Social distancing in São Paulo State: demonstrating the reduction in cases using time series analysis of deaths due to COVID-19.

INTRODUCTION: Demonstrating the results of Social Distancing Strategies (SDS) became a relevant factor to obtain support by the population in São Paulo State and in Brazil. The delay in the processing of PCR tests and the small number of tests available limits the ability of sanitary authorities to make meaningful data available as to the number of cases or the number of deaths due to COVID-19. METHODOLOGY: We use a time series analysis of deaths due to COVID-19 referenced to the date of deaths (as opposed to the date in which the test results were obtained). RESULTS: We demonstrate that the SDS adopted in São Paulo City and State clearly brought meaningful results to delay the growth of COVID-19 cases. We also show that by using this type of time series it is possible to identify different trends for regions, allowing for targeted approaches. Additionally, by using a time series which is death-oriented makes it possible to identify, for São Paulo City, the effects of the SDS with the Social Isolation Index (SII) adopted in the state and to make a gross estimate for the SII, which prevents the growth of the disease. CONCLUSION: The use of a time series of deaths due to COVID-19 referenced to the date of the event allows a better understanding of the effects of the SDS on the progression of the COVID-19 epidemic in São Paulo State, Brazil.

Social distancing in São Paulo State: demonstrating the reduction in cases using time series analysis of deaths due to COVID-19 / Distanciamento social no estado de São Paulo: uso de série temporal dos óbitos por causa da COVID-19 para demonstrar a redução de casos

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Demonstrating the results of Social Distancing Strategies (SDS) became a relevant factor to obtain support by the population in São Paulo State and in Brazil. The delay in the processing of PCR tests and the small number of tests available limits the ability of sanitary authorities to make meaningful data available as to the number of cases or the number of deaths due to COVID-19. Methodology: We use a time series analysis of deaths due to COVID-19 referenced to the date of deaths (as opposed to the date in which the test results were obtained). Results: We demonstrate that the SDS adopted in São Paulo City and State clearly brought meaningful results to delay the growth of COVID-19 cases. We also show that by using this type of time series it is possible to identify different trends for regions, allowing for targeted approaches. Additionally, by using a time series which is death-oriented makes it possible to identify, for São Paulo City, the effects of the SDS with the Social Isolation Index (SII) adopted in the state and to make a gross estimate for the SII, which prevents the growth of the disease. Conclusion: The use of a time series of deaths due to COVID-19 referenced to the date of the event allows a better understanding of the effects of the SDS on the progression of the COVID-19 epidemic in São Paulo State, Brazil.

RESUMO: Introdução: Demonstrar os resultados das estratégias de distanciamento social (EDS) tornou-se um fator relevante para obter apoio da população do estado de São Paulo e do Brasil. A demora no processamento dos testes do tipo RCP e o pequeno número de testes disponíveis limita a capacidade das autoridades sanitárias de disponibilizar dados significativos sobre o número de casos ou o número de óbitos por causa da Covid-19. Metodologia: Usamos uma série temporal de óbitos pela Covid-19 referenciada à data dos óbitos (diferentemente da data em que os resultados dos exames foram obtidos). Resultados: Demonstramos que é visível que as EDS adotadas no município e no estado de São Paulo trouxeram resultados significativos que atrasam o crescimento dos casos de Covid-19. Também mostramos que utilizando esse tipo de série temporal é possível identificar diferentes tendências para as regiões, permitindo abordagens direcionadas. Além disso, utilizando-se uma série temporal orientada ao óbito, é possível identificar, para o município de São Paulo, os efeitos das EDS com o Índice de Isolamento Social (IIS) adotado no estado e fazer uma estimativa bruta para o IIS, que quebra o crescimento da doença. Conclusão: O uso de uma série temporal dos óbitos devidos à Covid-19, referenciada diretamente à data do óbito, permite compreender os efeitos do distanciamento social na evolução da epidemia de COVID-19 no estado de São Paulo, Brasil.

Exact partial wave expansion of optical beams with respect to an arbitrary origin.

Using an analytical expression for an integral involving Bessel and Legendre functions, we succeed in obtaining the partial wave decomposition of a general optical beam at an arbitrary location relative to the origin. We also showed that solid angle integration will eliminate the radial dependence of the expansion coefficients. The beam shape coefficients obtained are given by an exact expression in terms of single or double integrals. These integrals can be evaluated numerically on a short time scale. We present the results for the case of a linear-polarized Gaussian beam.

Instrumentos para o desenvolvimento: desafios para C&T e inovação em São Paulo / Mechanism to the development: challenges for S&T and innovation policies in the State of São Paulo

O artigo faz uma avaliação da agenda atual das políticas de C&T de São Paulo, indicando os principais desafios para a promoção da inovação no Estado de São Paulo.