Percepções de gestantes tabagistas sobre malefícios do tabaco durante a gestação / Perceptions of pregnant women smokers on dangers of tobacco during pregnancy

Objetivo: conhecer a percepção das gestantes sobre os malefícios e as consequências do uso do tabaco durante a gestação. Método: estudo de campo, descritivo, qualitativo. Participaram do estudo 18 gestantes tabagistas. Os dados foram coletados, utilizando a técnica de entrevista semiestruturada. A análise dos dados foi orientada pela proposta operativa. Resultados: na análise, emergiram três categorias: início do tabagismo, que esteve relacionado ao entorno social e familiar; abordagem da gestante tabagista, revela a falta de apoio e suporte para o abandono do tabagismo; a percepção das gestantes sobre o tabagismo, que mesmo conhecendo os malefícios do tabaco, as dificuldades para abandonar o vício prevalecem. Considerações finais: o pré-natal é um importante momento para ações voltadas ao controle do tabagismo. São fundamentais a organização de grupos de apoio e o envolvimento do núcleo familiar, na cessação do tabagismo.

Objective: the perception of pregnant women about the dangers and consequences of tobacco useduring pregnancy. Method: field, descriptive, and qualitative study. Eighteen pregnant womensmokers participated in this study. The data were collected using semi-structured interviewtechnique. Data analysis was guided by the operational proposal. Results: from the analysis emergedthree categories: beginning of smoking, which was related to the social and family environment;pregnant smoker’s approach, reveals the lack of support for the abandonment of smoking; theperception of pregnant women about smoking, even knowing the harm of tobacco, the difficulties toabandon the habit prevails. Final considerations: prenatal care is an important moment for actionsaimed at tobacco control. It is essential to the organization of support groups and the involvementof the nuclear family, in smoking cessation.

Spatial resolution measurements of the advanced radiographic capability x-ray imaging system at energies relevant to Compton radiography.

Compton radiography provides a means to measure the integrity, ρR and symmetry of the DT fuel in an inertial confinement fusion implosion near peak compression. Upcoming experiments at the National Ignition Facility will use the ARC (Advanced Radiography Capability) laser to drive backlighter sources for Compton radiography experiments and will use the newly commissioned AXIS (ARC X-ray Imaging System) instrument as the detector. AXIS uses a dual-MCP (micro-channel plate) to provide gating and high DQE at the 40-200 keV x-ray range required for Compton radiography, but introduces many effects that contribute to the spatial resolution. Experiments were performed at energies relevant to Compton radiography to begin characterization of the spatial resolution of the AXIS diagnostic.

Development of a dual MCP framing camera for high energy x-rays.

Recently developed diagnostic techniques at LLNL require recording backlit images of extremely dense imploded plasmas using hard x-rays, and demand the detector to be sensitive to photons with energies higher than 50 keV [R. Tommasini et al., Phys. Phys. Plasmas 18, 056309 (2011); G. N. Hall et al., "AXIS: An instrument for imaging Compton radiographs using ARC on the NIF," Rev. Sci. Instrum. (these proceedings)]. To increase the sensitivity in the high energy region, we propose to use a combination of two MCPs. The first MCP is operated in a low gain regime and works as a thick photocathode, and the second MCP works as a high gain electron multiplier. We tested the concept of this dual MCP configuration and succeeded in obtaining a detective quantum efficiency of 4.5% for 59 keV x-rays, 3 times larger than with a single plate of the thickness typically used in NIF framing cameras.

Efeitos do extrato de Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) e da natação repetida sobre a memória, ansiedade e atividade motora de ratos / Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) and repeated swimming on memory, anxiety and motor activity of rat

O extrato de Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) e exercícios físicos isoladamente são capazes de modificar as funções cognitivas e aliviar os sintomas de ansiedade. Contudo, estes tratamentos em conjunto devem ser caracterizados. Em nossa pesquisa, verificamos que a administração oral repetida do extrato (40 ou 80 mg/kg/dia) e o exercício de natação ao qual os ratos eram submetidos causaram aumento de entradas destes animais nos braços fechados do labirinto em cruz elevado e diminuição da imobilidade dos mesmos no campo aberto, sugerindo um aumento de suas atividades motoras. Além disso, o exercício de natação aumentou a exploração no campo aberto e o tratamento com EGb 761 cancelou este efeito, sugerindo a interação entre EGb 761 e exercício de natação, provavelmente com um mesmo substrato neurobiológico capaz de minimizar a atividade exploratória em ratos nadadores. Análises comportamentais sobre o teste de reconhecimento de objetos mostraram que, quando submetidos a exercício de natação e/ou tratamento com EGb 761 durante testes de 24 horas, os ratos nadadores levaram mais tempo explorando os novos objetos do que os familiares. Estes resultados mostram que o EGb 761 e os exercícios, ambos isolados ou em conjunto, têm um poderoso efeito sobre a memória de longo-prazo. Entretanto, o proposto efeito ansiolítico do EGb 761 e de exercícios de natação pode ser questionado.

