Actividad física y estilo de vida relacionado con la salud en la población española con enfermedad musculoesquelética / Physical activity and health-related lifestyle in the Spanish population living with musculoskeletal disease

INTRODUCCIÓN: la actividad física es una conducta relacionada con la salud que se asocia a un mayor bienestar de la población que padece enfermedades musculoesqueléticas. OBJETIVO: el objetivo es evaluar la asociación de diferentes factores de salud y estilo de vida con la actividad física en el tiempo libre de la población española que padece enfermedades musculoesqueléticas. MÉTODOS: hemos utilizado datos de la Encuesta Europea de Salud en España de 2014. La población se clasificó en función del diagnóstico médico o no de enfermedad musculoesquelética (artrosis, dolor de espalda, osteoporosis o varias de estas enfermedades). La encuesta recoge datos sobre la actividad física y otras conductas relacionadas con la salud (alimentación, consumo de alcohol y tabaco, entre otras) y otros indicadores de salud (estado de salud percibido, dolor percibido, salud mental, limitaciones físicas, entre otros). Hemos empleado modelos de regresión logística multivariante para analizar la relación entre las diferentes variables estudiadas en la población con diagnóstico de enfermedad musculoesquelética. RESULTADOS: la actividad física se asocia a la ingesta diaria de fruta y verdura, independientemente de la edad y el sexo, y al consumo diario de pescado en las mujeres mayores de 45 años. El consumo de tabaco es mayor en las mujeres y los hombres inactivos, mientras que el consumo semanal de alcohol se asocia a una mayor actividad física (excepto en las mujeres de entre 15 y 44 años). CONCLUSIONES: la actividad física habitual es una conducta que se asocia a un mejor estado de salud y un estilo de vida más saludable en la población española con enfermedad musculoesquelética

BACKGROUND: physical activity is a health-related behavior that is associated with increased well-being in people living with musculoskeletal disease. OBJECTIVE: we assessed the association of different health and lifestyle factors with physical activity in the Spanish population living with musculoskeletal disease. METHODS: we used data from the 2014 European Health Survey for Spain. The population was classified according to their musculoskeletal disease (including osteoarthritis, back pain, osteoporosis, or several of these diseases) diagnostic status. The survey collected data on habitual physical activity and other health-related behaviors (diet, alcohol and tobacco consumption, among others) and other health indicators (self-perceived health status, perceived pain, mental health, physical limitations, among others). We used multivariate logistic regression models to analyze the relationship between the different variables studied in the population living with musculoskeletal disease. RESULTS: physical activity is associated with daily fruit and vegetable intake, regardless of age and sex, and with daily fish consumption in women aged 45 years and older. Tobacco smoking is higher in inactive women and men, while weekly consumption of alcohol is associated with more physical activity (except in women aged 15-44 years). CONCLUSIONS: physical activity is a behavior associated with a better health status and healthier lifestyle in the Spanish population living with musculoskeletal disease

Diferencias entre el medio rural y urbano en el nivel de actividad física en la transición de la Educación Primaria a la Educación Secundaria / Rural-urban differences in physical activity levels during the transition from Primary Education to high school

OBJETIVO: Las tasas de sedentarismo están aumentando en la edad escolar siendo necesario conocer cómo afecta tanto al contexto rural como el urbano. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar si el lugar de residencia, rural o urbano, influía en el nivel de actividad física que tenían los escolares en Educación Primaria y en Educación Secundaria. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal utilizando para la recogida de datos el cuestionario Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C). La muestra estaba formada por 542 alumnos (272 chicos y 270 chicas), con edades comprendidas entre 11 y 13 años, que fueron entrevistados en dos momentos diferentes: durante el sexto curso de educación primaria, y posteriormente, en primero de educación secundaria. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los ítems y puntuación final del PAQ-C en el entorno rural y urbano en ambos periodos educativos y un análisis ANCOVA de la puntuación final; a través de los residuos tipificados corregidos y la V de Cramer se estudió la asociación entre el nivel de actividad física y las variables empleadas. Se calculó el tamaño del efecto. RESULTADOS: Los resultados obtenidos confirmaron que existen diferencias significativas en la variable curso (f=63.757; p < 0,001; η2=0,056) pero no en el tipo de localidad (p > 0,05), ni en la interacción localidad X curso (p > 0,05) cuando se controló la variable sexo (f=27.325; p < 0,001; η2=0,025). CONCLUSIONES: La transición a la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria supone el incremento de un estilo de vida sedentario, tanto en el medio rural como en el medio urbano

