An ultrastructural study of the equine lower respiratory tract.

The surface features of the lower respiratory tract of 20 clinically normal horses of different ages and types were studied with scanning electron microscopy. Parallel light microscopical and transmission electron microscopical studies were also carried out. The ciliary carpet was virtually complete from the trachea to the lobar bronchi. In small bronchi, ciliation was less complete allowing numerous non-ciliated mucous cells to become obvious. The terminal bronchioles, populated mainly by non-ciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells, had an abrupt junction with alveolar ducts. Interalveolar pores were common particularly in older horses.

Bone marrow adherent cell hemopoietic growth factor production.

These data suggest that two types of radioresistant adherent stromal cells are adequate for maintenance of long term hemopoiesis in the Dexter culture system. One cell type appears to be a typical adherent macrophage while the other is an alkaline phosphatase positive epitheloid cell possibly representative of the adventitial reticular cell of the bone marrow. These two cell types seem to be clearly defined by the in-vivo irradiation studies and less clearly defined in the in-vitro irradiation experiments. These data do not exclude other cell types as playing important roles in modulating hemopoiesis but do suggest that these major types are probably playing important roles in maintaining stem cells in long term liquid cultures. In addition, data suggests that the epitheloid cell directly nurtures hemopoietic cells on its surface while the macrophages may serve a separate function. A number of growth factors are produced by these two cell types which appear to include CSF-1, a granulocyte CSA separate from CSF-1 and a megakaryocyte CSA separate from both the GM-CSA and CSF-1 (Table 5). Thus the present data suggest that there are at least three (formula; see text) separate hemopoietic growth factors produced. The FDC-P1 activity produced by irradiated stroma would appear most likely to be GM-CSA-II. The fact that lectins enhanced production of these activities is intriguing but the cell type on which the lectins are acting has not as yet been defined. It appears that lithium also acts upon adherent marrow stromal cells to induce production of myeloid regulatory growth factors. Lithium appears to stimulate both normal and irradiated stroma to produce hemopoietic maintenance and growth factors and the present data suggests that factors active on pre IL-3 cells, HPP-CFC, CFU-D, CFU-meg, and CFU-S are all induced from these stromal cells by lithium. Whether the lithium induced factors and the factors derived from irradiated stroma represent a number of different growth factors or one or two critical regulatory molecules is at present unclear. The synergistic activity derived from the TC-1 cell line is of particular interest in this regard. This CSF-1 dependent activity is capable of acting on a very primitive stem cell to induce impressive proliferation and differentiation. In addition an activity in TC-1 conditioned media which may be synergistic activity appears capable of inducing adherent marrow cell lines which then can subsequently produce more of the same factor, a classic autocrine system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Teachers and parents as researchers using multiple baseline designs.

Two teachers and a parent used three basic multiple baseline designs to investigate the effects of systematic reinforcement and punishment procedures in the classroom and at home. (1) A fifth-grade teacher concurrently measured the same behavior (tardiness) in three stimulus situations (after morning, noon, and afternoon recesses). Posting the names of pupils on a chart titled "Today's Patriots" was made contingent on being on time after the noon recess, then successively also the morning and afternoon recesses. Tardiness was reduced to near zero rates at the points where contingencies were applied. (2) A highschool teacher recorded the same behavior (daily French-quiz grades) of three students. She then successively applied the same consequences (staying after school for individual tutoring for D and F grades) for each student. At the points where the contingency was applied, D and F grades were eliminated. (3) A mother concurrently measured three different behaviors (clarinet practice, Campfire project work, reading) of her 10-yr-old daughter. She successively applied the same contingency (going to bed early) for less than 30 min spent engaged in one after another of the behaviors. Marked increases in the behaviors were observed at the points where the contingency was applied.