Burnout among primary health care workers in Brazil: results of a multilevel analysis.

PURPOSE: Burnout among health care workers may hamper the quality of care and effectiveness of health systems. Hence, we examined the prevalence of burnout in primary care teams, including community health workers; and investigated associations between individuals' characteristics, team and primary care center factors, and burnout. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study among primary care teams in the city of São Paulo, Brazil (n = 2940). We randomly selected 66 primary care centers. The Maslach burnout inventory was used to investigate burnout. We used multilevel modelling to examine the associations between individuals' characteristics, team and primary care center variables with burnout. RESULTS: We addressed 351 primary care teams, with 11.4% of participants presenting severe burnout. The variance in burnout among primary care workers was partially explained by individuals' characteristics, and by team and primary care center factors. Severe burnout was associated with the following: (1) individuals' characteristics: being black, being younger, a higher length of employment in primary care, and presenting a lack of feedback from supervisors; (2) team factors: working in deprived areas and not receiving the support of a multidisciplinary team; and (3) primary care center factors: inadequate infrastructure (less than one office available per team), and having a bad/very bad relationship with the community council. CONCLUSIONS: To reduce burnout among primary care teams, stakeholders should: (1) train managers/supervisors on leadership styles that prioritize performance feedback, support, and communication skills; (2) allocate catchment areas to teams according to each community's vulnerability; (3) provide a multidisciplinary team to support primary care workers; and (4) offer suitable facilities and infra-structure.

[Prevalence of common mental disorders and the relationship to the social context: multilevel analysis of the São Paulo Ageing & Health Study (SPAH)]. / Prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns e contexto social: análise multinível do São Paulo Ageing & Health Study (SPAH).

Social context can play a important role in the etiology and prevalence of mental disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate risk factors for common mental disorders (CMD), considering different contextual levels: individual, household, and census tract. The study used a population-based sample of 2,366 respondents from the São Paulo Ageing & Health Study. Presence of CMD was identified by the SRQ-20. Sex, age, education, and occupation were individual characteristics associated with prevalence of CMD. Multilevel logistic regression models showed that part of the variance in prevalence of CMD was associated with the household level, showing associations between crowding, family income, and CMD, even after controlling for individual characteristics. These results suggest that characteristics of the environment where people live can influence their mental health status.

Prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns e contexto social: análise multinível do São Paulo Ageing & Health Study (SPAH) / Prevalence of common mental disorders and the relationship to the social context: multilevel analysis of the São Paulo Ageing & Health Study (SPAH) / Prevalencia de trastornos mentales comunes y contexto social: análisis multinivel del São Paulo Ageing & Health Study (SPAH)

O contexto social pode ter papel importante na etiologia dos transtornos mentais e na sua prevalência. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar fatores de risco que contribuem para a prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns (TMC), considerando distintos níveis contextuais: indivíduo, domicílio e setor censitário. Para isso, utilizou-se uma amostra de base populacional de 2.366 indivíduos participantes do São Paulo Ageing & Health Study. A presença de TMC foi identificada pelo instrumento SRQ-20. Sexo, idade, escolaridade e ocupação foram características individuais associadas à prevalência de TMC. Modelos de regressão logística multinível mostraram que parte da variância na prevalência de TMC foi associada ao nível do domicílio, com associações entre aglomeração, renda familiar e prevalência de TMC, mesmo após controle para características individuais. Esses resultados sugerem que características do ambiente onde as pessoas vivem contribuem para sua saúde mental.

Social context can play a important role in the etiology and prevalence of mental disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate risk factors for common mental disorders (CMD), considering different contextual levels: individual, household, and census tract. The study used a population-based sample of 2,366 respondents from the São Paulo Ageing & Health Study. Presence of CMD was identified by the SRQ-20. Sex, age, education, and occupation were individual characteristics associated with prevalence of CMD. Multilevel logistic regression models showed that part of the variance in prevalence of CMD was associated with the household level, showing associations between crowding, family income, and CMD, even after controlling for individual characteristics. These results suggest that characteristics of the environment where people live can influence their mental health status.

El contexto social puede tener un importante papel en la etiología de los trastornos mentales y en su prevalencia. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar factores de riesgo que contribuyen a la prevalencia de trastornos mentales comunes (TMC), considerando distintos niveles contextuales: individuo, domicilio y área de censo. Para ello se utilizó una muestra de base poblacional con 2.366 individuos, participantes del São Paulo Ageing & Health Study. La presencia de TMC fue identificada por el instrumento SRQ-20. Sexo, edad, escolaridad y ocupación fueron las características individuales asociadas a la prevalencia de TMC. Los modelos de regresión logística multinivel mostraron que una parte de la variancia en la prevalencia de TMC se asoció al nivel de domicilio, con asociaciones entre aglomeración, renta de la familia y prevalencia de TMC, incluso después del control para características individuales. Estos resultados sugieren que las características del ambiente donde viven las personas contribuyen a su salud mental.