OBJECTIVE: Sedentarism rates are increasing at school age, and it is necessary to know how it affects both rural and urban contexts. The present study aimed to identify whether the place of residence, rural or urban, influenced the level of physical activity that schoolchildren had in Primary Education and in Secondary Education. METHODS: A longitudinal study was carried out using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C) for data collection. The sample consisted of 542 students (272 boys and 270 girls), aged between 11 and 13 years, who were interviewed at two different times: during the sixth year of primary education, and later in the first year of secondary education. A descriptive analysis of the items and final score of the PAQ-C in the rural and urban environment were carried out in both educational periods and an ANCOVA analysis of the final score; The association between the level of physical activity and the variables used was studied through corrected typified residuals and Cramer's V. The effect size was calculated. RESULTS: The results obtained confirmed that there are significant differences in the course variable (f=63,757; p < 0.001; η2sup>=0.056) but not in the type of locality (p > 0.05), nor in the locality X course interaction. (p > 0.05) when the sex variable was controlled (f=27,325; p < 0.001; η2=0.025). CONCLUSIONS: The transition to Secondary Education implies the increase of a sedentary lifestyle, both in rural and urban areas

Prevalencia de tabaquismo y hábitos de vida relacionados con la salud en función del uso del tabaco tras la implantación de la Ley 42/2010: análisis de encuestas de salud en España 2009-2017 / Smoking prevalence and health-related lifestyle behaviours according to tobacco use after the smoke-free law in Spain: analysis of Spanish National Health Surveys 2009-2017

OBJETIVO: El tabaquismo es una de las conductas de riesgo para la salud más asociadas a morbilidad y mortalidad de la población. En España se han implantado restricciones legales para el uso del tabaco. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la prevalencia del uso del tabaco en España durante el período 2009-2017, tras la implantación de estas restricciones, y la relación y evolución entre uso del tabaco y otros factores del estilo de vida relacionados con la salud. MÉTODOS: Durante 2019, se analizaron los datos de la Encuesta Europea de Salud en España correspondiente a 2009 y de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de España en 2012 y 2017. Se analizó el uso del tabaco, el estado de salud percibido, el estatus de peso y otras conductas de la salud (actividad física, consumo de frutas y verduras y consumo de alcohol). Se obtuvo la razón de probabilidades ajustada a sexo y edad ("odds ratio" e intervalo de confianza al 95%), mediante un análisis de regresión logística multinomial. RESULTADOS: La población fumadora disminuyó un 3,13% durante el período 2009-2012, y un 4,81% durante el período 2009-2017. Para la población fumadora, la probabilidad de presentar 2 o 3 factores de riesgo reflejó un odds ratio (OR) de 1,17 (1,08-1,26), p<0,0001 en 2009; de 1,23 (1,12-1,34), p<0,0001 en 2012; y de 1,32 (1,21-1,44), p<0,0001 en 2017. La probabilidad de presentar 4 o 5 factores de riesgo reflejó un OR de 1,51 (1,31-1,74), p<0,0001 en 2009; de 1,60 (1,42-1,81), p<0,0001 en 2012; y de 1,70 (1,51-1,92), p<0,0001 en 2017. En cuanto a la población exfumadora, la probabilidad de presentar 2 o 3 factores de riesgo no fue significativa en 2009, con un OR de 0,88 (0,80-0,98), p=0,013 en 2012; y no fue significativa en 2017. En el caso de la probabilidad de presentar 4 o 5 factores de riesgo no fue significativa en 2009, con un OR de 0,86 (0,75-1,00), p=0,045 en 2012, y con 1,15 (1,02-1,30), p=0,028 en 2017. CONCLUSIONES: La población fumadora disminuyó durante el período 2009-2017. Las personas que fuman presentan un estilo de vida menos saludable. Las personas que fuman muestran, en las sucesivas encuestas, un incremento de conductas de riesgo

