Urethral obstruction due to seminal vesiculitis in a sheep: case report / Obstrução uretral por vesiculite seminal em ovino: relato de caso

We report a case of urethral obstruction due to seminal vesiculitis in a Dorper sheep, with symptoms of anuria, rectal prolapse, orchitis/epididymitis, and uroperitoneum and biochemical tests indicating severe azotemia. The animal died due to advanced azotemia, and necropsy revealed kidneys with cortical and medullary necrosis, pyelonephritis of renal calyces, hydronephrosis, ruptured and necrotic bladder, and vesicular, bulbourethral, and ampoule accessory sex glands. There was prostate hyperplasia that revealed a large amount of pus in the cross section, which was also observed bilaterally in the epididymis and right testis. Morphotintorial and biochemical analyses of bacteria obtained from microbiological culture revealed Corynebacterium sp. and Escherichia coli. Infection, hyperplasia, and abscessation of accessory sex glands caused urethral compression, resulting in an obstructive condition, similar to urolithiasis, in addition to bacteremia. Hyperplastic seminal vesiculitis, although rare, must be included among the differential diagnoses of obstructive processes in the urinary tract of sheep.

Relata-se um caso de obstrução uretral decorrente de vesiculite seminal em carneiro da raça Dorper, com quadro de anúria, prolapso retal, orquite/epididimite e uroperitôneo, com exames bioquímicos indicativos de severa azotemia. Devido ao quadro avançado de azotemia, o animal faleceu e, na necropsia, foi observado:: rins com necrose de cortical e medular, pielonefrite dos cálices renais e hidronefrose, bexiga rompida e necrosada, assim como glândulas sexuais acessórias vesiculares, bulbouretrais e ampola. Havia hiperplasia de próstata que, ao corte transversal, revelou grande quantidade de pus, que também foi observado bilateralmente no epidídimo e no testículo direito. As análises morfotintoriais e bioquímicas das bactérias obtidas a partir do cultivo microbiológico foram compatíveis com Corynebacterium sp. e Escherichia coli. A infecção, a hiperplasia e a abscedação das glândulas sexuais acessória, causaram compressão uretral, levando a um quadro obstrutivo, semelhante à urolitíase, somado à bacteremia. A vesiculite seminal hiperplásica, apesar de rara, deve ser incluída entre os diagnósticos diferenciais dos processos obstrutivos do trato urinário de carneiros.

Detection of Different Bovine Papillomavirus Types and Co-infection in Bloodstream of Cattle.

Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is a diverse group of double-stranded DNA oncogenic viruses. BPVs are classically described as epitheliotropic, however, they have been detected in body fluids, such as blood and semen. The presence of BPV in these sites can have implications for the dissemination of BPV. The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of BPV types in cattle blood. A total of 57 blood samples were analyzed by PCR using BPV type-specific primers to BPVs 1-6 and 8-10, and subsequent sequencing. Sequencing quality was determined using Staden package with Phred 20. Similarity analysis was performed with BioEdit and BLAST programs to assess the identity with known BPV types. Statistical analysis was performed by Fisher's exact test. The results showed seven different types of BPVs in the blood, with the exception of BPV 5 and 9. This is the first study that demonstrates BPVs 3, 6, 8 and 10 DNA in cattle blood. BPVs 1 and 2 were the viral types most frequent in blood, while BPVs 4 and 10 were the least frequent types. All the samples showed co-infection by at least two BPV types. These data suggest that several BPV types may infect blood cells at the same time and demonstrate the possibility that the BPV infection in non-epithelial tissue can occur without restriction to one or two viral types. These results can contribute to future studies aimed at the control and prevention of papillomaviruses.

Comparison of two PCR strategies for the detection of bovine papillomavirus.

Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is a diverse group of double-stranded DNA oncogenic viruses, which have been detected in epithelial lesions and body fluids. Most studies of BPV infection rely on a single method for DNA detection; however the use of any single method or technique may underestimate the true prevalence of this virus. The purpose of this study was to compare two PCR strategies for the detection of BPV in skin lesions and fluids: these involve the use of BPV type-specific and consensus primers. Seventy-two cutaneous lesions, 57 blood samples and 59 semen samples were collected. PCR was used with the FAP consensus primers and BPV type-specific primers (for BPVs 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9 and 10), along with sequencing assays, to detect the BPV types. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out by means of the maximum likelihood method. It was found that both FAP and BPV type-specific primer sets could amplify BPV types of DNA in skin lesions, blood and semen samples. However, the BPV type-specific primers were more sensitive than the consensus primers and were able to detect co-infection of BPV in the samples. The consensus primers amplified five BPV types and were more suitable for detecting new putative BPV types. Thus, account should be taken of both PCR primer systems to identify co-infection, the presence of novel viruses, and avoid false-negative results.

