Prognostic Scale to Stratify Risk of Intrahospital Death in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segment Elevation.

INTRODUCTION The scales available to predict death and complica-tions after acute coronary syndrome include angiographic studies and serum biomarkers that are not within reach of services with limited resources. Such services need specifi c and sensitive instruments to evaluate risk using accessible resources and information. OBJECTIVE Develop a scale to estimate and stratify the risk of intra-hospital death in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. METHODS An analytical observational study was conducted in a universe of 769 patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction who were admitted consecutively to the Camilo Cienfuegos Provincial Hospital in Sancti Spíritus Province, Cuba, from January 2013 to March 2018. The fi nal study cohort included 667 patients, ex-cluding 102 due to branch blocks, atrial fi brillation, drugs that prolong the QT interval, low life expectancy or history of myocardial infarction. The demographic variables of age, sex, skin color, classic cardiovas-cular risk factors, blood pressure, heart rate, blood glucose level, in addition to duration and dispersion of the QT interval with and without correction, left ventricular ejection fraction, and glomerular fi ltration rate were included in the analysis. Patients were categorized according to the Killip-Kimball Classifi cation for degree of heart failure. A risk scale was constructed, the predictive ability of which was evaluated using the detectability index associated with an receiver-operator curve.RESULTS Seventy-seven patients died (11.5%). Mean blood glucose levels were higher among the deceased, while their systolic and dia-stolic blood pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction, and glomerular fi ltration rate were lower than those participants discharged alive. Rel-evant variables included in the scale were systolic blood pressure, Killip-Kimball class, cardiorespiratory arrest, glomerular fi ltration rate, corrected QT interval dispersion, left ventricular ejection fraction, and blood glucose levels. The variable with the best predictive ability was cardiorespiratory arrest, followed by a blood glucose level higher than 11.1 mmol/L. The scale demonstrated a great predictive ability with a detectability index of 0.92. CONCLUSIONS The numeric scale we designed estimates and strati-fi es risk of death during hospitalization for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and has good metric properties for predictive ability and calibration. KEYWORDS ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, mortality, risk assessment, Cuba.

Corrected QT-Interval Dispersion: An Electrocardiographic Tool to Predict Recurrence of Myocardial Infarction.

INTRODUCTION Many clinical settings lack the necessary resources to complete angiographic studies, which are commonly used to predict complications and death following acute coronary syndrome. Corrected QT-interval dispersion can be useful for assessing risk of myocardial infarction recurrence. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the relationship between corrected QT-interval dispersion and recurrence of myocardial infarction in patients with ST-segment elevation. METHODS We conducted a prospective observational study of 522 patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction admitted consecutively to the Camilo Cienfuegos General Provincial Hospital in Sancti Spiritus, Cuba, from January 2014 through June 2017. Of these, 476 were studied and 46 were excluded because they had other disorders. Demographic variables and classic cardiovascular risk factors were included. Blood pressure, heart rate, blood glucose, and corrected and uncorrected QT-interval duration and dispersion were measured. Patients were categorized according to the Killip-Kimball classification. Association between dispersion of the corrected QT-interval and recurrence of infarction was analyzed using a binary logistic regression model, a regression tree and receiver operator characteristic curves. RESULTS Patients with recurrent infarction (56; 11.8%) had higher average initial blood glucose values than those who did not have recurrence; the opposite occurred for systolic and diastolic blood pressure and for left ventricular ejection fraction. Dispersion of the corrected QT-interval was a good predictor of infarction recurrence according to a multivariate analysis (OR = 3.09; 95% CI = 1.105-8.641; p = 0.032). Cardiac arrest is the variable that best predicts recurrence. No recurrence of infarction occurred in 97% of patients without cardiac arrest, left ventricular ejection fraction >45% and corrected QT-interval dispersion <80 ms. CONCLUSIONS Risk of infarction recurrence is low in patients without cardiac arrest, with left ventricular ejection fraction >45% and with dispersion of corrected QT-interval <80 ms. Patients with corrected QT-interval dispersion ≥80 ms have greater risk of recurrence of infarction, which suggests that this variable could be used for stratification of risk following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. KEYWORDS ST-elevation myocardial infarction, myocardial infarction, electrocardiography, chronic disease, risk assessment, Cuba.

