Técnicas de localización radiográfica en endodoncia: revisión bibliográfica / Radiographic techniques in endodontics location: literature review

La radiología representa un área muy importante dentro del campo médico y odontológico, siendo básica y esencial para el diagnóstico y, por lo tanto, para la terapéutica. En endodoncia, la toma de radiografías es imprescindible durante las diferentes etapas del tratamiento, para poder culminar con éxito la terapia endodóntica, por lo que es fundamental la obtención de radiografías de alta calidad diagnóstica. En determinadas situaciones, aún cuando la técnica de toma de la radiografía y su proceso de revelado hayan permitido la obtención de radiografías con imágenes adecuadas, las mismas no son útiles para el propósito que se requieren, como puede ser la localización de un objeto extraño, la ubicación de una estructura anatómica que imposibilita la visión directa a una pieza dentaria o de un conducto radicular en específico, por lo que el odontólogo debe manejar las diferentes técnicas de localización radiográfica y su interpretación. En la presente revisión se destaca la importancia de las técnicas de localización radiográfica, su definición, indicaciones y técnicas de localización aplicadas al área de endodoncia, los aspectos básicos para su realización y como se interpretan las imágenes obtenidas

The Radiology represents an important area in the medical and dentist field, it's basic and essential for the diagnostic and therapeutic. The endodontic treatment demands the use of radiographies during it's different stages, this radiographies must be of the must high quality to finish successfully the dentist therapy. In certain occasions, the radiographies don't attain to get the result for it has been used, even when the Dentist had used the correctly radiographic technology and correct radiographic film processing, because it doesn't easy show the location of rare objects, anatomic structures, tooth or root canals. The present review make emphasize in the importance of location radiographic technics, it's indications, definitions and locations technics applied to the endodontic treatment, it's basics aspects of carrying out and how to interpret the x-ray image

The role of disclosure in coping with HIV infection.

A qualitative investigation was conducted to explore the role of disclosure in HIV infection. Forty homosexual and bisexual men completed a short demographic questionnaire and participated in a one-to-one, semi-structured interview. The interview was designed to address a variety of personal, interpersonal and organizational issues related to their HIV status and participants were invited to talk about their personal experiences from immediately prior to their diagnosis to the time of the interview. The results from the interviews are presented in three sections: immediately post-diagnosis, asymptomatic phase and symptomatic/AIDS phases. The data revealed that disclosing one's HIV status was an acute and recurrent stressor. Immediately post-diagnosis, individuals were more likely to adopt a policy of non-disclosure and this provided them with an opportunity to come to terms with their diagnosis before having to contend with the reactions of others. After this phase, there was evidence that individuals increasingly used disclosure as a mechanism for coping with the disease. Disclosure of one's status was used to increase both practical and emotional support, share responsibility for sex and to facilitate self-acceptance of one's condition. The results from this investigation revealed that disclosure has a dual role in HIV infection acting as both a stressor and a mechanism by which individuals contend with their infection.

Prosocial development in late adolescence: a longitudinal study.

Change in prosocial moral reasoning over 15 years, gender differences in prosocial reasoning, and the interrelations of moral reasoning, prosocial behavior, and empathy-related emotional responses were examined with longitudinal data from 17-18- and 19-20-year-olds and data from adolescents interviewed for the first time. Hedonistic reasoning declined in use until adolescence, and then increased somewhat in early adulthood. Needs-oriented and stereotypic reasoning increased until mid-childhood or early adolescence and then declined in use. Direct reciprocity and approval reasoning, which appeared to be on the decline in mid-adolescence in previous follow-ups, showed no decline into early adulthood. Several modes of higher-level reasoning increased in use across adolescence and early adulthood. Females' overall reasoning was higher than males'. Scores on interview and objective measures of prosocial moral reasoning were positively correlated. Consistent with expectations, there was some evidence of relations among prosocial reasoning, prosocial behavior, sympathy, and perspective taking.