Either ingestion of a Ginkgo biloba proprietary extract (EGb 761) or physical exercise can enhance cognitive functioning and alleviate symptoms of anxiety; however, their combined effects have yet to be characterized. Rats subjected to repeated oral administration of the extract (40 or 80 mg/kg/day) and swimming exercise exhibited an increased number of closed-arm entries in the elevated plus-maze and decreased immobility in the open , suggesting an increase in motor activity. In addition, the exercise of swimming increased the exploration of the open and chronic treatment with EGb 761 could cancel this effect; this indicates interaction between EGb 761 and swimming exercise, which may show a common neurobiological substrate, capable of reducing exploratory activity in swimming rats. Analysis of behavior in the object-recognition test showed that rats subjected to swimming exercise and/or treatment with EGb 761, during tests of 24 hours, spent more time exploring novel objects than familiar ones. These results show that EGb 761 and/or physical exercise have powerful effects on long-term memory. However, the proposed anxiolytic characteristics of EGb 76 and swimming exercise may be questioned.

Controle autonômico da freqüência cardíaca em Spilotes pullatus (Colubridae) como determinante das respostas de medo / Autonomic control of heart rate in Spilotes pullatus (Colubridae) as determinant of fear responses

Neste estudo, investigaram-se as modificações fisiológicas em Spilotes pullatus, como determinantes das respostas ao medo, obtidas pela exposição ao eletrocardiograma. Foram utilizadas quatro serpentes com média de peso de 0,5±0,06kg. Dois minutos após a fixação dos eletrodos, as serpentes apresentavam-se imóveis, com redução significativa na freqüência cardíaca e aumento nos intervalos PQ, QRS, RR e RT (P<0,05). Os resultados sugerem que a presença de sintomas de medo pode gerar riscos à saúde desses animais.

This study investigated electrocardiographic changes in Spilotes pullatus using four snakes weighing 0.5±0.06kg. Two minutes after that electrocardiogram apparatus had been fixed in Spilotes pullatus, snakes were immobile and there was a significant reduction of the heart rate and an increase in PQ, QRS, RR, and RT intervals (P<0.05). Results suggest that the presence of fear symptoms may represent a risk to the health of snakes.

Cytotoxic constituents from Hyptis verticillata.

A new cytotoxic (P-388 ED50 4 microgm/ml) arylnaphthalene lignan has been isolated from the Mexican medicinal plant Hyptis verticillata (Lamiaceae) and characterized as 5-methoxydehydropodophyllotoxin [1]. Eight additional lignans were also obtained by bioactivity-directed fractionation using the brine shrimp lethality test. Of these, the dehydro-beta-peltatin methyl ether 2 (P-388 ED50 1.8 microgm/ml) is reported for the first time as a natural product isolate. The other bioactive compounds were identified as dehydropodophyllotoxin [3], deoxydehydropodophyllotoxin [4]. (--)-yatein [5], 4'-demethyldeoxypodophyllotixin [6], isodeoxypodophyllotoxin [7], deoxypicropodophyllin [8], and beta-apopicropodophyllin [9]. Each of these compounds was evaluated against a panel of cell lines comprising a number of human cancer cell types [breast, colon, fibrosarcoma, lung, prostate, KB, and KB-VI (a multi-drug resistant cell line derived from KB)] and murine lymphocytic leukemia (P-388). Lignans 1-4 showed marginal cytotoxic activity against the human cell lines tested. In contrast, compounds 5-9 demonstrated a general nonspecific activity comparable to that of podophyllotoxin [12] (ED50 < 10-2 microgm/ml). In addition, the antimitotic potential of these compounds was determined in the astrocytoma (ASK) assay. Finally, the plant was also shown to contain the flavonoid sideritoflavone (KB ED50 1.6 microgm/ml) and the known pentacyclic triterpenoids ursolic, maslinic, 2 alpha-hydroxyursolic and oleanolic acids.

Fatal heat-related illness in naval cadets in Ecuador.

On 13 April 1982, after a 6 to 7 km training run on an extremely hot and humid day, 20 of 216 cadets at the Ecuadorian Naval Academy in Guayaquil became ill with symptoms of heat-related illness. Four of them suffered heat stroke, and three died. Illness was most highly associated with the amount of exercise performed that day but was significantly more common in first-year cadets than in older cadets. There were no differences in the anthropometric measurements of ill and well subjects. We conclude that heat-related illness can affect conditioned military personnel during routine training in severe weather and make recommendations for prevention.