The Effects of a Multidimensional Exercise Program on Health Behavior and Biopsychological Factors in Mexican Older Adults.

Background: The population of older adults is increasing worldwide, which brings attention to the importance of healthy aging. Adoption of healthy lifestyle activities such as participating in physical activity on a daily basis is key to maintaining physical and mental health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of participation in a 12-week multidimensional exercise program on health behavior and biopsychological factors of older adults living in Northeastern Mexico. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted with 45 older adults (35 females and 10 males; M = 67.24 ± 5.73 years). The participants were assigned to an experimental group (EG; n = 23) that participated in a 12-week exercise program and a control group (CG; n = 22). Pre- and post-analyses of the exercise intervention data were carried out to investigate the participants' health-related variables including physical activity levels, blood pressure, self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and blood lipids profiles. Results: The results indicated that the exercise intervention contributed to significant improvements in the older adults' health-related variables for the EG when contrasted with the control group. For instance, the EG significantly improved systolic (p < 0.001) and diastolic (p < 0.027) blood pressure, blood lipids [e.g., cholesterol (p < 0.05)], triglycerides (p < 0.05), self-esteem (p < 0.005), and depressive symptoms (p < 0.002) as well as physical activity (p < 0.001) levels. The results also demonstrated that only those individuals in the EG diagnosed with disease benefited from improved self-esteem and physical activity levels when contrasted with their healthy counterparts.

Psychometric properties of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale in Mexican elderly women.

Objective: analyze and assess the psychometric properties of the subscales in the Spanish version of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale in an elderly population in the Northeast of Mexico. Method: methodological study. The sample consisted of 329 elderly associated with one of the five public centers for senior citizens in the metropolitan area of Northeast Mexico. The psychometric properties included the assessment of the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the Kaiser Meyer Olkin coefficient, the inter-item correlation, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: in the principal components analysis, two components were identified based on the 43 items in the scale. The item-total correlation coefficient of the exercise benefits subscale was good. Nevertheless, the coefficient for the exercise barriers subscale revealed inconsistencies. The reliability and validity were acceptable. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the elimination of items improved the goodness of fit of the baseline scale, without affecting its validity or reliability. Conclusion: the Exercise Benefits/Barriers subscale presented satisfactory psychometric properties for the Mexican context. A 15-item short version is presented with factorial structure, validity and reliability similar to the complete scale.

Beneficios, barreras y apoyo social para el ejercicio: diferencias por grado escolar / Vantagens, barreiras e apoio social para o exercício: diferenças por grade / Benefits, barriers and social support for exercise: differences by degree

Durante la adolescencia tardía y juventud, el ejercicio físico (EF) podría apoyar la formación de una personalidad estable. Sin embargo, se ha reportado un declive del 7% anual en la práctica de EF para chicos y chicas, que comienza en la niñez y continua a través de la adolescencia y juventud. El estudio examinó las diferencias según grado de escolaridad entre los beneficios, barreras y apoyo social para el ejercicio en universitarios. Basado en el Modelo de Promoción de la Salud de Pender. Diseño descriptivo comparativo. Una muestra de 928 jóvenes de 15 a 26 años estratificados por dependencia universitaria. El promedio de años de educación fue mayor (t = -3.28, gl = 926; p =.001) entre los que reportaron no practicar ejercicio. Se encontraron diferencias entre las muestras por grado de escolaridad para las variables de beneficios (z = -4.955, p <.05) y barreras (z = -2.388, p <.05). El análisis de los ítems de las escalas arrojó que existen diferencias significativas por grado de escolaridad entre los beneficios autónomos (z = - .960, p > .05) y respecto a barreras, para la opción de «no querer hacerlo» (z = -2.498, p < .05) y para «no tener ropa o zapatos adecuados» (z = -1.978, p < .05). Los resultados del estudio permiten concluir que la mayoría de los jóvenes que estudian no realizan EF, y a mayor escolaridad los jóvenes reportan menor EF. Los jóvenes de facultad perciben más beneficios e influencia de amigos, pero también más barreras hacia la práctica de EF (AU)

