Contribution of metabolic disease to bone fragility in MAGP1-deficient mice.

Microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1 (MAGP1) is an extracellular matrix protein that interacts with fibrillin and is involved in regulating the bioavailability of signaling molecules such as TGFß. Mice with germline MAGP1 deficiency (Mfap2-/-) develop increased adiposity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, bone marrow adipose tissue expansion, reduced cancellous bone mass, cortical bone thinning and bone fragility. The goal of this study was to assess whether the Mfap2-/- bone phenotypes were due to loss of MAGP1 locally or secondary to a change in whole body physiology (metabolic dysfunction). To do this, mice with conditional deletion of MAGP1 in the limb skeleton were generated by crossing MAGP1-flox mice (Mfap2lox/lox) with Prx1-Cre mice. Mfap2Prx-/- mice did not show any changes in peripheral adiposity, hyperglycemia or insulin sensitivity, but did have increased bone length and cancellous bone loss that was comparable to the germline Mfap2-/- knockout. Unlike the germline knockout, marrow adiposity, cortical bone thickness and bone strength in Mfap2Prx-/- mice were normal. These findings implicate systemic metabolic dysfunction in the development of bone fragility in germline Mfap2-/- mice. An unexpected finding of this study was the detection of MAGP1 protein in the Mfap2Prx-/- hematopoietic bone marrow, despite the absence of MAGP1 protein in osseous bone matrix and absent Mfap2 transcript expression at both sites. This suggests MAGP1 from a secondary site may accumulate in the bone marrow, but not be incorporated into the bone matrix, during times of regional MAGP1 depletion.

Endoglin inhibits prostate cancer motility via activation of the ALK2-Smad1 pathway.

Endoglin is a transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) superfamily auxiliary receptor. We had previously shown that it suppressed prostate cancer (PCa) cell motility, and that its expression was lost during PCa progression. The mechanism by which endoglin inhibits PCa cell motility is unknown. Here we demonstrate that endoglin abrogates TGFbeta-mediated cell motility, but does not alter cell surface binding of TGFbeta. By measuring Smad-specific phosphorylation and Smad-responsive promoter activity, endoglin was shown to constitutively activate Smad1, with little-to-no effect upon Smad3. Knockdown of Smad1 increased motility and abrogated endoglin's effects. As type I activin receptor-like kinases (ALKs) are necessary for Smad activation, we went on to show that knockdown of ALK2, but not TGFbetaRI (ALK5), abrogated endoglin-mediated decreases in cell motility and constitutively active ALK2 was sufficient to restore a low-motility phenotype in endoglin deficient cells. These findings provide the first evidence that endoglin decreases PCa cell motility through activation of the ALK2-Smad1 pathway.