OBJECTIVE: Smoking is one of the health risk factors most associated with population morbidity and mortality. In Spain, legal restrictions have been introduced for the use of tobacco. The objective of this study was to analyse the smoking prevalence in Spain during the period 2009-2017, following the implementation of these legal restrictions, and the relationship and evolution between smoking and other health-related lifestyle factors. METHODS: We analyzed data in 2019 from the European Health Survey in Spain 2009 and National Health Surveys of Spain 2012 and 2017. Smoking, selfperceived health status, weight status and other health-related lifestyle behaviors (physical activity, vegetable intake, fruit intake and alcohol use). A multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to obtain the odds ratio adjusted to sex and age ("odds ratio" and 95% confidence interval). RESULTS: Smoking decreased by 3.13% during 2009-2012, and by 4.81% during 2009-2017. Smoking population presenting 2 or 3 risk factors in 2009 was OR=1.17 (1.08-1.26), p<0.0001, in 2012 OR=1.23 (1.12-1, 34), p<0.0001, and in 2017 OR=1.32 (1.21-1.44), p<0.0001. For 4 or 5 risk factors it was in 2009 OR=1.51 (1.31-1.74), p<0.0001, in 2012 OR=1.60 (1.42-1.81), p <0.0001, and in 2017 OR=1.70 (1.51-1.92), p <0.0001. For ex-smokers, the probability of presenting 2 or 3 risk factors in 2009 is not significant, in 2012 OR=0.88 (0.80-0.98), p = 0.013, and in 2017 it is not significant. In the case of 4 or 5 risk factors in 2009 it is not significant, in 2012 OR=0.86 (0.75-1.00), p = 0.045, and in 2017 OR=1.15 (1.02 -1.30), p =0.028. CONCLUSIONS: There is a decrease in the smoking population in Spain during 2009-2017. People who smoke have also an unhealthy lifestyle. People who smoke presented a greater number of health-related risk factors

Achieving greater sportsmanship and decreasing school violence through responsibility and sport practice / Lograr una mayor deportividad y disminuir la violencia escolar a través de la responsabilidad y la práctica deportiva / Atingir maior esportividade e diminuir a violência escolar por meio da responsabilidade e prática esportiva

This study aims to determine the prediction levels of personal and social responsibility in sportsmanship and violence, and the levels of violence, sportsmanship and responsibility in schools after the application of the Personal and Social Responsibility Model in physical education classes. Two studies have been conducted. The first, made up of a sample of 737 adolescent students aged between 12 and 15 (M = 14.03; SD = 2.14), which measured personal and social responsibility, sportsmanship and school violence. In Study two, the same dimensions were measured in 573 adolescent students aged between 12 and 15 (M = 13.73; SD = 1.83), in two phases (pre and post-test). The structural equation analysis revealed that personal and social responsibility perception predicts sportsmanship positively and violent attitudes negatively. The application of the Responsibility Model in this study produced improvements in personal responsibility, social responsibility, commitment toward sport participation, social conventions in sport

