RESUMO
Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is a common neuropathological finding and has been associated with advanced age, TDP-43 proteinopathy, and cerebrovascular pathology. We analyzed neuropathological data of an autopsy cohort of early-onset frontotemporal dementia patients. The study aimed to determine whether in this cohort HS was related to TDP-43 proteinopathy and whether additional factors could be identified. We examined the relationship between HS, proteinopathies in frontotemporal cortices and hippocampus, Alzheimer disease, cerebrovascular changes, and age. We confirmed a strong association between HS and hippocampal TDP-43, whereas there was a weaker association between HS and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology (FTLD-TDP). Nearly all of the FTLD-TDP cases had TDP-43 pathology in the hippocampus. HS was present in all FTLD-TDP type D cases, in 50% of the FTLD-TDP A cohort and in 6% of the FTLD-TDP B cohort. Our data also showed a significant association between HS and vascular changes. We reviewed the literature on HS and discuss possible pathophysiological mechanisms between TDP-43 pathology, cerebrovascular disease, and HS. Additionally, we introduced a quantitative neuronal cell count in CA1 to objectify the semiquantitative visual appreciation of HS.
Assuntos
Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/patologia , Demência Frontotemporal/patologia , Hipocampo/patologia , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/patologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/metabolismo , Estudos de Coortes , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Feminino , Demência Frontotemporal/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/metabolismo , Estudos Retrospectivos , EscleroseRESUMO
Abuse of nitrous oxide--also known as laughing gas--can lead to a number of well-known neurological symptoms but also to less documented psychiatric symptoms. Studies show abuse prevalence rates ranging from 12% to 20% among youngsters and thereby classify nitrous oxide as one of the five most frequently used inhalants. Its abuse still remains unrecognized in psychiatric settings, however. Since treatment is straightforward, it is important to raise the awareness of clinicians with respect to typical signs and symptoms. This paper presents a case report and gives an overview of the existing literature on psychiatric symptoms and therapy.
