Weaving and Layering Funding: A Territorial Health Agency's Guide to Effective Health Financing.

CONTEXT: State and territorial health agencies can optimize programmatic funding through braiding and layering strategies. IMPLEMENTATION: The Commonwealth Healthcare Corporation, a territorial health agency located on the Pacific Island of Saipan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), restructured its Non-Communicable Disease Bureau into 4 new units. Existing funding streams were braided and layered to support the restructuring. A shared vision of strengthening crosscutting connections to improve population health outcomes helped guide the restructuring process. Vision planning with leaders and funding partners, establishing buy-in within agency and external partners, and assessing immediate impacts were a few of the steps taken by the agency to ensure a successful restructuring. IMPACT: The immediate impact of the restructure has been positive. In both the CNMI and select states that have undertaken similar efforts, braiding and layering funding has facilitated more streamlined processes, coordinated approaches across programs and funding partners, and provided deeper levels of trust in partnerships. Although it is still too early to draw long-term assessments in the CNMI, the agency projects that coordinated funds will strengthen its foundational capabilities and promote a more community-centered, collaborative, and effective approach to public health. Restructuring the Non-Communicable Disease Bureau through braiding and layering funds gives the agency the flexibility it needs to more effectively address the social determinants of health and local population health priorities through a client-centered approach, ultimately improving health outcomes for the commonwealth. LESSONS LEARNED AND IMPLICATIONS: The agency experienced several challenges throughout the restructuring process that offer lessons learned for addressing effective health financing. For example, ample time is needed at the beginning of the braiding and layering process to establish policies and procedures for efficient accounting, documenting, and reporting. In addition, ongoing support and training opportunities for programmatic teams can smooth out the transition from siloed to braided and layered funding structures. These lessons, in addition to key elements mapped out by experienced state health agencies, can guide and prepare other agencies interested in implementing innovative funding mechanisms.

Barriers to Quitting Areca Nut Consumption and Joining a Cessation Program as Perceived by Chewer and Nonchewer Populations in Guam.

Background: Areca nut (AN) is a carcinogenic substance consumed by roughly 600 million individuals worldwide with increasing popularity in Guam. In response, a cessation program was developed and implemented in Guam and Saipan. However, to improve its delivery, it is necessary to understand the reasons influencing recruitment and participation, such as why a chewer may not want to quit or join a cessation program. Objective: To explore barriers inhibiting chewers from quitting AN chewing and from participating in a cessation program. Methods: Nine individual and group discussions were facilitated with a convenience sample of 17 chewers and nonchewers in Guam in 2017. The mean age of the participants was 36.4 years. Recurring themes relating to reasons for not quitting and not joining a cessation program were extracted. Results: Results produced three general categories-Sociocultural, Behavioral, and Accessible. Each category encompasses different attributes concerning reasons not to quit chewing (e.g. addiction, enabling community, or belief that AN is harmless), and reasons influencing lack of participation in a cessation program (e.g. time, transportation, or relatability). Conclusions: Current findings suggest chewers are unaware of the harmful effects of AN. Also, they may not comprehend the purpose of a cessation program. In addition, the likelihood of chewers participating in a cessation program is influenced by their level of comfort with the program and personnel, and whether a program addresses their time and transportation limitations.