Systemic Vasculitis Associated With Immune Check Point Inhibition: Analysis and Review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has become a well-established modality to treat a number of different malignancies, especially in cases with advanced stages and/or recurrent diseases. These agents have been associated with development of a variety of autoimmune disorders as immune-related adverse events (IRAEs or irAEs). This review focuses on development of vasculitis with use of ICI. RECENT FINDINGS: Available information on vasculitis associated with immune checkpoint inhibition is limited primarily to case reports at this time. Most immune-related adverse events will not present as vasculitis, and it is an uncommon manifestation and/or is under-reported. There are no current well-established guidelines for treating vasculitis associated with ICIs; initial management would usually start with consideration of discontinuing the ICI and administering corticosteroids. Collaboration between treating oncologists and rheumatologists is necessary for a combined approach to management. While arthralgias, myalgias, and inflammatory arthritis frequently occur as irAEs, vasculitis is an uncommon presentation. Vasculitis has been reported with all of the available ICI agents, and there seems to be no clear difference in the risk based on small numbers. Large vessel vasculitis and vasculitis of the nervous system were the most commonly reported types of vasculitis but cases of vasculitis involving medium and small vessels have also been reported. It is challenging to know if the underlying disease or ICIs are the main culprit in development of vasculitis and requires a collaborative relationship between the treating oncologist and rheumatologist. Except in very mild cases, development of vasculitis during ICI therapy requires temporary or permanent discontinuation of ICI.

Neuromyelitis Optica (Devic's Syndrome): an Appraisal.

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), previously known as Devic's syndrome, are a group of inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by severe, immune-mediated demyelination and axonal damage, predominantly targeting optic nerves and the spinal cord typically associated with a disease-specific serum NMO-IgG antibody that selectively binds aquaporin-4 (AQP4). The classic and best-defined features of NMOSD include acute attacks of bilateral or rapidly sequential optic neuritis (leading to visual loss) or transverse myelitis (often causing limb weakness and bladder dysfunction) or both with a typically relapsing course. The diagnosis of NMO/NMOSD requires a consistent history and examination with typical clinical presentations, findings on spinal cord neuroimaging with MRI, cerebrospinal fluid analysis along with determination of AQP4-IgG serum autoantibody status, and exclusion of other disorders. Two major advances in this field has been the development of diagnostic criteria and treatment recommendations. Consensus diagnostic criteria have been established and were recently revised and published in 2015, enhancing the ability to make a diagnosis and appropriately evaluate these disorders. Expert recommendations and uncontrolled trials form the basis of treatment guidelines. All patients with suspected NMOSD should be treated for acute attacks as soon as possible with high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone -1 gram daily for three to five consecutive days and in some cases, plasma exchange should be used. It is recommended that every patient with NMOSD be started on an immunosuppressive agent, such as, azathioprine, methotrexate, or mycophenolate and in some cases, rituximab, soon after the acute attack and usually be treated for about 5 years after the attack. These advances have helped improve the prognosis and outcome in these disorders.