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar los niveles de predicción de la responsabilidad personal y social en la deportividad y la violencia, y los niveles de violencia, deportividad y responsabilidad tras la aplicación del Modelo de Responsabilidad Personal y Social en las clases de educación física. Se llevaron a cabo dos estudios. El primero, compuesto por una muestra de 737 estudiantes adolescentes de entre 12 y 15 años (M = 14,03; DT = 2,14), que midió la responsabilidad personal y social, el espíritu deportivo y la violencia escolar. En el segundo estudio, se midieron las mismas dimensiones en 573 estudiantes adolescentes de entre 12 y 15 años (M = 13,73; DT = 1,83), en dos fases (pre y post test). El análisis de regresión estructural reveló que la percepción de la responsabilidad personal y social predice la deportividad positivamente y las actitudes violentas negativamente. La aplicación del Modelo de Responsabilidad en este estudio produjo mejoras en la responsabilidad personal, la responsabilidad social, el compromiso con la participación deportiva y las convenciones sociales en el deporte

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os níveis de predição de responsabilidade pessoal e social no desportivismo e na violência, e os níveis de violência, desportivismo e responsabilidade após a aplicação do Modelo de Responsabilidade Pessoal e Social nas aulas de educação física. Foram realizados dois estudos. A primeira, composta por uma amostra de 737 adolescentes entre 12 e 15 anos (M = 14,03; TD = 2,14), mediu responsabilidade pessoal e social, esportividade e violência escolar. No segundo estudo, as mesmas dimensões foram medidas em 573 adolescentes entre 12 e 15 anos de idade (M = 13,73; TD = 1,83), em duas fases (pré e pós-teste). A análise de regressão estrutural revelou que a percepção de responsabilidade pessoal e social prediz positivamente o desportivismo e negativamente atitudes violentas. A aplicação do Modelo de Responsabilidade neste estudo produziu melhorias na responsabilidade pessoal, responsabilidade social, compromisso com a participação esportiva e convenções sociais no esporte

Efecto de la bajada de peso y la competición sobre el perfil de estado de ánimo en deportes de combate / Efeito de menor peso e concorrência no perfil de humor em esportes de combate / Weight cutting and competition effects on mood state profile on combat sports

El propósito de este estudio ha sido describir los cambios que sufre el estado de ánimo que presentan los deportistas de combate durante las fases de bajada de peso y su posterior recuperación antes del comienzo de los eventos competitivos prioritarios de la temporada. Un total de 105 hombres y mujeres especialistas en las modalidades de combate de lucha olímpica, taekwondo y boxeo fueron pesados y contestaron la versión abreviada del Perfil de Estados de Ánimo (POMS) entre 30 y 60 minutos antes del pesaje oficial (PRE) y entre 30 y 60 minutos antes del comienzo del primer combate (POST) de sus respectivos campeonatos nacionales. Los resultados demostraron que las hubo mejoras significativas (p < .05) en las dimensiones de Cólera, Fatiga y Depresión, aunque estos cambios no parecen estar relacionados con la variación porcentual de la masa corporal que experimentan los deportistas durante este mismo periodo (r < .261). Estos hallazgos nos indican que las 12-18 horas que separan el pesaje oficial y el comienzo del torneo en deportes de combate propician mejoras sustanciales en sus estados de ánimo, aunque estos cambios parecen ser independientes de sus fluctuación de la masa corporal (AU)

The purpose of this study was to describe changes in the mood state of combat sport athletes during the weight cutting phases and subsequent recovery before the start of the main competitive events of the season. One hundred and five men and women combat sport specialist of Olympic wrestling, taekwondo and boxing were weighted and answered the abbreviated version of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) 30 to 60 minutes before the official weigh-in (PRE) and 30 to 60 minutes before the start of the first bout (POST) of their respective national championships. The results showed significant improvements (p < .05) in the Anger, Fatigue and Depression dimensions, although these changes do not appear to be related to the percentage change in the body mass experienced by these athletes during the same period (r < .261). These findings indicate that the 12-18 hours that separate the official weigh-in and the start of the tournament produce substantial improvements on the athletes´ mood state, although these changes seems to be independent on their body mass oscillations (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as alterações sofridas pelo clima que os atletas lutaram durante as fases de redução de peso e subsequente recuperação antes do início dos eventos prioritários da temporada competitivos. Um total de 105 homens e mulheres especialistas nas categorias de combate de wrestling, taekwondo e boxe foram pesados e responderam a versão curta do Profile of Mood States (POMS) entre 30 e 60 minutos antes da pesagem oficial (PRE) e entre 30 e 60 minutos antes do início do primeiro ataque (POST) nos seus respectivos campeonatos nacionais. Os resultados mostraram que houve melhora significativa (p<0,05) nas dimensões de raiva, fadiga e depressão, embora estas alterações não parecem relacionadas com a variação percentual de massa corporal vivida por atletas durante este mesmo período (r <0,261). Estes resultados indicam que as 12-18 horas que separam a pesagem oficial eo início do torneio em combate esportes adotivos melhorias substanciais em seus humores, mas essas mudanças parecem ser independentes de sua flutuação de massa corporal (AU)