During late adolescence and youth, physical exercise (PE) could support the formation of a stable personality. However, it has reported a 7% annual decline in the practice of PE for boys and girls, beginning in childhood and continuing through adolescence and youth. The study examined differences by level of education among the benefits, barriers and social support for exercise in university. Based on the Health Promotion Model of Pender. Descriptive comparative design. A sample of 928 young people aged 15 to 26 years stratified by university level. The average years of education was higher among those who reported no exercise practice (t = -3.28, p = .001). Differences between education level were found for exercise benefits (z = 4.955, p <.05) and exercise barriers (z = -2.388, p < .05). The analysis of the items on the scales showed significant differences by level of education among autonomous benefits (z = -. 960, p > .05) regarding barriers to the option «not wanting to do» (z = 2498, p < 0.05) and for «not having adequate clothing or shoes» (z = 1,978, p < .05). The study results allow us to conclude that most young people who study not perform PE and more scholarship youth report lower PE. The young college perceives more benefits and influence of friends but also more barriers to the practice of PE (AU)

Durante o final da adolescência e juventude, o exercício físico (EF) podería apoiar a formação de uma personalidade estável. No entanto, tem sido relatado um declínio anual de 7% na prática de EF para meninos e meninas, começando na infância e continuando até a adolescência e juventude. O estudo examinou diferenças por nível de educação entre os benefícios, barreiras e apoio social para o exercício na faculdade. Com base no Modelo de Promoção da Saúde Pender. Descritivo comparativo. Uma amostra de 928 jovens de 15 e 26 anos estratificada por unidade universitária. A média de anos de escolaridade foi maior (t = -3,28, gl = 926, p = 0,001) entre aqueles que relataram não se exercitar. As diferenças entre as amostras do nível de educação para as variáveis de benefícios (z = -4,955, p <0,05) e barreiras (z = -2,388, p <0,05) foram encontradas. A análise dos itens das escalas mostraram que existem diferenças significativas, por nível de escolaridade entre os benefícios autônomos (z = -0,960, p > 0,05) e sobre barreiras para a opção «não quero fazer isso» (z = -2,498, p <0,05) e «não há roupas ou calçado certo» (z = -1,978, p <0,05). Os resultados do estudo permitem concluir que a maioria dos jovens que estudam não realizam EF, e com mais educação os jóvens relatam menos EF. Os jóvens estudantes da faculdade percebem mais benefícios e influência de amigos, mas também mais barreiras para a prática de EF (AU)

Estrés oxidativo y capacidad antioxidante en deportistas con dieta rica en antioxidantes con zarzamora (Rubus sp) / Estresse oxidativo e capacidade antioxidante nos atletas com dieta rica em antioxidantes com amora-preta (Rubus sp) / Oxidative stress in athletes with antioxidant-rich diet of blackberry (Rubus sp)

Objetivo. Identificar el comportamiento del Estrés Oxidativo (EO) en atletas con y sin la ingesta de dieta rica en antioxidantes durante el periodo competitivo. Métodos. Se evaluaron a 14 atletas de alto rendimiento del equipo de balonmano, quienes fueron distribuidos 7 en un grupo experimental y 7 en un grupo control (con y sin ingesta de zarzamora, respectivamente). El consumo de la bebida de zarzamora o placebo para ambos grupos, fue de una dosis diaria durante 15 días (7 días en la etapa de pre competencia, 7 días durante el periodo de competencia y una dosis 24h después de finalizar la competencia). Se cuantificó el EO (i.e. prueba d-ROMs, unidades Cornelli, U. Cor.) y la capacidad total antioxidante (CTA) en plasma (i.e. prueba PAT, unidades Carratelli, U. Carr.), en 4 momentos: (1) reposo (1 semana previa a competencia, antes del suministro de bebida); (2) pre competencia (una semana antes de la competencia); (3) al final de competencia y (4) a las 24 h después de la competencia. Resultados. En el grupo experimental, el EO disminuyó de manera significativa (p = .018) al comparar la toma en reposo con la toma previa a la competencia después de 7 días de la ingesta de la dieta rica en antioxidantes. El grupo control presentó aumentos significativos de la CTA en la toma previa a competencia (p = .028) así como al final de la misma (p = .046), con respecto a la toma en reposo. Conclusión. El EO se incrementa después de la competencia y estimula la CTA. La ingesta de la dieta rica en antioxidantes es favorable en el entrenamiento previo a la competencia ya que promueve la regulación del EO, disminuyendo los valores del mismo (AU)

