Horismenus saturnus n. sp. (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) a New Parasitoid Wasp from Eggs of Saturniidae (Lepidoptera) from the Atlantic Forest, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

A new species of Horismenus Walker, H. saturnus Schoeninger & Hansson (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), is described from material reared from eggs of an unidentified species of Saturniidae (Lepidoptera). The new species is compared to H. cupreus (Ashmead, 1894), a species it is very similar to, and to H. ancillus (Brèthes), a species with the same type of host as H. saturnus. A total of 30 adult specimens developed from the eggs of Saturniidae. This is the second record of a Horismenus species parasitizing eggs of Saturniidae and the first record of this host from Brazil. Here, we provide a diagnosis and description of the new species including morphological and molecular characters, and multiple illustrations.

First Record of Telenomus dilophonotae (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), Parasitizing Eggs of Erinnyis ello (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) in Western Paraná, Brazil, with Molecular Characterization and Records of Occurrences.

There are few records for Telenomus dilophonotae Cameron, 1913 (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae) from South America. In Brazil, the first occurrence was reported in Bahia in rubber crops, Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. de Juss.) Muell. - Arg., there parasitizing eggs of Erinnyis ello Linnaeus, 1758 (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). It was also found parasitizing the same host in cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae). This is the first record of occurrence of T. dilophonotae in the state of Paraná, parasitizing eggs of E. ello in areas of cassava production in the western region of Paraná, this being the southernmost record of the species. Here, photographs, the first sequence of DNA barcode of this species of parasitoid wasp, and a distribution map are provided.

New species of Hexacladia Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of Tibraca limbativentris Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

ABSTRACT The rice stink bug, Tibraca limbativentris Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a significant pest of rice cultivation in Brazil and attacks plants during both vegetative and reproductive phases. Natural enemy surveys conducted in plantations located in Arari, Miranda do Norte, Matões do Norte, Santa Rita, and Viana (state of Maranhão, Brazil) led to the discovery of a new species of parasitoid, which is described in this study. Hexacladia lemosae Costa, Noyes & Machado sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is the first species of its genus associated with T. limbativentris and develops as a gregarious endoparasitoid in adult stink bugs, occasionally in nymphs. The parasitoid emerges from the host while host is still alive.

Taxonomy and Biological Control: New Challenges in an Old Relationship.

Biological control and taxonomy are continuously developing fields with remarkable impacts on society. At least 80 years of literature have documented this relationship, which remains essentially the same in its mutualistic nature, as well as in its major challenges. From the perspective of Brazilian taxonomists, we discuss the impacts of important scientific and social developments that directly affect research in these areas, posing new challenges for this lasting relationship. The increasing restrictions and concerns regarding the international transit of organisms require improvements in research related to risk assessment for exotic biological control agents and also stimulate prospecting within the native biota. In our view, this is a positive situation that can foster a closer relationship between taxonomists and applied entomologists, as well as local surveys and taxonomic studies that are necessary before new programs and agents can be implemented. We discuss the essential role of molecular biology in this context, as an iconic example of the synergy between applied sciences and natural history. As our society comes to need safer and more sustainable solutions for food security and the biodiversity crisis, scientific progress will build upon this integration, where biological control and taxonomy play an essential role.

A new interaction in an invasive plant in Brazil: Horismenus abnormicaulis (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) parasitizing Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) in seeds pods of Leucaena leucocephala (Fabaceae)

ABSTRACT The parasitism of Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) by the parasitoid Horismenus abnormicaulis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is described for the first time. We harvested 90 Leucaena leucocephala (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) fruit pods, in June 2019 on the campus of the Federal University of Lavras in the municipality of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We found 21 individuals of H. abnormicaulis and 334 of A. macrophthalmus. The presence of cephalic capsule of beetle's pupa and evidence of predation into seed pods from which the wasps emerged suggested H. abnormicaulis is a parasitoid of A. macrophthalmus. Horismenus abnormicaulis has been added to the list of A. macrophthalmus parasitoids, and its occurrence has been expanded to the state of Minas Gerais. This discovery expands our knowledge of H. abnormicaulis biology and distribution in Brazil, as well as the tri-trophic interaction, plant-herbivore-parasitoid in invasive plant systems.