Diferencias en la condición física en niños de entornos rurales y urbanos / Rural-urban differences in children's physical fitness

El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de la condición física relacionada con la salud y el contexto poblacional en una muestra de niños. Un total de 293 estudiantes tomaron parte en este trabajo (137 niños y 156 niñas). Después de recibir el consentimiento informado, se valoró su salud relacionada con la condición física a través de una versión abreviada de la Batería Eurofit que incluía el IMC, salto horizontal, Sit and Reach (flexibilidad), fuerza de prensión de mano así como carrera de ida y vuelta de 20 metros. Para establecer la relación entre las diferentes variables se realizó la prueba estadística Kolmogorov-Smirnov y una prueba t para muestras independientes. Los resultados de este estudio indican que los niños escolares que viven en áreas rurales poseen una mejor forma física que aquellos que viven en zonas urbanas (AU)

The aim of this work is to study the relationship between health related physical fitness and residence context in samples of school children. A total of 293 students took part in the study (137 boys and 156 girls). After receiving the informed consent, we assessed health related physical fitness through an abbreviated version of the Eurofit Battery test that included BMI, horizontal jump, Sit and Reach test (flexibility), hand grip strength, and 20 metre shuttle run. To establish the relationship between the different variables, we conducted a statistical analysis using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and one t test for independent samples. In this study school children living in rural areas are fitter in comparison with the ones living in urban areas (AU)

Sedentarismo, obesidad y salud mental en la población española de 4 a 15 años de edad / Inactivity, obesity and mental health in the spanish population from 4 to 15 years of age

Fundamento: Un estilo de vida activo y el mantenimiento de un peso saludable son dos de los principales determinantes del bienestar desde una perspectiva de salud pública. El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar el grado de asociación entre la actividad física y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) con el bienestar emocional y la salud mental de los escolares en España. Método: Se evaluó el estado de salud mental a través del Cuestionario de Capacidades y Dificultades (SDQ), la práctica de actividad física durante el tiempo libre y el IMC en un total de 6.803 escolares de 4 a 15 años de edad, participantes en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de España 2006. El grado de asociación entre variables fue estimado a través de un análisis de regresión logística multinomial. Resultados: Entre los escolares sedentarios son más frecuentes los problemas de salud mental (OR 2,10), en concreto problemas emocionales (OR 1,84), los problemas de conducta (OR 1,53), los problemas con los compañeros (OR 2,35) y las dificultades de relación social (OR 1,36). Un índice de masa corporal (IMC) que denota obesidad se asocia a peor salud mental general (OR 1,58), mostrando los escolares obesos en mayor medida problemas emocionales (OR 1,52) y problemas con compañeros (OR 2,43). Conclusiones: En los escolares españoles un IMC saludable se asocia con mayor bienestar psicológico, aunque un estilo de vida activo es en mayor grado un buen indicador del estado de salud mental(AU)

