Cardiovascular disease onset in old people with severe hypercholesterolemia.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) variants are associated with higher atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk (ASCVD) even when compared with other forms of severe hypercholesterolemia, especially in young people. Lipid lowering therapies (LLT) may change hypercholesterolemia natural history. This study aimed at evaluating factors associated with occurrence of ASCVD in old severe hypercholesterolemics diagnosed or not with FH and undergoing LLT. METHODS: Hypercholesterolemic individuals ≥60 years participating on a genetic cascade screening for FH were divided in 4 groups (2 × 2) according to the presence (variant+) or not (variant-) of FH genetic variants and previous ASCVD (ASCVD+ and ASCVD-). Biomarkers associated with new incident ASCVD events were tested using Cox models. Continuous data shown as medians (%25; %75). RESULTS: From 4,111 genotyped individuals, 377 (9.1%) were elderly [age 66 (63; 71) years], 28.9% males, 42.7% variant+, 32.1% with previous ASCVD, LLT duration 9 (5; 16) years, and on treatment LDL-cholesterol 144 (109; 200) mg/dL. After 4.8 (7; 3) years of follow up there were 47 incident events (12.4%, 2.7% patient/year). The annualized event rates were 0.8% (95% CI 0.36%; 1.70%), 2.3% (95% CI 1.3%; 4.1%), 5.2% (95% CI 2.8%; 9.7%) and 6.3% (95% CI 4.0%; 10.0%) respectively for groups variant-/ASCVD-, variant+/ASCVD-, variant-/ASCVD+ and, variant+/ASCVD+ (p log rank p < 0.001). Only presence of previous ASCVD was independently associated with incident ASCVD [hazard ratio 3.236 (95%CI 1.497-6.993, p = 0.003)]. No interaction was found for previous ASCVD and variants. CONCLUSIONS: In old severe hypercholesterolemic individuals undergoing long-term LLT previous ASCVD was associated with incident events while FH causing variants were not.

Familial hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease in older individuals.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is characterized by high LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and early atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). With a lipid lowering therapy (LLT), most individuals with FH may have a longer ASCVD-free survival. However, there is scant data about older individuals with FH. METHODS: We compared characteristics of genetically defined FH older individuals with age-matched non-FH counterparts. RESULTS: From 4111 genotyped individuals, 462 older than 60 years were included (198 positive and 264 negative for FH variants). There were no differences regarding median age [%25; 75%] 66.0 (62.0; 71.0) and 66.0 (62.2; 71.0) years, p = 0.68 for FH and non-FH, respectively. In both groups, there was a higher frequency of females, however, there were more males in the FH group 37.4% vs. 24.2%, p = 0.002. No differences were seen between FH and non-FH in LLT use: 88.5% vs. 91.5%, p = 0.29. Despite a longer LLT duration in FH patients (with 11.0 (7.0; 20.0) vs. 7.0 (3.0; 13.0) years, p < 0.001), treatment was started late in both groups: at 54.0 (47.0; 61.0) and 59.0 (52.0; 64.0) years, p < 0.001, in FH and non-FH, respectively. FH had greater frequencies of previous and early ASCVD (40.9% vs. 27.3%, p = 0.002, and 22.2% vs. 9.0%, p < 0.001). In FH, male sex [HR (95%CI)] 2.67 (1.50-4.73), p = 0.001, and LLT onset age 0.96 (0.93-0.99), p = 0.009, were independently associated with ASCVD. CONCLUSIONS: Among hypercholesterolemic older individuals participating in a cascade screening program, the genetic diagnosis of FH was associated with higher ASCVD rates, emphasizing the relevance of a monogenic defect as the cause of long-lasting hypercholesterolemia and ASCVD risk, particularly in men.

