Refinement Procedures for Clitorolabiaplasty in Male-to-Female Gender-Affirmation Surgery: More than an Aesthetic Procedure.

BACKGROUND: Among the various steps of a penile inversion feminizing genitoplasty, reconstruction of the clitoris and labia minora remains the most challenging procedure. AIM: This study aims to evaluate surgical outcomes of neoclitoroplasty performed before and after the introduction of the labia minora's creation in our surgical technique. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out comparing 2 groups of patients that underwent penile inversion feminizing surgery: group A (64 patients) who had labia minora and clitoral hood creation and group B (103 patients) who did not. OUTCOMES: To describe the surgical technique and outcomes of clitorolabiaplasty in male-to-female gender-affirmation surgery. RESULTS: Concerning overall complication rates, there were significant differences in the incidence of hemorrhage and urethral stenosis (P < .01). Hemorrhage surrounding the urethra and labia was identified in 40 patients (group A: n = 8 [12.5%]; group B: n = 32 [31%]) (P = .006). Neomeatal stenosis occurred in 17 patients (group A: n = 1 [1.5%]; group B: n = 16 [15.5%]) (P = .003). Partial necrosis of the clitoris occurred in 2 cases (group A: n = 0; group B: n = 2 [1.9%]) (P = .52). Necrosis of the labia majora occurred in 3 cases (group A: n = 0; group B: n = 3 [2.9%]) (P = .28). 5 patients (group A: n = 2 (3.1%); group B: n = 3 [2.9%]) (P = .93) developed rectovaginal fistula. 6 patients experienced neovaginal canal stricture (group A: n = 3 [4.6%]; group B: n = 3 [2.9%]) (P = .54). 2 patients (group A: n = 0; group B: n = 2 [1.9%]) (P = .52) reported introital stenosis; Persistent granulation tissue inside the neovagina that required in-office treatments occurred in 4 cases (group A: n = 2 [3.1%]; group B: n = 2 [1.9%]) (P = .62). Wound dehiscence occurred in 23 patients (group A: n = 13 [20.3%]; group B: n = 10 [9.7%]) (P = .05). 24 patients (group A: n = 3 [4.6%]; group B: n = 21 [20.3%]) (P = .004) underwent 28 different types of aesthetic refinements. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Incorporating the creation of labia minora and clitoral hood in one step is a safe and viable option in patients undergoing male-to-female gender-affirmation surgery. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS: Strength of the study is the large cohort of patients included and the consistent surgical technique. To our knowledge, this is the first study that compares with a control group, the introduction of labia minora creation in male-to-female gender-affirmation surgery. Limitations include the retrospective nature of the study and the absence of patient-reported outcomes measures. CONCLUSION: Technical refinements of our technique led to a significative reduction in urethral stenosis and postoperative hemorrhage without an increased risk of major complications. Raigosa M, Avvedimento S, Descarrega J, et al. Refinement Procedures for Clitorolabiaplasty in Male-to-Female Gender-Affirmation Surgery: More than an Aesthetic Procedure. J Sex Med 2020;17:2508-2517.

Male-to-Female Genital Reassignment Surgery: A Retrospective Review of Surgical Technique and Complications in 60 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Patients with male-to-female gender dysphoria (GD) require multidisciplinary assessment and management. Nowadays, more and more patients decide to undergo genital reassignment surgery (GRS) to have aesthetic and functional external female genitalia. Different techniques of this procedure have been described. Orchiectomy, penile disassembly, creation of a neovaginal cavity, repositioning of urethral meatus, and clitorolabioplasty may be identified as the five major steps in all of these techniques. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 60 patients who underwent genital reassignment procedure for male-to-female GD at our department between November 2008 and August 2013 with a minimum follow-up of 1 year. Data were collected on surgical technique, postoperative dilations protocol, complications, and functional and aesthetic outcomes. We describe and critically evaluate the surgical technique used in our department. RESULTS: Follow-up ranged from 14 to 46 months. Two patients developed late neovaginal stricture, and two patients experienced rectovaginal fistulae (one required surgical revision with dermal porcine graft placement). Minor complications occurred in 13 patients and included urethral stenosis, partial wound dehiscence, and minor bleeding. Secondary aesthetic revision surgery was performed in 13 cases. CONCLUSIONS: GRS can provide good functional and aesthetic outcomes in patients with male-to-female GD. However, despite a careful planning and meticulous surgical technique, secondary procedures are frequently required to improve the function and appearance of the neovagina.

[Erectile dysfunction after radial prostatectomy. Response to treatment with sildenafil citrate]. / Disfunción eréctil postprostatectomía radical. Respuesta al tratamiento con citrato de sildenafilo.