Detection and expression of bovine papillomavirus in blood of healthy and papillomatosis-affected cattle.

Papillomaviruses (PV) are double-stranded DNA viruses that can cause benignant and malignant tumors in amniotes. There are 13 types of bovine papillomavirus (BPV-1 to -13); they have been found in reproductive tissues and body fluids. Normally these viruses are detected in epithelial tissue. We looked for BPV in the blood of healthy cattle and cattle with papillomatosis, using PCR and RT-PCR. BPV types 1 and 2 were detected in 8/12 blood samples of asymptomatic bovines and in 8/9 samples from cattle with papillomatosis. Six of 8 asymptomatic samples positive for BPV also showed expression for BPV. Five of 6 samples were positive for E2 expression, while 3/6 samples were positive for E5 expression. Five of 8 symptomatic samples positive for BPV also showed BPV expression. Five of 5 were positive for E2 expression, while 1/5 was positive for E5 expression. Two of 6 blood samples of asymptomatic cattle and 1/5 symptomatic blood samples scored positive for both E2 and E5 expression. This is the first study showing expression of BPV genes in the blood of asymptomatic and papillomatosis-affected animals.

Co-infection of Bovine Papillomavirus and feline-associated Papillomavirus in bovine cutaneous warts.

The diversity of papillomavirus (PV) found in bovine cutaneous warts from Brazilian cattle was evaluated using the PCR technique with the utilization of consensus primers MY09/11 and by PCR using Bovine Papillomavirus (BPV) type-specific primers followed by sequencing. Eleven cutaneous warts from 6 cattle herds were selected. Six warts were positive for the presence of PV. The presence of BPV types 1, 2, 3, 6 and feline sarcoid-associated PV (FeSarPV) in cutaneous wart lesions, as well as the presence of co-infections, was found. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that FeSarPV is described co-infecting a cutaneous wart in Brazil. The present study confirms the previous finding of FeSarPV infecting cattle. These results show the necessity of more studies to investigate the diversity of PV in cattle, its diversity and the possibility of co-infection in cattle and other animals.

FREQUÊNCIA DE ANTICORPOS E FATORES DE RISCO ASSOCIADOS À LEUCOSE ENZOÓTICA BOVINA EM REBANHOS DA BACIA LEITEIRA DO ESTADO DO MARANHÃO

ABSTRACT This study was performed in order to determine the frequency of antibodies to enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), and the main factors related to the infection in dairy herds of Maranhão State, Brazil. Serum samples from 920 animals were submitted to the agar gel immunodifusion technique. The study was carried out on 92 dairy properties, in 23 districts located in the regions of Açailândia, Bacabal, São Luis Island, Imperatriz and Pedreiras. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied for each herd to investigate variables that could be associated with this infection. Of the 920 serum samples examined, 53.8% were reagent. The frequency breakdown by region was 63.50%, 61.87%, 60.62%, 41.18% and 30.83%, for Bacabal, São Luis Island, Pedreiras, Imperatriz and Açailândia, respectively. Reagents animals were found in the 23 districts studied, with detection of serologically positive bovines on 98.91% of the properties. Variables identified as risk factors included the repeated use of the same needle for blood sampling or vaccination, repeated use of the same obstetric glove, animal housing and absence of veterinary assistance. These risk factors presented a statistical significance (P 0.05) associated to infection. These results indicate that enzootic bovine leukosis infection is high in dairy herds of the state of Maranhão and that factors related to livestock management were associated with the risk of EBL infection.

RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a frequência e os possíveis fatores de risco as-sociados à ocorrência da Leucose Enzoótica Bovina (LEB) na bacia leiteira do Estado do Maranhão. Amostras de soro de 920 animais da raça girolanda foram submetidas à técnica de imunodifusão em gel de ágar. O estudo foi realizado em 92 propriedades leiteiras, pertencentes a 23 municípios localizados nas regionais de Açailândia, Bacabal, Ilha de São Luís, Imperatriz e Pedreiras. Em cada propriedade avaliada, aplicou-se questionário epidemiológico para investigar os fatores de risco que poderiam estar associados a esta infecção. Das 920 amostras de soro analisadas, 53,80% foram reagentes. Nas regionais obtiveram-se frequências de 63,50%, 61,87%, 60,62%, 41,18% e 30,83%, para Bacabal, Ilha de São Luís, Pedreiras, Imperatriz e Açailândia, respectivamente. Nos 23 municípios amostrados foram encontrados animais reagentes, com detecção de bovinos sorologicamente positivos em 98,91% das propriedades. Dentre os fatores de risco avaliados, uso repetido da mesma agulha para colheita de sangue ou vacinação, uso repetido da mesma luva obstétrica, estabulação dos animais e ausência de assistência veterinária apresentaram significância estatística (P 0,05) associada à LEB. Os resultados do estudo indicam que a frequência de anticorpos para a Leucose Enzoótica Bovina foi elevada na bacia leiteira do Estado do Maranhão e que os fatores relacionados ao manejo estiveram associados ao risco de infecção nos bovinos.

Frequência de anticorpos e fatores de risco associados à leucose enzoótica bovina em rebanhos da bacia leiteira do estado do Maranhão / Frequency of antibodies and risk factors associated to enzootic bovine leukosis in dairy herds of the state of Maranhão, Brazil

Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a frequência e os possíveis fatores de risco as-sociados à ocorrência da Leucose Enzoótica Bovina (LEB) na bacia leiteira do Estado do Maranhão. Amostras de soro de 920 animais da raça girolanda foram submetidas à técnica de imunodifusão em gel de ágar. O estudo foi realizado em 92 propriedades leiteiras, pertencentes a 23 municípios localizados nas regionais de Açailândia, Bacabal, Ilha de São Luís, Imperatriz e Pedreiras. Em cada propriedade avaliada, aplicou-se questionário epidemiológico para investigar os fatores de risco que poderiam estar associados a esta infecção. Das 920 amostras de soro analisadas, 53,80% foram reagentes. Nas regionais obtiveram-se frequências de 63,50%, 61,87%, 60,62%, 41,18% e 30,83%, para Bacabal, Ilha de São Luís, Pedreiras, Imperatriz e Açailândia, respectivamente. Nos 23 municípios amostrados foram encontrados animais reagentes, com detecção de bovinos sorologicamente positivos em 98,91% das propriedades. Dentre os fatores de risco avaliados, uso repetido da mesma agulha para colheita de sangue ou vacinação, uso repetido da mesma luva obstétrica, estabulação dos animais e ausência de assistência veterinária apresentaram significância estatística (P < 0,05) associada à LEB. Os resultados do estudo indicam que a frequência de anticorpos para a Leucose Enzoótica Bovina foi elevada na bacia leiteira do Estado do Maranhão e que os fatores relacionados ao manejo estiveram associados ao risco de infecção nos bovinos.

This study was performed in order to determine the frequency of antibodies to enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), and the main factors related to the infection in dairy herds of Maranhão State, Brazil. Serum samples from 920 animals were submitted to the agar gel immunodifusion technique. The study was carried out on 92 dairy properties, in 23 districts located in the regions of Açailândia, Bacabal, São Luis Island, Imperatriz and Pedreiras. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied for each herd to investigate variables that could be associated with this infection. Of the 920 serum samples examined, 53.8% were reagent. The frequency breakdown by region was 63.50%, 61.87%, 60.62%, 41.18% and 30.83%, for Bacabal, São Luis Island, Pedreiras, Imperatriz and Açailândia, respectively. Reagents animals were found in the 23 districts studied, with detection of serologically positive bovines on 98.91% of the properties. Variables identified as risk factors included the repeated use of the same needle for blood sampling or vaccination, repeated use of the same obstetric glove, animal housing and absence of veterinary assistance. These risk factors presented a statistical significance (P < 0.05) associated to infection. These results indicate that enzootic bovine leukosis infection is high in dairy herds of the state of Maranhão and that factors related to livestock management were associated with the risk of EBL infection.