Objective. Identify Oxidative Stress (OS) behavior in athletes with and without the intake of an antioxidant-rich diet during a competitive period. Methods.14 high-performance athletes of handball team were evaluated. Two groups were established: 7 in an experimental group (blackberry intake) and 7 in a control group (with and without the intake of blackberry, respectively). The intake of blackberry beverage or placebo for both groups was a daily dose for 15 days (7 days in the pre-competition stage, 7 days during the competition period and a dose 24h after the end of the competition). OS (i.e. d-ROMs test, Cornelli units, U.Cor.) and the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) (i.e. PAT test, Carratelli units, U. Carr.) on plasma, were quantified at 4 moments: (1) resting (1 week before the competition, before the beverage intake); (2) pre-competition (one week before the competition); (3) at the end of the competition; and (4) 24 hours after the competition. Results. On the experimental group, OS was significantly reduced (p =.018) comparing resting takes with the pre-competition, after 7 days of the antioxidant-rich diet. The control group had a significant rise on TAC presented in precompetition (p =.028) as well as at end of competition (p =.046) compared to the resting take. Conclusion. The OS rises after competition and stimulates the TAC. The intake of an antioxidant-rich diet is helpful on pre-competition training since it promotes the regulation of OS, diminishing its levels (AU)

Objetivo. Identificar o comportamento do estresse oxidativo (EO) em atletas com e sem a ingestão de dieta rica em antioxidantes durante o período competitivo. Métodos. Foram avaliadas 14 atletas de alto rendimento da equipe de handebol, que foram distribuídos em 7 num grupo experimental e 7 num grupo de controlo (com e sem ingestão de amora, respectivamente). O consumo da amora bebida ou placebo em ambos os grupos era uma dose diária durante 15 dias (7 dias no pré competição, 7 dias durante a competição e uma dose 24 horas depois de terminar a competição). O EO foi quantificado (i.e. prova d-ROMs, unidades Cornelli, U. Cor.) e a capacidade antioxidante total (CAT) no plasma (isto é, teste de PAT, unidades Carratelli, U. Carr.) em 4 fases: (1) repouso (uma semana antes da competição antes do fornecimento de bebida); (2) pré-competição (uma semana antes da competição); (3) no fim da competição e (4) às 24 h após a competição. Resultados. No grupo experimental, o EO diminuiu significativamente (p = 0,018) comparando a toma em repouso com a toma anterior à competição após 7 dias de ingestão da dieta rica em antioxidantes. O grupo de controlo teve aumentos significativos no CAT na toma previa à competição (p = .028) e no final da mesma (p = .046), com respeito à toma em repouso. Conclusão. O EO aumenta após da competição e estimula o CAT. A ingestão de dieta rica em antioxidantes é favorável no treinamento pré-competição, uma vez que promove a regulação da EO, diminuindo os valores do mesmo (AU)

Psychometric properties of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale in Mexican elderly women / Propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Benefícios/Barreiras para o Exercício em idosas mexicanas / Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala Beneficios/Barreras para el Ejercicio en ancianas mexicanas

