RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Measurement of kidney size by ultrasonography is an important parameter in the renal evaluation of patients. This study aims to establish the average size of kidneys of healthy adult Filipinos and examine the factors that influence it.DESIGN: Cross-sectional, observational study SETTING: Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Department of Radiology, UP-PGH Medical Center, a tertiary government hospital PARTICIPANTS: 264 healthy Filipino adults underwent kidney ultrasound after preliminary screening by history, physical examination, urinalysis, and serum creatinine RESULTS: Renal sizes and volume were measured by ultrasound in 105 males and 159 females, with ages ranging from 18 to 75 years old. The left kidney was significantly larger than the right for mean length but not for width or thickness. Except for cortical thickness, renal length (L=98 mm, R=96mm vs. L=95mm, R=93mm), width (L=48mm, R=49mmvs. L=46mm,R=46mm), and thickness (L=43mm, R=42 mm vs. L=39 mm, R=39 mm) were significantly larger in males compared to females. While the gender differences persisted when corrected for age and body mass index, this disappeared when corrected for total body area. With advancing age, there was minimal shortening but significant increases in width and thickness (renal shape index) CONCLUSION: Our study provides estimates of the average kidney size for normal adult Filipinos. The average kidney size of Filipinos is smaller than that of Caucasians for length (L=96mm vs. 112 mm, R=94mm vs. 109mm) and for width (L=47mm vs. 58mm, R=48mm vs. 57mm). Males have larger kidneys than females but the gender difference disappeared when corrected for total body area. Height but not weight has a significant influence on kidney size. With advancing age, kidneys tend to increase in width and thickness with no significant decrease in length or volume.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Rim , Radiologia , Ultrassonografia , PacientesRESUMO
En el 2002 la Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, inició en el departamento de Ginecoobstetricia del Hospital Roosevelt, la atención a madres embarazadas para prevenir la transmisión vertical del VIH, hepatitis B y sífilis, a través del tamizaje universal y seguimiento de los casos detectados. En el año 2006 se inicia la atención a niños expuestos en clínica pediátrica de consulta externa. Atendiendo de esta manera a la madre y el seguimiento de madres VIH positivo y niños expuestos nacidos en el Hospital Roosevelt y casos referidos de otras instituciones, públicas y privadas...
Assuntos
Humanos , Antirretrovirais/farmacologia , Criança , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Se ha determinado la concentración de aflotoxina total y ocratoxina A en la maca y en harina de maca (Lepidium meyeni walp), así como los factores fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos que influyen en su producción. Para ello, se ha recolectado muestras de 4 comunidades poductoras y de 4 mercados principales. Los factores extrínsecos como temperatura y hummedad relativa promedio son 10 °C y 52.5 por ciento en las comunidades y 15 °C y 71 por ciento en los mercados; estas condiciones hacen posible el crecimiento y desarrollo de Fusarium avenaceum, Penicillium corylophylum, P. commune, P. Chrysogenum, Aspergillus níger, A. flavus, A. Ochraceus, escletoria de A. lavus, Rizophus y levaduras. Se ha determinado una concentración promedio de aflotoxia total, 0.829 ppb(Ug/ Kg), cifra que indica buena calidad de maca seca y la concentración promedio de aflotoxina total, 8.703 ppb, cifra que sobrepasa el límite máximo permitido por la legislación de Estados Unidos N¡ã 123/2005. Los factores que influyen en la producción de ocrataxina a son los azúcares resductores y el PH. El promdeio de hongnos totales encontrado es 50 x 10 al cuadrado Ufc / g, y no es un factor influyente en la producción de esta micotoxina...
It has been determined the concentration of total aflatoxin and A ochratoxin in dried maca(Lepidium meyenii walp) and maca flour and the physicochemical and microbiological factors affecting their production. It has een colleccted saples from 4 productive communities and 4 main markets. Extrinsic factors such as temperature and relative humidity are 10 °C y 52.5 por ciento in communities and 15 °C y 71 per cent in makets which ae favourable conditions fo growing Fusarium avenaceum, avenaceum, Penicillium Corylophyum, P. commune, P. chrysogenum, Aspergilus n¨ªger, A. flavus, A. Ochraceus, esclerotia, A. flavus, Rizophus and yeasts. It was also determined total aflatoxin conent aveage (0,829 Ug / kg), which indacates the good quality of dried maca and A ochratoxin content average (8,703ppb), which indicates the good guality of dried maca and A ochratoxin conten average (8,703 ppb), which exceeds the pemissible maximum limit given by USL 123/2005. The factor affecting A ocatoxin production are reducing sugars and pH. Total ungi average is 50 x 10 al cuadrado cfu/ g us is not a factor affecting this mycotoxin...