Dispersión del intervalo QT corregido como predictor de arritmias ventriculares en el infarto agudo del miocardio / Dispersion of the corrected QT interval as a predictor of ventricular arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction

RESUMEN Fundamento: La dispersión del intervalo QT es un marcador electrocardiográfico que puede resultar útil en la estratificación de riesgo arrítmicos en pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio. Objetivo: Describir la influencia de la dispersión del intervalo QT corregido en asociación a otros factores de riesgo como predictores de arritmias ventriculares en el infarto agudo del miocardio con elevación del segmento ST. Metodología: Se estudiaron de menera prospectiva 209 pacientes que ingresaron de forma consecutiva con diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST de enero de 2013 a junio de 2014 en el Hospital Provincial General Camilo Cienfuegos de Sancti Spíritus. Se recogieron datos clínicos, de laboratorio electrocardiográficos y ecocardiográficos; se determinó la implicación pronóstica de la dispersión del intervalo QT corregido en la aparición de arritmias ventriculares a través de la regresión logística binaria y las curvas de operador-receptor. Resultados: Las arritmias ventriculares se presentaron en 39 (18.7 %) pacientes. La dispersión del QT corregido mostró una adecuada capacidad de discriminación en la predicción de cualquier episodio arrítmico ventricular grave (c=0.768, p=0.0001). En el análisis multivariado la dispersión del QT resultó un predictor independiente de arritmias ventriculares (OR= 7.075; IC 95%= 1.6- 32.9; p=0.009). Conclusiones: La probabilidad de presentar arritmias ventriculares durante el infarto agudo del miocardio es mayor cuando se incrementan la dispersión del intervalo QT, por lo que se sugiere debe ser una variable a evaluar en la estratificación pronostica del infarto agudo del miocardio.

ABSTRACT Background: Dispersion of the QT interval is an electrocardiographic marker that can be useful in the stratification of arrhythmic risk in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Objective: To describe the influence of corrected QT interval dispersion in association with other risk factors as predictors of ventricular arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. Methodology: 209 patients who entered consecutively with diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction with elevation of the ST segment from January 2013 to June 2014 at Camilo Cienfuegos General Provincial Hospital of Sancti Spíritus were studied prospectively. Clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic laboratory data were collected; the prognostic implication of the corrected QT interval dispersion in the appearance of ventricular arrhythmias through binary logistic regression and operator-receiver curves was determined. Results: Ventricular arrhythmias occurred in 39 (18.7%) patients. The dispersion of the corrected QT showed an adequate discrimination capacity in the prediction of any serious ventricular arrhythmic episode (c = 0.768, p = 0.0001). In the multivariate analysis, QT dispersion was an independent predictor of ventricular arrhythmias (OR = 7.075, 95% CI = 1.6-32.9, p = 0.009). Conclusions: The probability of presenting ventricular arrhythmias during acute myocardial infarction is greater when the dispersion of the QT interval is increased, so it is suggested that it should be a variable to be evaluated in the prognostic stratification of acute myocardial infarction.

Dispersión del intervalo QT corregido como predictor de arritmias ventriculares en el infarto agudo del miocardio / Dispersion of the corrected QT interval as a predictor of ventricular arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction

RESUMEN Fundamento: La dispersión del intervalo QT es un marcador electrocardiográfico que puede resultar útil en la estratificación de riesgo arrítmicos en pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio. Objetivo: Describir la influencia de la dispersión del intervalo QT corregido en asociación a otros factores de riesgo como predictores de arritmias ventriculares en el infarto agudo del miocardio con elevación del segmento ST. Metodología: Se estudiaron de menera prospectiva 209 pacientes que ingresaron de forma consecutiva con diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST de enero de 2013 a junio de 2014 en el Hospital Provincial General Camilo Cienfuegos de Sancti Spíritus. Se recogieron datos clínicos, de laboratorio electrocardiográficos y ecocardiográficos; se determinó la implicación pronóstica de la dispersión del intervalo QT corregido en la aparición de arritmias ventriculares a través de la regresión logística binaria y las curvas de operador-receptor. Resultados: Las arritmias ventriculares se presentaron en 39 (18.7 %) pacientes. La dispersión del QT corregido mostró una adecuada capacidad de discriminación en la predicción de cualquier episodio arrítmico ventricular grave (c=0.768, p=0.0001). En el análisis multivariado la dispersión del QT resultó un predictor independiente de arritmias ventriculares (OR= 7.075; IC 95%= 1.6- 32.9; p=0.009). Conclusiones: La probabilidad de presentar arritmias ventriculares durante el infarto agudo del miocardio es mayor cuando se incrementan la dispersión del intervalo QT, por lo que se sugiere debe ser una variable a evaluar en la estratificación pronostica del infarto agudo del miocardio.(AU)