Thermal Requirements of Ooencyrtus submetallicus (Hym.: Encyrtidae) and Telenomus podisi (Hym.: Platygastridae) Parasitizing Euschistus heros Eggs (Hem.: Pentatomidae).

Temperature is one of the abiotic factors that strongly influences the biology and behavior of insects. In this study, we assessed the development of egg parasitoids Ooencyrtus submetallicus and Telenomus podisi parasitizing Euschistus heros eggs at different temperatures, and estimated the average number of generations for seven representative soybean-producing regions in Brazil. A comparative biology study was conducted, where the percentage of parasitism and emergence, life cycle duration (egg-adult), and longevity were found to be similar between O. submetallicus and T. podisi. The sex ratio and the number of individuals emerged from parasitized egg were higher in O. submetallicus in all regions. In the study of thermal requirements, temperatures of 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, and 33 °C were tested. O. submetallicus and T. podisi developed at temperatures between 16 and 31 °C. The base temperature (Tb) for O. submetallicus and T. podisi was 9.3 and 6.7 °C, respectively; the thermal constant (K) was 336.9 and 272.7 degree-days, respectively. The estimated average number of annual generations of both parasitoids was higher than the host. O. submetallicus and T. podisi have the same ability to parasitize and develop in eggs of E. heros under the conditions studied. Both parasitoids exhibited satisfactory development and parasitism at temperatures between 19 and 31 °C. The development of both parasitoids was faster than their host, and the number of generations was higher for the seven studied localities.

Integrative taxonomy and phylogeography of Telenomus remus (Scelionidae), with the first record of natural parasitism of Spodoptera spp. in Brazil.

The egg parasitoid Telenomus remus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) has been investigated for classical and applied biological control of noctuid pests, especially Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) species. Although T. remus was introduced into Brazil over three decades ago for classical biological control of S. frugiperda, this wasp has not been recorded as established in corn or soybean crops. We used an integrative approach to identify T. remus, combining a taxonomic key based on the male genitalia with DNA barcoding, using a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I mitochondrial gene fragment. This is the first report of natural parasitism of T. remus on S. frugiperda and S. cosmioides eggs at two locations in Brazil. We also confirmed that the T. remus lineage in Brazil derives from a strain in Venezuela (originally from Papua New Guinea and introduced into the Americas, Africa, and Asia). The occurrence of T. remus parasitizing S. frugiperda and S. cosmioides eggs in field conditions, not associated with inundative releases, suggests that the species has managed to establish itself in the field in Brazil. This opens possibilities for future biological control programs, since T. remus shows good potential for mass rearing and egg parasitism of important agricultural pests such as Spodoptera species.

Integrative Techniques Confirms the Presence of Bemisia tabaci Parasitoids: Encarsia formosa, Encarsia porteri and Eretmocerus mundus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on Soybean and Tomatoes in South Brazil.

Parasitoid wasps from the Aphelinidae family (Hymenoptera) are important control agents of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) cryptic species, both through reproduction and feeding processes. Identifying native parasitoid species within agricultural systems affected by Bemisia whitefly species is the first step to developing guidelines for the creation and release of biological control agents aiming at this highly damaging pest species complex. Taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses based on morphological and molecular characters, respectively, confirmed the occurrence of Encarsia formosa (Gahan, 1924) in greenhouse tomatoes from Santa Maria, Encarsia porteri (Mercet, 1928) in open-field soybean from Santa Maria, and Eretmocerus mundus Mercet, 1931 in greenhouse tomatoes from São José do Hortêncio, all within Rio Grande do Sul state (South Brazil). This is the first report of En. formosa, En. porteri and Er. mundus parasitising B. tabaci in South Brazil, and the first En. porteri partial mtCOI gene sequence being reported and characterised. The high temperature inside the tomato greenhouses can be a possible cause for the predominance of Er. mundus in São José do Hortêncio, and sex ratios in the surveyed populations point to female and male prevalence within Encarsia and Eretmocerus genera, respectively. The combined use of taxonomic and molecular characterisation highlights the importance of combining both morphological and molecular approaches in the assessment of previously unidentified whitefly parasitoids.