ABSTRACT Objective: analyze and assess the psychometric properties of the subscales in the Spanish version of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale in an elderly population in the Northeast of Mexico. Method: methodological study. The sample consisted of 329 elderly associated with one of the five public centers for senior citizens in the metropolitan area of Northeast Mexico. The psychometric properties included the assessment of the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the Kaiser Meyer Olkin coefficient, the inter-item correlation, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: in the principal components analysis, two components were identified based on the 43 items in the scale. The item-total correlation coefficient of the exercise benefits subscale was good. Nevertheless, the coefficient for the exercise barriers subscale revealed inconsistencies. The reliability and validity were acceptable. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the elimination of items improved the goodness of fit of the baseline scale, without affecting its validity or reliability. Conclusion: the Exercise Benefits/Barriers subscale presented satisfactory psychometric properties for the Mexican context. A 15-item short version is presented with factorial structure, validity and reliability similar to the complete scale.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar e avaliar as propriedades psicométricas das subescalas que compõem a versão em espanhol da Escala de Benefícios/Barreiras para o Exercício em uma população idosa do nordeste do México. Método: estudo metodológico. A amostra abrangeu 329 idosas adstritas a uma das cinco casas de convivência públicas da área metropolitana do Nordeste mexicano. As propriedades psicométricas incluíram a avaliação do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, o coeficiente Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin, a correlação inter-itens, análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória. Resultados: na análise de componentes principais, foram identificados dois componentes a partir dos 43 itens da escala. O coeficiente de correlação item-total da subescala benefícios do exercício foi adequado. Porém, o coeficiente da subescala barreiras para o exercício mostrou inconsistências. A confiabilidade e validade foram aceitáveis. A análise fatorial confirmatória revelou que a eliminação de itens melhorava a qualidade de ajuste do modelo basal da escala sem afetar sua validade ou confiabilidade. Conclusão: a Escala de Benefícios/Barreiras para o Exercício apresenta parâmetros psicométricos satisfatórios para o contexto mexicano. Apresenta-se uma versão reduzida de 15 itens com estrutura fatorial, validade e confiabilidade similares aos da escala completa.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar y evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de las subescalas que componen la versión en español de la Escala Beneficios/Barreras para el Ejercicio en población anciana del noreste de México. Método: estudio metodológico. La muestra estuvo constituida por 329 ancianas adscritas a alguna de cinco casas-club públicas del área metropolitana del noreste de México. Las propiedades psicométricas incluyeron la evaluación del coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, el coeficiente Kaiser Meyer Olkin, la correlación inter-ítem, análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio. Resultados: en el análisis de componentes principales se identificaron dos componentes a partir de los 43 ítems de la escala. El coeficiente de correlación ítem-total de la subescala beneficios del ejercicio fue bueno. Sin embargo, el de barreras para el ejercicio mostró inconsistencias. La confiabilidad y validez fueron aceptables. Con el análisis factorial confirmatorio se identificó que la eliminación de ítems mejoraba la calidad de ajuste del modelo basal de la escala sin afectar su validez ni confiabilidad. Conclusión: la Escala Beneficios/Barreras para el Ejercicio presenta parámetros psicométricos satisfactorios para el contexto mexicano. Se presenta una versión corta de 15 ítems con estructura factorial, validez y confiabilidad similares a los de la escala completa.

Nivel de Actividad Física, Autoeficacia, Beneficios y Barreras Percibidas en Mujeres Mayores Mexicanas Independientes (Physical Activity Level, Exercise Self-Efficacy, Benefits and Perceived Barriers of Independent Mexican Older Women).

This descriptive comparative study examined differences in personal characteristics, exercise self-efficacy, benefits and barriers of independent elderly women to perform physical activity (PA) according with the PA level. Two hundred three women older than 60 years of age, from a community located in Nuevo Leon, Mexico participated in the study. Data was collected using: a) A personal data questionnaire, b) Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale, c) Exercise Benefits/ Barriers Scale and d) Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly were completed. Age was similar in participants with low and acceptable PA level. Participants with lower levels of PA reported consuming more medications, fewer years of education and lower values of exercise self-efficacy, benefits and barriers. In this sample, exercise self-efficacy and benefits were positively associated with the PA level.

Preferencias y demandas inmediatas que compiten con la actividad física en jóvenes: Desarrollo de instrumentos y propiedades psicométricas / Physical activity and immediate competing preferences and demands: Instrument development and psychometric properties

Objetivo principal: desarrollar dos instrumentos para medir las preferencias y demandas inmediatas que compiten con la actividad física en jóvenes y describir propiedades psicométrica. Metodología: estudio metodológico, de diseño y validación de dos instrumentos aplicados a una muestra de 477 jóvenes con edad promedio de 18.16 años (DE = 2.45) inscritos en una preparatoria o universidad pública del área metropolitana de Monterrey, Nuevo León, México. Muestreo aleatorio sistemático de 1 en k (rango de 57-99). Resultados principales: El instrumento de preferencias mostró un alfa de .840 y el de demandas de .849. El análisis de extracción de factores con componentes principales con rotación varimax arrojó ocho factores que en conjunto explicaron el 48.27% de la varianza total para el instrumentos de preferencias y cinco factores que explicaron un 52.98% de la varianza total para el instrumento de demandas. Conclusión principal: Los resultados muestran una buena validez preliminar; es necesario continuar probando los instrumentos (AU)

Objective: to develop and validate two instruments that measure competing preferences and demands that may interfere with physical activity of young students and to describe psychometric properties. Methods: Methodological design to develop the instruments measure preferences and demands. The analysis includes a sample of 477 students from upper public high schools and university students. Systematic random sampling 1 in k (range 57-99) was used. Results: The competing preferences instrument showed a Cronbach alpha of .840 and the competing demands of .849. Factor analysis, using principal components and varimax rotation revealed eight factors on that the preferences instruments, explaining 48.27% of total variance. Five factors were extracted from the competing demands instrument, explaining 52.98% of the total variance. Conclusions: Results show preliminary validity, further testing is needed (AU)