Background: An active lifestyle and a good weight status are two major health determinants from a public health perspective. Aim: To evaluate the degree of association between physical activity, weight status and the emotional and mental health of Spanish schoolchildren. Method: Mental health status was assessed through the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), also leisure time physical activity and body mass index (BMI) in a total of 6 803 children from 4 to 15 years participating in the Spanish National Health Survey 2006. The degree of association between. these variables was estimated by a multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results: Among sedentary schoolchildren are more common mental health problems (OR 2.10), emotional problems (OR 1.84), conduct problems (OR 1.53), problems with peers (OR 2.35) and social relationship difficulties (OR 1.36). Obesity is associated with poor general mental health (OR 1.58), and obese schoolchildren show more often emotional problems (OR 1.52) and problems with peers (OR 2.43). Conclusions: In the Spanish schoolchildren, a healthy BMI is associated with increased mental well-being, although an active lifestyle is the best indi ator of a good mental health status(AU)

Actividad física durante el tiempo libre y su relación con algunos indicadores de salud mental en España / Leisure time physical activity and its relationships with some mental health indicators in Spain through the National Health Survey

Introduction An active lifestyle, characterized by a regular pattern of leisure time physical activity along the lifespan, improves cognitive functioning and mental health. To join in sports activities or exercise programs is associated with a better quality of life, and people who engage in these activities show not only a better physical fitness, but a better psychological and emotional wellbeing. An active lifestyle provides an apparent protective effect against the incidence of disorders such as anxiety or depression. However, in this regard, the dose-response in terms of what type, amount, duration and intensity of physical activity is necessary for achieving improvements has not been well established in studies with large samples. Objetives The aim of this study is to provide evidence that, from a descriptive point of view, shows the association between different indicators of mental health in the Spanish adult population and leisure time physical activity practice, also assessing the level of this leisure time physical activity. Methods Data were obtained from the last Spanish National Health Survey, a cross-sectional study conducted by the Ministry of Health and Social Policy Institute for Health Information-Spain, between June 2006 and June 2007. The sample was representative of the Spanish adult population. Persons over 16 years took part in this study, being the reference population available in the last official census (January 1, 2006). A total of 29 478 persons (11 645 men and 1 7 833 women, older than 1 6 years) were interviewed using the National Health Survey Questionnaire 2006. It was designed as multistage sampling, stratified cluster in which the first units were census tracts distributed by population size; the second stage units are the main family dwellings, and the last unit was selected as a person over 1 6 years from each dwelling. The census tracts studied were selected within each stratum with proportional probability to size with the goal of this whole procedure would lead to self-weighting samples in each stratum, and households and individuals were selected by a random procedure, taking into account sampling quotas for age and sex. The sampling error for a confidence interval was 95.5% ± 0.6%. To minimize seasonal biases in the study, in terms of morbidity and lifestyle, the questionnaire was administered in four phases over the year: each stage involved 15 days, and the reference period of each variable explored comprised two weeks one year from the day of data collection. The gathering of information was conducted by trained interviewers. Leisure time physical activity pattern was obtained through this questionnaire by the question: «Usually, do you engage in any leisure time physical activity such as walking, sports, gymnastics ...?¼ This question could be answered «yes¼ or «no¼. Those who responded affirmatively were asked to describe the amount of physical activity in the last two weeks, in bouts of 20 or more minutes, in response to three levels of physical activity: light (<3.0 times resting energy expenditure), moderate (3.0 to 5.9 times resting energy expenditure) or vigorous (>6.0 times resting energy expenditure), providing the interviewer at least five examples of each level of activity. People who reported any amount of leisure time physical activity were classified into three groups based on the recommendations of physical activity practice for adults from the American Heart Association: insufficiently active (people who engage in some kind of physical activity, but do not meet the minimum recommendation to maintain health), moderately active (150 or more minutes of moderate physical activity, weekly) and vigorously active (60 or more minutes of vigorous physical activity, weekly). To assess mental health, we used a subjective mental health index obtained through a 12 items questionnaire (General Health Questionnaire, GHQ-12) designed for diagnosing psychiatric disorders, widely used in international literature and validated for Spanish adult population. The score ranges from 0 to 1 2 points, from the better mental health to the worse mental health. To facilitate statistical comparison, individuals are grouped into percentiles, containing the 95th percentile for people with worse mental health. Other variables included in this study were: age group, gender, perceived health status, history of depression or mental illness throughout life, depression or mental illness in the last 12 months, diagnosed depression, anxiety or other mental disorders at some time, psychiatrist attendance in the last 12 months, and finally, use of antidepressants, anxiolytics or other mental drugs for the past 12 months. We used a multinomial logistic regression to model the association between variables and calculating the odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval 95% (CI) to determine the degree of association between leisure time physical activity and mental-health related factors, taking into account gender and age group. Also, the association between the level of practice and mental health-related factors as studied in both sexes. The statistical treatment of data was performed trough the SPSS statistical package software (15.0 version). Results Leisure time physical activity is associated with a higher prevalence of perceived good or very good health status, and with a better assessment on the GHQ scale of subjective mental health (50th percentile). In terms of levels of practice, it seems that any amount of leisure time physical activity was associated with a higher probability of showing better perceived health status (p<0.001) and good GHQ index (p<0.001 ) in both sexes, although the degree of association grows proportionally to the level of practice of physical activity achieved. In both sexes, vigorous activity level is strongly associated with the studied variables, showing that there are more positive indicators of mental well-being in more vigorously active subjects, being the only exception psychiatrist attendance for females. For men, there is an association at this level of vigorous physical activity with a smaller number of psychiatrist attendance (p<0.05), but this association is less than the relationship with other variables, in which there is a higher significance level (p<0.001). For the lower levels of physical activity, the relationship of practice with these variables is not significant on many occasions. Sometimes, there is no difference between those classified as insufficiently actives (not reaching the minimum) and those who have a pattern of physical activity considered as moderate, and even the differences are in favour of those individuals insufficiently active. Such is the case of the use of medication for mental health in men or psychiatrist attendance in the case of women, less probable in insufficiently active group than in the other two groups (moderate and vigorous leisure time physical activity). Conclusion Practicing a physical activity during leisure time is associated with a lower prevalence of negative mental health indicators.