Annotated checklist and illustrated key to parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae, Eulophidae and Pteromalidae) of fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) in Brazil.

The hymenopteran parasitoids of pest species of Tephritidae in Brazil are best known by their most prominent species, members of Braconidae and Figitidae. Species in the less-studied families Diapriidae, Eulophidae and Pteromalidae, which are mostly pupal parasitoids, have been largely neglected and the literature on these groups is sparse and scattered. Therefore, their importance as natural enemies of fruit flies is likely underestimated. Here, we present a parasitoid-host-plant checklist of all diapriids, eulophids and pteromalids that parasitize fruit flies of economic importance in Brazil, namely Anastrepha species and Ceratitis capitata. A compilation of information of the seven species of these parasitoids occurring in Brazil-Coptera haywardi Loiácono and Trichopria anastrephae Lima (Diapriidae), Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri (Eulophidae), Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani), Spalangia endius Walker, S. gemina Boucek and S. simplex Perkins (Pteromalidae)-including their taxonomic status, general biology, and potential as biocontrol agents, is presented. Additionally, we provide an illustrated key to species, aiming to highlight key morphological features and facilitate identification at species level, stimulating future research on these groups.

Occurrence of Phelypera griseofasciata and its parasitism in munguba in Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro / Ocorrência de Phelypera griseofasciata e seu parasitismo em munguba em Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro

Pachira aquatica (Malvaceae), known as munguba, is cultivated for afforestation of many Brazilian cities. In Seropédica campus of UFRRJ, it was observed the defoliation of one specimen of Pachira aquatica with presence of larvae, pre-pupae, and pupae of beetle of the subfamily Hyperinae, which were reared in laboratory until the emergence of the adults; these insects were identified as belonging to the species Phelypera griseofasciata Capiomont (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). These immature forms (n=86) were again collected in this same specimen and reared in laboratory to verify the occurrence of parasitism. It was obtained 128 adults of Jaliscoa nudipennis Boucek (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), responsible for 44.2% of total parasitism. The sex ratio was 0.70, so the highest number of offspring was of females. Intersexual and intrasexual dimorphisms were also observed in J. nudipennis regarding the shape of the head and characteristics of the wings. This study is the first record of both insect species associated with Pachira aquatica in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.(AU)

Pachira aquatica (Malvaceae), conhecida como munguba, é cultivada para arborização de muitas cidades brasileiras. No campus de Seropédica da UFRRJ, observou-se o desfolhamento de um espécime de Pachira aquatica, com a presença de larvas, pré-pupas e pupas de besouro da subfamília Hyperinae, que foram criadas em laboratório até a emergência dos adultos; esses insetos foram identificados como pertencentes à espécie Phelypera griseofasciata Capiomont (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Essas formas imaturas (n=86) foram novamente coletadas nesse mesmo espécime e criadas em laboratório para verificar a ocorrência de parasitismo. Foram obtidos 128 adultos de Jaliscoa nudipennis Boucek (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), responsáveis por 44,2% do parasitismo total. A razão sexual foi de 0,70, portanto, o maior número de descendentes foi de fêmeas. Observaram-se ainda os dimorfismos inter e intrasexuais em J. nudipennis quanto ao formato da cabeça e às características das asas. Este estudo trata-se do primeiro registro de ambas as espécies de insetos associadas a Pachira aquatica no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.(AU)

Pupal parasitoids associated with Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a semiarid environment in Brazil

Abstract Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are important pests that affect the fruit-growing worldwide. In the northeastern Brazil, where a semiarid climate predominates and the production of tropical fruits for export is concentrated, some fruit flies, including Anastrepha spp. and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), are considered pests due to economic damage and quarantine restrictions. In several parts of the world, fruit fly population regulation is carried out with the support of hymenopteran parasitoids. In Brazil, some information exists about larval parasitoids of fruit flies, but little is known about pupal parasitoids of these tephritids, especially in Brazilian semiarid environments. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to know the pupal parasitoids associated with C. capitata in a semiarid environment in Brazil. The parasitoid survey was carried out in a semiarid region in the states of Rio do Norte and Ceará. To obtain the parasitoids, pupae (sentinels) of C. capitata from the laboratory, Applied Entomology Laboratory of Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, were exposed to natural parasitism in the field. Six parasitoid (Hymenoptera) species were obtained: Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani), Spalangia simplex Perkins, Spalangia gemina Boucek, Spalangia leiopleura Gibson, and Spalangia impunctata Howard (Pteromalidae); Trichopria anastrephae Lima (Diapriidae). These are the first records of pupal parasitoids associated with the fruit fly C. capitata in Brazil.

