Characterization of ectoparasites in an urban cat (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) population of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Ectoparasites are capable of transmitting infectious diseases and, therefore, are of zoonotic concern. Cats submitted to a spay/neuter program in the city of Rio de Janeiro were examined to determine the distribution of ectoparasites in cats from a city with a tropical climate. Independent of gender, breed, or age, 292 cats were combed and subjected to otoscopic examination. Ectoparasites were collected, and blood samples were taken to determine packed cell volume. The majority of the 292 cats were female (71%), and most of them were categorized as domestic short hair cats (92%). Different species of ectoparasites that produced both single agent and multi-agent infestations were detected in these cats. Most cats were infested by Ctenocephalides felis (60%); however, other ectoparasites were found to a lesser degree in the sampled population (Felicola subrostratus (5.4%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (1.4%), Lynxacarus radovskyi (1%), and Otodectes cynotis (6.2%)). Within the infested cats, 16.3% were also anemic, and there was a significant association between the occurrence of anemia and flea infestation. Of all sampled cats, 65% were infested by at least one species of ectoparasites, which suggests both a heavy infestation of the environment and owner negligence. Ectoparasites are not only nuisances to both cats and owners, but they are also significant carriers of disease. Therefore, the implementation of rigorous, safe preventive measures is of great importance.

Avaliação dos parâmetros fisiológicos e hemogasométricos de cadelas gestantes submetidas à anestesia injetável durante cesariana eletiva monitorada / Evaluation of the physiological and hemogasometric parameters of pregnant bitches submitted to intravenous anesthesia throughout a monitored elective caesarean section

Todos os anestésicos atravessam a barreira placentária e o conhecimento das particularidades fisiológicas e hemogasométricas normais de cadelas gestantes durante o procedimento anestésico/cirúrgico é de fundamental importância para a manutenção da saúde da mãe e seus conceptos. Nove cadelas gestantes foram submetidas a cesarianas eletivas com o uso de propofol e anestesia peridural com cloridrato de lodocaína. Durante todo o procedimento, as cadelas foram monitoradas e registrou-se as pressões arteriais sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), freqüência cardíaca (FC), freqüência respiratória (ƒ) e oximetria (SAt₀₂). Amostras de sangue materno, para análise hemogasométrica (pH, PvCO₂, PvO₂ e HCO₃) foram obtidas em cinco momentos: antes da indução com propofol (AM1), após a indução com propofol (AM2), após a realização da anestesia peridual (AM3), após a retirada do primeiro filhote (AM4) e após a retirada do quinto filhote (AM5). Observou-se variação significativa nas medidas de PvO₂ ao longo dos cinco momentos estudados o que não representou mudanças fisiologicamente detectáveis. Houve variação significativa nas medidas PAS e PAD ocorrendo uma redução dessas variáveis ao longo do tempo. A FC e a ƒ variaram ao longo dos cinco momentos avaliados aumentando nos momentos AM2 e AM3 e diminuindo a partir desse momento significativamente. A SAt₀₂ diminuiu progressivamente nos momentos AM2, AM3 e aumentou nos momentos AM4 e AM5. Concluímos que o protocolo anestésico acima escolhido, quando utilizado em cadelas gestantes sadias, submetidas a cesariana eletivas, não acarreta alterações hemogasométricas ou pressóricas capazes de causar danos à mãe ou aos conceptos

All anesthetic drugs cross the placental barrier and knowledge of the pregnat bitch’s normal physiological and hemogasometric particularities throughout anesthetic/ surgical procedures is fundamental to maintain the health of the mother and her conceptuses. Nine pregnant bitches were submitted to elective cesarean throughout the whole procedure and the systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and oxymetry (Sat₀₂) were recorded. Maternal blood samples were obtained in five moments, for a hemogasometric analysis (pH, PvCO₂, PvO₂ e HCO₃): before propofol induction (AM1), after propofol induction (AM2), after peridural anesthesia with lidocaine hydrochloride (AM3), after removal of the first puppy (AM4) and after removal of the fifth puppy (AM5). Significant variation was observed in PvO₂ measurements throughout the five studied moments, which did not cause any detectable physiological change. There was significant variation in SAP and DAP measurements, with reduction of these variables over time. HR and RR varied along the five evaluated moments, increasing in the moments AM2 and AM3 and decreasing significantly from this moment on. Sat₀₂ decreased progressively in moments AM2 and Am3 and increased in moments AM4 and Am5. It was concluded that the chosen anesthetic protocol, when used healthy pregnat bitches submitted to elective caesarean sections, did not determine hemogasometric or pressure alterations capable of causing damages to the female or her conceptuses