OBJECTIVES: Erectile dysfunction is one of the sequelae after radical prostatectomy most concerning for the patient, its appearance being influenced by factors such as surgical technique, or patient's age. Thus, around 40% of the patients younger than 70 years and over 90% of the patients older than 70 present with erectile dysfunction after prostatectomy. We studied the response to sildenafil citrate in patients who underwent non nerve sparing radical prostatectomy. METHODS: Medical records of 100 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy at our department between 1985 and 1998 were retrospectively reviewed and telephone interviews were done to investigate the degree of erectile dysfunction following surgery. All patients were offered to start a two-month therapeutic trial with sildenafil citrate, in dose escalation up to a maximum of 100 mg. Therapeutic response was evaluated by personal interviews. RESULTS: 5 out of 100 patients interviewed showed similar potency than preoperatively. Among 95 patients with erectile dysfunction 63 (66.3%) did not wish treatment for erectile dysfunction. 22 of the remainder 32 patients initiated treatment with sildenafil citrate, whereas 10 preferred trying intracavernous PGE1 injections only. In the intracavernous injections group 5 patients abandoned because of pain with injections and refused any further treatment with oral drugs; 5 patients are satisfied with intracavernous therapy and they do not want to try sildenafil. In the sildenafil group form 22 patients starting treatment 14 (63.6%) are satisfied, with a subjective improvement. Only 5 patients (22%) show an erectile response enough to have sexual intercourse with penetration. 8 (36.5%) abandon treatment because of lack of efficiency. CONCLUSIONS: 5% of the patients who undergo non nerve sparing radical prostatectomy maintain sexual potency without treatment postoperatively. Most patients with postoperative erectile dysfunction (63/95 = 66.3%) do not want any treatment. From 22 patients initiating treatment with sildenafil 5 can have sexual intercourse with penetration (5/22 = 22%), all of them with 100 mg doses of sildenafil.

Disfunción eréctil postprostatectomía radical. Respuesta al tratamiento con citrato de sildenafilo / Erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy. Results with sildenafil citrate treatment

OBJETIVOS: La disfunción eréctil es una de las secuelas que más preocupa a los pacientes sometidos a prostatectomía radical, dependiendo su aparición de diversos factores como la técnica empleada o la edad del paciente. Así, alrededor del 40 per cent de los pacientes menores de 70 años y más del 90 per cent de los mayores de 70 años presentan disfunción eréctil postprostatectomía. En este trabajo estudiamos la respuesta al sildenafilo de los pacientes sometidos a prostatectomía radical sin intento de conservación de nervios erectores. MÉTODOS: Se revisaron las historias clínicas de 100 pacientes sometidos a prostatectomía radical en nuestro servicio desde 1995 a 1998 y se les entrevistó telefónicamente con el fin de averiguar el grado de disfunción eréctil que siguió a la cirugía. A todos los pacientes se les propuso realizar un tratamiento de prueba con citrato de sildenafilo durante dos meses, a dosis creciente, hasta alcanzar la dosis máxima de 100 mg. La respuesta al tratamiento se evaluó mediante entrevista personal. RESULTADOS: De los 100 pacientes entrevistados, 5 presentaban una potencia sexual similar a la preoperatoria. De los 95 pacientes con disfunción eréctil postoperatoria, 63 (66,3 per cent) no deseaban tratamiento para su disfunción eréctil. De los 32 pacientes restantes 22 inician tratamiento con sildenafilo, mientras que 10 prefieren probar sólo PGE1 intracavernosa. De estos últimos, 5 presentan dolor importante a la inyección del producto y abandonan el tratamiento y cualquier intento de tratamiento ulterior por vía oral.5 están satisfechos con las inyecciones intracavernosas y no desean probar el sildenafilo. De los 22 que inician tratamiento con sildenafilo 14 (63,6 per cent) están satisfechos, con mejoría subjetiva. Sólo 5 pacientes (22 per cent) presentan una respuesta eréctil suficiente como para mantener relaciones sexuales con penetración. 8 (36,4 per cent) abandonan el tratamiento por ser ineficaz. CONCLUSIONES: Un 5 per cent de los pacientes sometidos a prostatectomía radical sin intento de conservar nervios erectores mantienen la potencia sexual postoperatoriamente sin tratamiento. La mayoría de los pacientes con disfunción eréctil postoperatoria (63/95=66,3 per cent), no desean ningún tratamiento. De los 22 pacientes que inician tratamiento con sildenafilo 5 consiguen mantener relaciones sexuales con penetración (5/22=22 per cent), todos ellos con dosis de 100 mg de sildenafilo (AU)