Introducción La práctica de actividad física a lo largo de la vida favorece el mantenimiento de las funciones cognitivas y se asocia habitualmente a una mejor salud mental. Invertir tiempo en realizar deporte o hacer ejercicio físico se asocia con una mejor calidad de vida en las personas que realizan regularmente estas actividades, y participar en programas de ejercicio físico dirigidos puede mejorar diferentes dimensiones del bienestar psicológico y emocional. Un estilo de vida activo otorga un aparente efecto protector ante la incidencia de trastornos como la ansiedad o la depresión; no obstante, la relación dosis-respuesta en términos de qué tipo, cantidad, duración e intensidad de la actividad física es necesaria para lograr mejorías en este sentido, no ha sido muy bien establecida en estudios con grandes muestras, y aún menos en los que se describa la relación con la actividad física durante el tiempo libre. Objetivo El objetivo del presente trabajo es aportar datos que desde un punto de vista descriptivo permitan contrastar la asociación entre diferentes indicadores de salud mental en la población española y la práctica de actividad física durante el tiempo libre, valorando también el nivel de actividad física realizado habitualmente. Métodos Los datos empleados en este artículo forman parte de un estudio transversal llevado a cabo por el Ministerio de Sanidad y Política Social-Instituto de Información Sanitaria de España, comenzado en el año 2006. La muestra estaba compuesta por sujetos mayores de 16 años, siendo la población de referencia el último censo oficial disponible. Fue entrevistado un total de 29 478 personas (11 645 hombres y 1 7 833 mujeres mayores de 1 6 años) con el Cuestionario Nacional de Salud del año 2006. Se evaluó la práctica de actividad física durante el tiempo libre y el nivel de práctica, de acuerdo a las recomendaciones existentes para mantener la salud, y se obtuvo un índice de salud mental por medio de un cuestionario de 12 ítems (General Health Questionnaire, GHQ-12), además de otras variables relacionadas con la salud mental. Resultados Se puede observar tanto en hombres como en mujeres de los diferentes grupos de edad, que realizar actividad física se asocia con una mejor valoración en la escala GHQ-1 2. En función del nivel de práctica, cualquier cantidad de ejercicio físico durante el tiempo libre se relaciona con una mayor probabilidad de mostrar mejor estado de salud percibida (p<0,001) y mejor puntuación en el cuestionario GHQ-12 (p<0,001) en ambos sexos, aunque el grado de asociación estimado (OR) crece proporcionalmente al nivel de práctica de actividad física alcanzado. Conclusiones Practicar actividad física durante el tiempo libre se asocia con una menor prevalencia de indicadores negativos de salud mental. Por medio de los diferentes indicadores estudiados se observa una mejor salud mental en las personas de ambos sexos que realizan práctica de actividad física vigorosa.