First record and new species of the parasitoid wasp Chaenotetrastichus Graham (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) for the Neotropical Region, with notes on its biology and a key for the species of the genus.

Chaenotetrastichus neotropicalis sp. nov. from the Atlantic Forest, Brazil, is described and illustrated. This new species is associated with a species of the pompilid wasp Auplopus Spinola (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) and it represents the first record of the genus for the Neotropics. A key for the extant species of the genus Chaenotetrastichus Graham is also presented.

Annotated checklist and illustrated key to braconid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of economically important fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) in Brazil.

The braconid parasitoids of fruit-infesting flies have been more intensively studied from the middle to late 1990s, when taxonomic research was restarted in Brazil. At the same time, efforts toward the biological control of fruit flies intensified, and an exotic species, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, was introduced. In the decade 2010, another exotic species, Fopius arisanus, was introduced, and two new species of Doryctobracon were described.  Currently, 12 species of braconids from the subfamilies Alysiinae (two species) and Opiinae (10 species) are associated with fruit flies of economic importance in Brazil, two of which are introduced species. More than half of the species belong to the genus Doryctobracon, with D. areolatus (Szépligeti) the most widely distributed species in Brazil.

A survey for potential biological control agents of Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae) in Brazil reveals two new species of Horismenus Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).

This paper deals with the description of two new species of Horismenus Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) from Brazil, parasitoids of larvae of Adetus analis (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Both species are similar to Horismenus steirastomae (Girault), a species that also parasitizes cerambycids. Adetus analis is a pest of Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz (Cucurbitaceae), a minor crop in Brazil, Argentina and U.S.A., but also feeds in stems of Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae), an ornamental plant that has become a problematic weed species in Africa, where it was introduced. The two new Horismenus species are described, diagnosed, and compared to H. steirastomae.

New species, notes and new records of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in Brazil.

Two new species of Trichogramma are described: Trichogramma piracicabense sp. nov. and T. valmiri sp. nov. Additionally, T. manicobai from eggs of the cassava hornworm Erinnyis ello is redescribed, and new records on the distribution and host associations of species of Trichogramma from Brazil are presented.

Neodusmetia sangwani (Subba Rao) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) to control Antonina graminis (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in pastures in Brazil: a revision / Neodusmetia sangwani (Subba Rao) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) para o controle de Antonina graminis (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) em pastagens no Brasil: uma revisão

The use of the parasitoid Neodusmetia sangwani to control the Rhodes grass mealybug Antonina graminis is one of the best examples of classical biological control in the world. The situation could not be different in Brazil, where the pest has also been introduced, and kept under control after the release of its natural enemy. In this review, it is united information with respect to the successful use of a natural enemy in this country. Notes about the description and biology of the insects involved and rearing and release procedures of the parasitoid for the Rhodes grass mealybug control in Brazil will also be presented.(AU)

O uso do parasitoide Neodusmetia sangwani para controlar a cochonilha-das-pastagens Antonina graminis é um dos melhores exemplos de controle biológico clássico no mundo. A situação não poderia ser diferente no Brasil, onde a praga foi introduzida e mantida sob controle após a liberação de seu inimigo natural. Nessa revisão são reunidas informações sobre o bem-sucedido uso de um inimigo natural nesse país. Serão apresentadas também notas sobre a descrição e biologia dos insetos envolvidos e procedimentos de multiplicação e liberação do parasitoide para o controle dessa cochonilha no Brasil.(AU)

Syntomopus parisii and Leptomeraporus sp. parasitizing Melanagromyza sojae in Brazil / Syntomopus parisii e Leptomeraporus sp. parasitando Melanagromyza sojae no Brasil

ABSTRACT: This note is the first report of Syntomopus parisii De Santis 1976 and Leptomeraporus sp. (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) simultaneously parasitizing Melanagromyza sojae Zehntner, 1900 (Diptera, Agromyzidae) in Brazil. The Pteromalidae parasitoids are natural enemies of stem miner flies, opening perspectives for biological control of soybean stem miner fly.

