Phytochemical Content of Malus floribunda: In Vitro and Molecular Docking Studies.

Malus floribunda Siebold ex Van Houtte is a plant planted for landscaping, and its sour and red fruits have been seen to be frequently used in the treatment of diabetes, making vinegar marmalade, and producing natural food dyes. Apart from these usage areas of this plant, it is aimed at determining the phytochemical content. For this purpose, plant parts (fruit, leaf, and branch) were examined. The antioxidant capacity (vitamins A, E, and C, lycopene, beta-carotene, total phenolic and flavonoid amounts, and DPPH radical scavenging effect), antimicrobial activity (agar well diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration-MIC), and GC-MS contents of plant parts were determined. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), spectrophotometers, and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) methods were used in the study. It was determined that M. floribunda fruit is rich in lycopene, beta-carotene, and antioxidant vitamins and contains many biomolecules. In addition, it was concluded that the extracts of different parts of the plant have antimicrobial activity. This study has revealed the idea that this plant, whose phytochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial content has been determined, can be used as a bioactive substance equivalent to antibiotics in medicine, the food industry, and human nutrition. In addition, it is expected that the study will contribute to the plant literature. Molecular docking studies were performed to evaluate the binding interactions between the compound and human peroxiredoxin 5 and S. aureus. Both in vitro and in silico results indicated that synthesized extracts could act as potent antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.

Interleukin 18, soluble cluster of differentiation 40, platelet factor 4 variant 1, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin can be used as biomarkers to aid activity and diagnosis in ocular Behçet's disease.

PURPOSE: The molecules human interleukin (IL-18), the soluble cluster of differentiation (sCD40), platelet factor 4 variant 1 (PF4V1), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) are all markers of inflammation in biological systems and are linked to prognosis in several inflammatory diseases as well. Since there is no study in which the above-mentioned molecules are studied together in ocular Behçet's disease (OBD), the aim of this study is to reveal whether these molecules are activity markers in active (OABD) and inactive (OIBD) disease. METHODS: 30 OABD and 30 OIBD and 30 healthy individuals were included in the study. IL-18, sCD40, PF4V1, and NGAL molecules were studied in blood samples by the ELISA method. RESULTS: When OABD and OIBD were compared to healthy individuals, the levels of IL-18, sCD40, PF4V1, and NGAL molecules were found to be statistically significant. These values were even more significantly higher in patients with OABD. CONCLUSION: When ROC values of IL-18, sCD40, PF4V1, and NGAL are evaluated, it is clear that these four molecules can be used as biomarkers to aid activity and diagnosis in OBD.

Determination of Glutathione, Selenium, and Malondialdehyde in Different Edible Mushroom Species.

In this study, the amount of reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and selenium was determined by using the fluorescence spectrophotometer in eight different species of edible mushrooms. Brittlegill mushroom (Russula delica), meadow mushroom (Agaricus campestris), dryad's saddle mushroom (Polyporus squamosus), white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), Pleurotus spp., ink mushroom (Coprinus atramentarius), ebekari mushroom (slimy) (Elazig local) and çasir mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) (Tunceli local) were used for analysis. The amounts of GSH, GSSG, Se, and MDA with GSH/GSSG ratio in the eight different species of edible mushrooms were observed in between 269.10 ± 16.94-1554.83 ± 58.12 µg/g; 23.55 ± 1.89-841.90 ± 20.03 µg/g; 15.06 ± 1.56-82.10 ± 3.84 µg/g; 5.46 ± 0.50-27.45 ± 2.58 µg/g wet weight and 0.32-41.35, respectively. There is a weak correlation (R 2 = 0.389) between MDA and Se, on the other hand, the correlation (R 2 = 0.831) between GSH/GSSG ratio and selenium in mushrooms are reasonable well. In a similar manner, there is a weak correlation (R 2 = 0551) between GSH/GSSG and MDA ratios in mushrooms. It was found that these edible mushroom species are good source of glutathione (GSH, GSSG), and selenium (Se) in terms of quantities obtained; therefore, it can be said that mushrooms are a rich source of antioxidants.

Effect of 3-(1H-Pyrrol-2-yl)-1H-indazole on the antioxidant status of rats.

The influence of injection periods of 3-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1H-indazole regarding vitamins A, E, C, selenium (Se), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in rats has been investigated. The substance was given by subcutaneous injection at 20 mg/kg every other day for a total of 15 injections. At the end of the treatment, Se levels in serum were determined by fluorimetry, and those of vitamins A, E, C, and malondialdehyde in serum, liver, and kidney were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. GSH-Px activities in erythrocytes were determined spectrophotometrically. Vitamins A, E, C, and Se levels were generally lower than in the controls, while GSH-Px activity at the third injection period was maximally increased, with the activities after the other injection periods being higher than in the control group. In addition, vitamins A, E, and C levels were generally lower than the control groups, while serum, liver, and kidney MDA levels gradually increased depending on injection periods. On the other hand, GSH-Px activity was higher than in the control group. Thus, the results show that while vitamins A, E, C, and Se levels decreased, MDA levels and GSH-Px activities increased after administration of 3-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1H-indazole to the rats. These findings might be related to the increased amount of free radicals caused by 3-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1H-indazole injection.