[Inactivity, obesity and mental health in the Spanish population from 4 to 15 years of age]. / Sedentarismo, obesidad y salud mental en la población española de 4 a 15 años de edad.

BACKGROUND: An active lifestyle and a good weight status are two major health determinants from a public health perspective. AIM: To evaluate the degree of association between physical activity, weight status and the emotional and mental health of Spanish schoolchildren. METHOD: Mental health status was assessed through the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), also leisure time physical activity and body mass index (BMI) in a total of 6 803 children from 4 to 15 years participating in the Spanish National Health Survey 2006. The degree of association between. these variables was estimated by a multinomial logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among sedentary schoolchildren are more common mental health problems (OR 2.10), emotional problems (OR 1.84), conduct problems (OR 1.53), problems with peers (OR 2.35) and social relationship difficulties (OR 1.36). Obesity is associated with poor general mental health (OR 1.58), and obese schoolchildren show more often emotional problems (OR 1.52) and problems with peers (OR 2.43). CONCLUSIONS: In the Spanish schoolchildren, a healthy BMI is associated with increased mental well-being, although an active lifestyle is the best indicator of a good mental health status.

Motivos para la práctica deportiva y su relación con el consumo de alcohol y tabaco en jóvenes españoles / Motives for playing sports and its relationship with tobacco and alcohol consumption in a sample of Spanish students

OBJETIVO: Determinar la relación entre la práctica de actividad física en el tiempo libre y el consumo de alcohol y tabaco en población joven. Asimismo, definir la relación entre el consumo de estas sustancias y los motivos de la práctica deportiva. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Tomaron parte 3 840 jóvenes de diferentes niveles del sistema educativo público de Almería, España. Se utilizó una regresión logística multinomial para modelar la asociación entre variables y calcular la razón de momios y el intervalo de confianza al 95 por ciento para cada patrón de actividad física. RESULTADOS: Las mujeres fuman en mayor medida que los varones (p<0.05, en todos los niveles educativos), mientras que éstos son consumidores de alcohol en mayor grado en edades tempranas. Existe un menor consumo habitual de tabaco a medida que aumenta el tiempo de la práctica de actividad física, mientras que la relación del consumo de alcohol con la práctica de actividad físico-deportiva es variable. CONCLUSIONES: Cuanto menor es la actividad física, más probable es encontrar fumadores, en tanto que su relación con la ingesta de alcohol difiere según sea el nivel de práctica.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between the practice of leisure time physical activity and consumption of alcohol and smoking among young people and to define the relationship between the consumption of these substances with motives for playing sports. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 3 840 young people from different levels of the public educational system in Almeria (Spain) took part in this study. Multinomial logistic regression was used to model the associations among the variables and to calculate odd ratios (OR) and 95 percent confidence intervals (CI) for each pattern of physical activity. RESULTS: Females smoke more than males (p<0.05) at all educational levels) whereas males consume more alcohol at an early age. There is a lower consumption of cigarettes as time spent doing physical activity increases, whereas the relationship of alcohol consumption to physical activity and playing sports is variable. CONCLUSIONS: The less physical activity practiced, the more likely it is to find smokers, while its relationship with the intake of alcohol differs according to the level of physical activity.