Reliability of the Brazilian version of the Camberwell Assessment of Needs (CAN) in first-episode psychosis cases in São Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To translate and adapt the Brazilian version of the Camberwell Assessment of Needs schedule for research, and to assess its inter-rater reliability in a sample of first-episode psychosis cases in São Paulo, Brazil. METHOD: A sub-sample of participants included in a study of first-episode psychosis in São Paulo was assessed utilizing the 22 domains of the Brazilian version of the Camberwell Assessment of Needs. The Camberwell Assessment of Needs was applied, tape-recorded and rated by research assistants. An independent rater gave scores to the same participants, based on the recorded interviews. The kappa coefficient and the intraclass correlation coefficient were used to assess inter-rater reliability. RESULTS: Fifty-two subjects were included. For seven domains the inter-rater reliability was almost perfect to total (range: 0.81 to 1.0). The domains with the lowest agreement were transport and benefits. The inter-rater reliability for the total number of needs was excellent (ICC = 0.95). CONCLUSIONS: The inter-rater reliability of the Camberwell Assessment of Needs was similar to what has been found in previous studies. The Camberwell Assessment of Needs showed to be easy to use and reliable with first-episode psychosis individuals. The use of standardized instruments to assess needs of care in Brazil will contribute to the assessment of the effectiveness of treatment and to the planning of individualized care for individuals with mental illnesses.

Reliability of the Brazilian version of the Camberwell Assessment of Needs (CAN) in first-episode psychosis cases in São Paulo, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To translate and adapt the Brazilian version of the Camberwell Assessment of Needs schedule for research, and to assess its inter-rater reliability in a sample of first-episode psychosis cases in São Paulo, Brazil. METHOD: A sub-sample of participants included in a study of first-episode psychosis in São Paulo was assessed utilizing the 22 domains of the Brazilian version of the Camberwell Assessment of Needs. The Camberwell Assessment of Needs was applied, tape-recorded and rated by research assistants. An independent rater gave scores to the same participants, based on the recorded interviews. The kappa coefficient and the intraclass correlation coefficient were used to assess inter-rater reliability. RESULTS: Fifty-two subjects were included. For seven domains the inter-rater reliability was almost perfect to total (range: 0.81 to 1.0). The domains with the lowest agreement were transport and benefits. The inter-rater reliability for the total number of needs was excellent (ICC = 0.95). CONCLUSIONS: The inter-rater reliability of the Camberwell Assessment of Needs was similar to what has been found in previous studies. The Camberwell Assessment of Needs showed to be easy to use and reliable with first-episode psychosis individuals. The use of standardized instruments to assess needs of care in Brazil will contribute to the assessment of the effectiveness of treatment and to the planning of individualized care for individuals with mental illnesses.

OBJETIVO: Traduzir e adaptar a versão para pesquisa da escala Camberwell de Avaliação de Necessidades e avaliar sua confiabilidade entre avaliadores em uma amostra de casos incidentes de psicoses funcionais em São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODO: Uma amostra de participantes incluídos em um estudo de casos incidentes de psicoses funcionais em São Paulo foi avaliada utilizando-se os 22 domínios da versão brasileira da escala Camberwell de Avaliação de Necessidades. A escala Camberwell de Avaliação de Necessidades foi aplicada, gravada e pontuada por assistentes de pesquisa. Um avaliador independente pontuou os mesmos participantes, baseando-se nas gravações das entrevistas. O coeficiente kappa e o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse foram utilizados para avaliar a confiabilidade entre avaliadores. RESULTADOS: Cinqüenta e dois indivíduos foram incluídos. Para sete domínios, a confiabilidade entre avaliadores foi de quase perfeita a total (k = 0,81 a 1,00). Os domínios com a menor concordância entre avaliadores foram transporte e benefícios. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse para o total de necessidades foi excelente (ICC = 0,95). CONCLUSÕES: A confiabilidade entre avaliadores da escala Camberwell de Avaliação de Necessidades foi similar aos resultados de estudos anteriores. A escala Camberwell de Avaliação de Necessidades mostrou-se confiável e fácil de aplicar em indivíduos com psicoses incidentes. O uso de instrumentos padronizados para a avaliação de necessidades de cuidado no Brasil contribuirá para a avaliação da efetividade de tratamentos e para o planejamento de cuidados personalizados para indivíduos com transtornos mentais.