Análise crítica dos estudos que mudaram a prática clínica recente: diabetes mellitus e doenças cardiovasculares / Critical analysis of studies that changed recent clinical practice: diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease

Já é bem conhecida a importância da terapêutica para os pacientes com diabetes mellitus (DM) no que diz respeito à redução dos eventos cardiovasculares e, por isso, existe interesse em comprovar a segurança cardiovascular das diferentes terapias anti-hiperglicêmicas disponíveis no mercado. O objetivo desta revisão consiste em discutir três grandes estudos publicados recentemente, LEADER, CANVAS e DECLARE ­ TIME 58, que avaliaram o efeito sobre morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular das medicações em questão em comparação com placebo

The importance of therapy for patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) in reducing cardiovascular events is well-known and, therefore, there is interest in confirming the cardiovascular safety of the different antihyperglycemic therapies available on the market. The objective of this review is to discuss three large recently-published studies, LEADER, CANVAS and DECLARE ­ TIME 58, which evaluated the effect of the medications in question on morbidity and cardiovascular mortality as compared to a placebo

[Apical lesions in Chagas' heart disease patients: an autopsy study]. / A lesão apical em cardiopatas chagásicos crônicos: estudo necroscópico.

INTRODUCTION: The presence of an apical ventricular lesion increases the risk of intracardiac thrombosis and thromboembolic phenomena. The study evaluated the incidence of apical lesions and intracardiac thrombosis in Chagas' heart disease patients at autopsy. METHODS: A retrospective review of autopsies of Chagas' heart disease patients was conducted. Statistical analysis included comparison of clinical variables and autopsy findings between two groups: group A (apical lesions) and group B (no apical lesions). RESULTS: A total of 51 cases of Chagas' disease patients were studied: 25 in group A (mean age 53 years-old; 64% male) and 26 in group B. Apical lesions were verified in the left ventricle in 80% of cases. The prevalent clinical subtype in both groups was myopathic, but significant cardiac arrhythmia was present in 57.9% of patients in group A, while 76.9% in group B did not present arrhythmias. Mean heart weight was 500.9 g in group A and 408.4 g in group B. The presence of thrombosis occurred in 60% of group A with 8 (53.3%) thrombi occurring in the apical lesion. CONCLUSIONS: The myopathic subtype was the most common clinical form in group A and the mean heart weight was statistically higher in this group. Clear prevalence of thrombosis was verified in group A, with 50% located in the apical lesion, whose main differential factor was a greater incidence of arrhythmias. Myopathy (heart weight above 500 g) was primordial for the presence of thrombosis in both groups.

Ciência no século XIX: a contribuição brasileira para a descoberta do agente etiológico da filariose linfática / Science in the nineteenth century: the Brazilian contribution to the discovery of the etiologic agent of lymphatic filariasis

As contribuições de todos os povos para as artes de cura, ao longo de séculos, constituem a história da medicina universal. O estudo sobre as origens e o desenvolvimento dos conhecimentos médicos na história de pesquisas e descobertas leva à constatação da importância do papel de cientistas brasileiros natos ou por adoção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi ressaltar contribuições para a descoberta do agente etiológico da filariose bancroftiana. Destacam-se nomes como Otto Wucherer, Paterson e Silva Lima, que, nos primórdios do Brasil Império, criaram um modelo investigativo médico que, posteriormente, ficou conhecido como Escola Tropicalista Baiana.

A lesão apical em cardiopatas chagásicos crônicos: estudo necroscópico / Apical lesions in Chagas' heart disease patients: an autopsy study