RESUMO: Esta nota é o primeiro registro de Syntomopus parisii De Santis 1976 e Leptomeraporus sp. (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) parasitando simultaneamente Melanagromyza sojae Zehntner, 1900 (Diptera, Agromyzidae) no Brasil. Os parasitoides Pteromalidae são inimigos naturais de moscas minadoras do caule, abrindo perspectivas para o controle biológico da mosca minadora do caule da soja.

Three new species of Horismenus Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with seed pods of Pithecellobium dulce (Fabaceae).

Horismenus abnormicaulis sp. nov., H. patensis sp. nov. and H. zuleidae sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), all authored by Pikart, Costa & Hansson, are described from material obtained from seed pods of Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. (Fabaceae) collected in Northeastern Brazil. The seed pods were infested with larvae of Coleoptera (Chrysomelidae (Bruchinae) and Curculionidae). The associations of the Horismenus species and the beetle larvae have not been established. Morphological similarities between these new species and previously described species with host known suggest that H. patensis and H. zuleidae are primary parasitoids of Bruchinae, whereas H. abnormicaulis may act as a hyperparasitoid on other Horismenus species. The three species are compared with similar species of Horismenus.

Natural parasitism of Hexacladia smithii Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on Euschistus heros (F. ) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): new record from Mato Grosso State, Brazil / Parasitismo natural de Hexacladia smithii Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) sobre Euschistus heros (F. ) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): novo registro no estado do Mato Grosso

The neotropical stink brown bug, Euschistus heros (F.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an insect pest to soybean crops in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. In this region, synthetic insecticides are frequently used for insect control. An alternative to the indiscriminate use of insecticides is the biological control with parasitoids. Thus, the objective of this study was to conduct the survey of parasitoids that use E. heros adults as hosts. Random samples were conducted during the harvests of 2009/10 and 2010/11 in two farms that produce soybean (conventional system) in Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The total number of collected E. heros was: 297 (Field 1) and 293 (Field 2) in 2009/10 and 295 (Field 1) and 376 (Field 2) in 2010/11. Of these, 1.50 (Field 1) and 13.99% (Field 2) were parasitized in 2009/10 and 8.47 (Field 1) and 7.45% (Field 2) in 2010/11. The parasitoids found were Hexacladia smithii Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in both fields. This is the first record of parasitism in E. heros adults in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.(AU)

O percevejo marrom, Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), é um inseto praga na cultura da soja no estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil. Nesta região, inseticidas sintéticos são frequentemente utilizados ao controle de insetos. Uma alternativa para o uso indiscriminado de inseticidas é o controle biológico com parasitoides. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar o levantamento dos parasitoides que utilizam adultos de E. heros como hospedeiros. Para isso, amostras aleatórias foram conduzidas durante as safras de 2009/10 e 2010/11, em duas fazendas produtoras de soja (sistema convencional) em Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso, Brasil. O número total de E. heros coletados foi: 297 (Área 1) e 293 (Área 2) em 2009/10 e 295 (Área 1) e 376 (Área 2) em 2010/11. Destes percevejos 1,50 (Área 1) e 13,99% (Área 2) encontravam-se parasitados em 2009/10 e 8,47 (Área 1) e 7,45% (Área 2) em 2010/11. Nas duas áreas, o parasitoide encontrado foi Hexacladia smithii Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Este é o primeiro registro de parasitismo em adultos de E. heros no estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil.(AU)

Moscas frugívoras e seus parasitoides nos municípios de Pelotas e Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Frugivorous flies and their parasitoids in the cities of Pelotas and Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