Avaliação dos parâmetros fisiológicos e hemogasométricos de cadelas gestantes submetidas à anestesia injetável durante cesariana eletiva monitorada / Evaluation of the physiological and hemogasometric parameters of pregnant bitches submitted to intravenous anesthesia throughout a monitored elective caesarean section

Todos os anestésicos atravessam a barreira placentária e o conhecimento das particularidades fisiológicas e hemogasométricas normais de cadelas gestantes durante o procedimento anestésico/cirúrgico é de fundamental importância para a manutenção da saúde da mãe e seus conceptos. Nove cadelas gestantes foram submetidas a cesarianas eletivas com o uso de propofol e anestesia peridural com cloridrato de lodocaína. Durante todo o procedimento, as cadelas foram monitoradas e registrou-se as pressões arteriais sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), freqüência cardíaca (FC), freqüência respiratória (ƒ) e oximetria (SAt₀₂). Amostras de sangue materno, para análise hemogasométrica (pH, PvCO₂, PvO₂ e HCO₃) foram obtidas em cinco momentos: antes da indução com propofol (AM1), após a indução com propofol (AM2), após a realização da anestesia peridual (AM3), após a retirada do primeiro filhote (AM4) e após a retirada do quinto filhote (AM5). Observou-se variação significativa nas medidas de PvO₂ ao longo dos cinco momentos estudados o que não representou mudanças fisiologicamente detectáveis. Houve variação significativa nas medidas PAS e PAD ocorrendo uma redução dessas variáveis ao longo do tempo. A FC e a ƒ variaram ao longo dos cinco momentos avaliados aumentando nos momentos AM2 e AM3 e diminuindo a partir desse momento significativamente. A SAt₀₂ diminuiu progressivamente nos momentos AM2, AM3 e aumentou nos momentos AM4 e AM5. Concluímos que o protocolo anestésico acima escolhido, quando utilizado em cadelas gestantes sadias, submetidas a cesariana eletivas, não acarreta alterações hemogasométricas ou pressóricas capazes de causar danos à mãe ou aos conceptos(AU)

All anesthetic drugs cross the placental barrier and knowledge of the pregnat bitchs normal physiological and hemogasometric particularities throughout anesthetic/ surgical procedures is fundamental to maintain the health of the mother and her conceptuses. Nine pregnant bitches were submitted to elective cesarean throughout the whole procedure and the systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and oxymetry (Sat₀₂) were recorded. Maternal blood samples were obtained in five moments, for a hemogasometric analysis (pH, PvCO₂, PvO₂ e HCO₃): before propofol induction (AM1), after propofol induction (AM2), after peridural anesthesia with lidocaine hydrochloride (AM3), after removal of the first puppy (AM4) and after removal of the fifth puppy (AM5). Significant variation was observed in PvO₂ measurements throughout the five studied moments, which did not cause any detectable physiological change. There was significant variation in SAP and DAP measurements, with reduction of these variables over time. HR and RR varied along the five evaluated moments, increasing in the moments AM2 and AM3 and decreasing significantly from this moment on. Sat₀₂ decreased progressively in moments AM2 and Am3 and increased in moments AM4 and Am5. It was concluded that the chosen anesthetic protocol, when used healthy pregnat bitches submitted to elective caesarean sections, did not determine hemogasometric or pressure alterations capable of causing damages to the female or her conceptuses(AU)