INTRODUÇÃO: A lesão apical ventricular é típica da cardiopatia chagásica e sua presença representa risco de fenômenos tromboembólicos. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a frequência de LA à necropsia de portadores de cardiopatia chagásica crônica. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de necropsias de chagásicos maiores que 17 anos. Efetuada análise estatística comparativa das variáveis clínicas e dos achados necroscópicos entre o grupo A (com lesão apical) e o grupo B (ausência de lesão apical). RESULTADOS: Estudados 51 casos: 25 no grupo A (idade média de 53 anos, 64 por cento do sexo masculino)e 26 no B.. A LA localizava-se no ventrículo esquerdo em 80 por cento casos. No grupo B, a média de idade foi de 56 anos e 46,1 por cento eram do sexo masculino. A forma clínica prevalente nos dois grupos foi a miopática, mas arritmia cardíaca também esteve presente em ambos (57,9 por cento no grupo A e 32,1 por cento no B). Foi constatada a presença de trombos em 60 por cento dos casos do grupo A (53,3 por cento localizados na LA ) e 30,7 por cento no B; CONCLUSÕES: Houve predomínio da forma miopática nos casos com LA, com média de peso cardíaco maior em relação ao B. Em ambos os grupos observamos relação diretamente proporcional entre maior peso cardíaco e presença de tromboses. Houve predomínio do número de tromboses no grupo A, mais de 50 por cento eram localizadas na lesão, cujo diferencial clínico principal consistiu na presença maior de arritmias. A miopatia (com aumento de peso acima de 500g) foi primordial para aparecimento de tromboses.

INTRODUCTION: The presence of an apical ventricular lesion increases the risk of intracardiac thrombosis and thromboembolic phenomena. The study evaluated the incidence of apical lesions and intracardiac thrombosis in Chagas' heart disease patients at autopsy. METHODS: A retrospective review of autopsies of Chagas' heart disease patients was conducted. Statistical analysis included comparison of clinical variables and autopsy findings between two groups: group A (apical lesions) and group B (no apical lesions). RESULTS: A total of 51 cases of Chagas' disease patients were studied: 25 in group A (mean age 53 years-old; 64 percent male) and 26 in group B. Apical lesions were verified in the left ventricle in 80 percent of cases. The prevalent clinical subtype in both groups was myopathic, but significant cardiac arrhythmia was present in 57.9 percent of patients in group A, while 76.9 percent in group B did not present arrhythmias. Mean heart weight was 500.9g in group A and 408.4g in group B. The presence of thrombosis occurred in 60 percent of group A with 8 (53.3 percent) thrombi occurring in the apical lesion. CONCLUSIONS: The myopathic subtype was the most common clinical form in group A and the mean heart weight was statistically higher in this group. Clear prevalence of thrombosis was verified in group A, with 50 percent located in the apical lesion, whose main differential factor was a greater incidence of arrhythmias. Myopathy (heart weight above 500g) was primordial for the presence of thrombosis in both groups.

A lesão apical em pacientes cardiopatas chagásicos crônicos. Estudo clínico e ecocardiográfico / The apical lesion in chronic chagasic myocardiopathy. A clinical and echocardiographic study