As moscas frugívoras (Tephritoidea) são as principais pragas da fruticultura de clima temperado no Brasil. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a infestação desses dípteros e a ocorrência de seus parasitoides em frutíferas nos municípios de Pelotas e Capão do Leão, localizados na região Sul, nas safras agrícolas de 2007/08 e 2008/09. Foram coletados frutos de araçazeiro-amarelo e vermelho (Psidium cattleianum Sabine, 1821), butiazeiro [Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc., 1916], caquizeiro (Diospyros kaki Linnaeus, 1753), cerejeira-do-mato (Eugenia involucrata DC., 1828), goiabeira [Psidium guajava (Linnaeus, 1753)], goiabeira-serrana [Acca sellowiana (Berg.) Burret, 1941], nespereira [Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindley, 1822], pessegueiro [Prunus persicae (L.) Batsch, 1801], pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora Linnaeus,1753) e uvalheira (Eugenia pyriformis Cambessèdes, 1832). Os frutos foram coletados e transportados para o laboratório, onde foram individualizados e determinados os seguintes parâmetros: índice de infestação das moscas, índice de parasitismo e frequência de indivíduos por espécie de parasitoide. Foram constatadas duas espécies de Tephritidae, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (90,5 por cento) e Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (9,5 por cento) e duas de Lonchaeidae, Neosilba zadolicha McAlpine & Steyskal, 1982 (87,8 por cento) e uma espécie ainda não descrita, referida como Neosilba n. sp. 3 (12,2 por cento). Anastrepha fraterculus é a espécie mais abundante nos dois municípios, sendo constatada na maioria das frutíferas coletadas. Caquizeiro e goiabeira foram os hospedeiros que apresentaram o maior índice de infestação por C. capitata. Quanto às espécies de Neosilba, a maior infestação ocorreu em frutos de goiabeira-serrana. Dos parasitoides emergidos, foram identificadas três espécies, sendo duas de Braconidae, Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti, 1911) (52,6 por cento) e Opius bellus (Gahan, 1930) (27,5 por cento) e uma espécie de Figitidae, Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes, 1924) (20,0 por cento). Doryctobracon areolatus foi o parasitoide mais frequente na maioria das frutíferas amostradas, com exceção da pitangueira e cerejeira-do-mato em que predominou O. bellus, e em pessegueiro com predomínio de A. pelleranoi.

Frugivorous flies (Tephritoidea) are the main pests in temperate-zone fruit crop in Brazil. The objective of this research is to evaluate the infestation of these flies and the incidence of their parasitoids in fruit trees from 2007/08 and 2008/9 crops in Pelotas and in Capão do Leão, located in the south of Rio Grande do Sul. Fruits were collected from yellow guava and red guava (Psidium cattleianum Sabine, 1821), pindo palm [Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc., 1916], persimmon (Diospyros kaki Linnaeus, 1753), wild cherry (Eugenia involucrata DC., 1828), guava [Psidium guajava (Linnaeus, 1753)], feijoa tree [Acca sellowiana (Berg.) Burret, 1941], medlar [Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindley, 1822], peach [Prunus persicae (L.) Batsch, 1801], surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora Linnaeus,1753) and (Eugenia pyriformis Cambessèdes, 1832). The fruit was collected and transported to the laboratory, where the following parameters were individually determined: fly infestation rate, parasitism rate, and its frequency per parasitoid specie. It was found two species of Tephritidae, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (90.5 percent) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (9.5 percent) and two of Lonchaeidae, Neosilba zadolicha McAlpine & Steyskal, 1982 (87.8 percent) and a species not yet described, called Neosilba n. sp. 3 (12.2 percent). Anastrepha fraterculus is the most abundant species in the two cities and it was detected in most fruit crops collected. The persimmon and the guava were the hosts that showed the highest index of C. capitata infestation. Regarding to the species of Neosilba, the highest infestation occurred in fruits of feijoa tree. From the emerged parasitoids, it was identified three species two of Braconidae, Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti, 1911) (52.6 percent) and Opius bellus (Gahan, 1930) (27.5 percent) and a species of Figitidae, Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes, 1924) (20.0 percent). Doryctobracon areolatus was the most frequent parasitoid in most sampled fruit trees, except for surinam cherry and wild cherry, where O. bellus was predominant and for peach, A. pelleranoi.