of mitral valve chronic degenerative disease in dogs

Objetivo - A doença degenerativa da valva mitral (DDVM) é, dentre as alterações adquiridas, a cardiopatia de maior ocorrência em cães geriatras, sendo mais frequentemente observada em cães machos de pequeno e médio porte. A degeneração valvar ocasiona distorção dos folhetos, com consequente regurgitação mitral que determina sobrecarga de volume e dilatação de átrio esquerdo, com consequente insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (ICC) esquerda, ou mesmo hipertensão pulmonar secundária e ICC direita nos casos mais graves. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a predisposição etária, racial e sexual dos cães acometidos por DDVM em nosso meio. Métodos - Foram avaliados 125 cães, nos quais o diagnóstico de DDVM foi suspeitado por anamnese, auscultação cardíaca, eletrocardiografia e radiografia torácica, sendo confirmado por meio de ecocardiografia. Resultados - Observou-se, em relação à faixa etária dos cães acometidos, média e desvio padrão de 11,6 ± 2,4 anos, variando de 5 a 18 anos de idade. As raças de cães mais frequentemente acometidas foram aquelas de pequeno e médio porte, observando-se a seguinte frequência de ocorrência: Poodle (38,0%), SRD (32,0%), Pinscher (8,0%), Cocker Spaniel (5,0%), Dachshund (6,0%), Lhasa Apso, Maltês e Pastor Alemão (2,0% cada) e outras (1,0% cada). Evidenciou-se maior predisposição dos machos à DDVM, observando-se sua ocorrência em 74 machos (59,0%) e 51 fêmeas (41,0%). Conclusão - Por meio deste estudo epidemiológico, ressalta-se a importância da avaliação cardiológica periódica dos animais mais suscetíveis à DDVM, tais como os cães machos idosos de raças pequenas, buscando-se diagnosticar precocemente essa prevalente doença.

Objective - Degenerative disease of mitral valve (DDMV) is among the acquired heart disease most prevalent in geriatric dogs, being more frequently observed in small and medium male dogs. The degeneration causes distortion of the valve leaflets, with consequent mitral regurgitation that determines volume overload and dilatation of the left atrium with consequent left congestive heart failure (CHF), or secondary pulmonary hypertension and right CHF in severe cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the age, racial and sexual predisposition of dogs affected by DDMV in our environment. Methods - A total of 125 dogs were evaluated, in whom the diagnosis of DDMV was suspected through history, cardiac auscultation, electrocardiography and chest radiography, and confirmed by echocardiography. Results - Regarding the age of affected dogs, it was encountered mean and standard deviation of 11,6 ± 2,4, ranging from 5 to 18 years old. The breeds of dogs most frequently affected were those of small and medium size, noticing the following frequency of occurrence in various breeds: Poodle (38.0%), SRD (32.0%), Pinscher (8.0%), Cocker Spaniel (5.0%), Dachshund (6.0%), Lhasa Apso, Maltese and German Shepherd (2.0% each) and others (1.0% each). It was observed a higher susceptibility of males to DDMV, identifying its occurrence in 74 males (59.0%) and 51 females (41.0%). Conclusion - This epidemiological study emphasizes the importance of regular cardiac evaluation of the animals more susceptible to DDMV, such as elderly male dogs of small breeds, seeking an early diagnosis of this prevalent disease.