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A lesão apical (LA) é sede de tromboses e marcadora de mau prognóstico na doença de Chagas. O ecocardiograma bidimensional é um exame útil na avaliação de alterações morfofuncionais em cardiopatas chagásicos crônicos (CCC). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a frequência da LA em CCC, diagnosticada por meio do ecocardiograma bidimensional com Doppler, e estudar clinicamente estes pacientes. MÉTODO: Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo de prontuários de CCC submetidos ao ecocardiograma bidimensional com Doppler. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, na dependência da presença (Grupo A) ou ausência (Grupo B) da LA. Foram estudadas variáveis clínicas e ecocardiográficas, que foram submetidas à análise estatística.RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 100 pacientes; 21 no grupo A [13-(61,9%) do sexo masculino; idade média de 61,10 anos] e 79 no B [46-(58,23 %) do sexo feminino; idade média de 57,01 anos]. Dos 50 pacientes miopatas, 70 batmopatas e 60 dromopatas observados, a LA esteve presente respectivamente em 17 (34,0%), 13 (18,6%) e 11 (18,3%). As três formas clínicas simultaneamente foram observadas em 26 pacientes, desses, sete (26,9%) apresentavam LA. A hipertensão arterial foi a comorbidade mais frequente, encontrada em 61 pacientes (61%), 11 (52,38%) eram do grupo A. No grupo B, 82,5% (52 pacientes) tinham fração de ejeção maior ou igual a 55, enquanto no grupo A, 26,3% (5 pacientes) a tinham abaixo de 55. Três casos de trombose foram diagnosticados ao Ecocardiograma; em dois o trombo se localizava na própria LA.(...)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The apical lesion (AL) is the seat of thrombosis and amarker of poor prognosis in Chagas disease. Bi-dimensional echocardiogram is a helpful tool in the evaluation of morphofunctional changes in chronic chagasic cardiopathy (CCC). The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of AL in CCC, diagnosed by bi-dimensional Doppler echocardiography and study these patients clinically. METHOD: A retrospective study of CCC medical records was conducted. The patients were submitted to a bi-dimensional Doppler echocardiogram and then divided into two groups, depending on the presence (Group A) or absence (Group B) of AL. We studied clinical and echocardiographic variables that were subjected to statistical analysis.RESULTS: 100 patients were included, 21 in group A [13 - (61.9%) males, average age 61.10 years old] and 79 in B [46 - (58.23%) females, average age 57.01 years old]. In this study we found 50 patients with myopathy, 70 with arrhythmias and 60 patients had intracardiac conduction disturbances. Among these patients, AL was present respectively in 17 (34.0%), 13 (18.6%) and 11 (18.3%). These three clinical forms were observed simultaneously in 26 patients and seven of them (26.9%) had AL. High blood pressure was the most common comorbidity which was found in 61 patients (61%); 11 (52.38%) of these patients had AL. In group B, 82.5% (52 patients) had an ejection fraction measured by echocardiography greater than or equal to 55; while in group A, 26.3% (5 patients) had an ejection fraction less than 55. Three cases of thrombosis were diagnosed by echocardiography; the thrombus was located in AL itself in two of these cases.(...)

Investigações das riquetsioses: contribuições de cientistas brasileiros / Rickettsiosis investigations: contributions of Brazilian scientists

Justificativa e objetivos: Um crescente interesse em História da Medicina motivou uma investigação de cientistas brasileiros que tenham se destacado em pesquisas médicas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever a história destes cientistas, que muito contribuíram para o conhecimento das riquetsioses. Conteúdo: Durante pesquisa a respeito da descoberta do agente causal do tifo exantemático, doença que por séculos dizimaram viajantes e populações aglomeradas de vilas e cidades europeias encontrou-se o nome de Henrique da Rocha Lima. Este brilhante cientista, além de descobrir o agente causal do tifo, revelou ao mundo um novo gênero de bactérias, as Rickettsias. No Brasil, uma riquetsiose adquiriu relevância epidemiológica a partir da década de 1920: a febre maculosa. Vários brasileiros se destacam em suas pesquisas, dentre eles Amílcar Viana Martins, Octávio de Magalhães e Jose Toledo Piza. Conclusão: Se atualmente há conhecimento e possibilidade de combater as riquetsioses, deve-se a estes pesquisadores, que com muito trabalho e dedicação desvendaram seus aspectos etiológicos, clínicos e fisiopatológicos.

Background and objectives: A special interest in History of Medicine led us to investigate the role of Brazilians who excelled in medical research. In the present study, we describe the contributions of such scientists in nriching the medical knowledge about rickettsiosis. Contents: We have found in the discovery of the causal agent of epidemic exanthematous typhus, a disease that for centuries afflicted travelers and overcrowded European cities and villages, the name of Henrique da Rocha Lima. This brilliant scientist, besides discovering the causal agent of epidemic exanthematous typhus, revealed to the world a new genus of bacteria, the rickettsia. In Brazil, a rickettsial disease acquired epidemiological relevance after the decade of 1920: the Brazilian spotted fever. Several outstanding researchers were involved in this pioneer research, especially Amílcar Viana Martins, Octávio de Magalhães and Jose Toledo Piza. Conclusion: If today we know about rickettsiosis and we can treat them, we owe this fact to these investigators who, with much work and dedication, solved its etiological, clinical and physiopatological aspects.