COVID-19 and mental health: Impact on symptom burden in older people living with mental illness in residential aged care.

OBJECTIVES: COVID-19-related restrictions for residential aged care (RAC) have been significant. However, the mental health impacts for residents already living with mental illness remain poorly understood. In this study, we examined change in mental health symptom burden for this group and potential associations with clinical and contextual factors. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients of a specialist aged mental health clinical service for RAC. Change in symptoms (measured by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Nursing Home version [NPI-NH]) between pre-pandemic and two pandemic timepoints were analysed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Potential associations with baseline diagnosis or severity of 'lockdown' restrictions in RAC were assessed using linear regression. RESULTS: Data from 91 patient files were included. The median NPI-NH score slightly increased during wave one (baseline median NPI-NH score = 17.0 [interquartile range, IQR: 10.0-27.0]; wave one median = 19.0, IQR: 8.0-30.0) and fell during wave two (Median: 15.5, IQR: 7.0-28.0), but changes were not statistically significant (all p-values >0.05). Adjusting for age and gender, an association between neurocognitive disorder diagnosis and NPI-NH score during wave one was statistically but not clinically significant (p = 0.046). No other significant associations were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Accounting for pre-pandemic symptoms, we found no clinically relevant evidence of worsening mental health during COVID-19 for a group of older people living with mental illness in RAC. This adds to evidence of relatively stable mental health in older people during the pandemic. Research and policy should consider underpinning mechanisms and emphasise patient- and carer-centred interventions.

Successful treatment of behavioural problems in dementia using a cholinesterase inhibitor: the ethical questions.

OBJECTIVE: To review the effect of cholinesterase inhibitors on the behavioural and neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia and discuss the current clinical guidelines for the prescription of cholinesterase inhibitors in Australia. METHOD: This paper reports the case of a patient with clinical diagnosis of dementia with lewy bodies (DLB) who was referred to an old age psychiatry service for the treatment of severe visual hallucinations and behavioural problems. RESULTS: Pharmacological treatment with olanzapine produced marked parkinsonism, agitation and confusion. A cholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil, was introduced. The introduction of donepezil was associated with cognitive improvement (mini-mental state examination [MMSE] increased from 23 to 27) and complete remission of behavioural symptoms. CONCLUSION: That cholinesterase inhibitors may have a role in the management of behavioural symptoms of dementia and the current Australian PBS guidelines for prescribing cholinesterase inhibitors are clinically restrictive. This has clinical and ethical implications that need to be addressed by consumers, the medical community and regulating authorities.

Delirium: além do diagnóstico clínico / Delirium: moving beyond the clinical diagnosis

Delirium é um transtorno mental comum que tem sido associado a permanência hospitalar prolongada, aumento nos custos com cuidados médicos e maior morbidade e mortalidade entre idosos. De forma geral, o manejo de pacientes tem se limitado ao tratamento das complicações advindas do episódio agudo e dos distúrbios comportamentais e psicológicos associados ao delirium, embora isto pareça ter um impacto desprezível sobre o curso da doença e o prognóstico dos pacientes no longo prazo. Este artigo revisa o desenvolvimento de estratégias desenhadas com o objetivo de reduzir a incidência e as complicações clínicas do delirium e propöe que um tratamento efetivo de pacientes com delirium deve sempre incluir medidas básicas de prevençäo primária, secundária e terciária