ABSTRACT Background: Dispersion of the QT interval is an electrocardiographic marker that can be useful in the stratification of arrhythmic risk in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Objective: To describe the influence of corrected QT interval dispersion in association with other risk factors as predictors of ventricular arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. Methodology: 209 patients who entered consecutively with diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction with elevation of the ST segment from January 2013 to June 2014 at Camilo Cienfuegos General Provincial Hospital of Sancti Spíritus were studied prospectively. Clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic laboratory data were collected; the prognostic implication of the corrected QT interval dispersion in the appearance of ventricular arrhythmias through binary logistic regression and operator-receiver curves was determined. Results: Ventricular arrhythmias occurred in 39 (18.7%) patients. The dispersion of the corrected QT showed an adequate discrimination capacity in the prediction of any serious ventricular arrhythmic episode (c = 0.768, p = 0.0001). In the multivariate analysis, QT dispersion was an independent predictor of ventricular arrhythmias (OR = 7.075, 95% CI = 1.6-32.9, p = 0.009). Conclusions: The probability of presenting ventricular arrhythmias during acute myocardial infarction is greater when the dispersion of the QT interval is increased, so it is suggested that it should be a variable to be evaluated in the prognostic stratification of acute myocardial infarction.(AU)

Síndrome cardiorrenal como predictor de mortalidad intrahospitalaria en el síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST / Cardiorenal syndrome as predictor of in-hospital mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Introducción: El síndrome cardiorrenal incluye numerosas enfermedades que afectan el corazón y el riñón y empeora el pronóstico de los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo. Método: Se estudiaron prospectivamente 157 pacientes que ingresaron de forma consecutiva con diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST y clase Killip>I, de enero de 2013 a diciembre de 2016, en el Hospital General Docente Camilo Cienfuegos. Se recogieron datos clínicos, de laboratorio y ecocardiográficos en relación con la presencia de síndrome cardiorrenal y se determinó la implicación pronóstica del mismo en la mortalidad intrahospitalaria a través de la regresión logística binaria. Resultados: El síndrome cardiorrenal se presentó en 52 pacientes (33,1%). La hemoglobina mostró medias inferiores en el grupo de pacientes con síndrome cardiorrenal (117,2 ± 15,3 vs. 123,3 ± 15,1; p = 0,019), al igual que la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (34,8 ± 8 vs. 43,2 ± 10,8). Existió una correlación positiva entre la clase Killip y el aumento de la creatinina a las 48h y de esta con la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (r = 0,166; p = 0,038). El síndrome cardiorrenal fue más frecuente en el infarto anterior extenso y resultó un predictor independiente de mortalidad (OR 4,1; IC 95% 1,2-13,9; p = 0,022). Conclusiones: El síndrome cardiorrenal en el curso de un infarto agudo del miocardio puede asociarse a una mayor mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Su detección sería de utilidad en la estratificación pronóstica del síndrome coronario agudo

Introduction: Cardiorenal syndrome includes numerous conditions affecting the heart and kidney, and is a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality. Method: An analysis was performed on 157 consecutive patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit of the Camilo Cienfuegos Hospital due to an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and heart failure, from January 2013 to December 2016. An analysis was made of the presence of cardiorenal syndrome and its relationship with epidemiological, clinical, and analytical variables, as well as complementary explorations. The relationship between cardiorenal syndrome and in-hospital mortality was assessed using binary logistical regression. Results: A total of 52 (33.1%) patients had a cardiorenal syndrome. The haemoglobin level was lower in the group of patients with cardiorenal syndrome (117.2 ± 15.3 vs. 123.3 ± 15.1, P = .019), and in left ventricular ejection fraction (34.8 ± 8 vs. 43.2 ± 10.8). A positive correlation was found between the Killip class and the increase in serum creatinine after 48 h. The serum creatinine was associated with left ventricular ejection fraction (r = 0.166; P = .038). The multivariate analysis showed that cardiorenal syndrome was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality when adjusted for a history of ischaemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus status, atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias, left ventricular ejection fraction, age and systolic blood pressure. Conclusions: The presence of cardiorenal syndrome has an influence on the prognosis of patients who suffer a cardiorenal syndrome. Its detection could be useful in the risk stratification

Cardiorenal syndrome as predictor of in-hospital mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. / Síndrome cardiorrenal como predictor de mortalidad intrahospitalaria en el síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiorenal syndrome includes numerous conditions affecting the heart and kidney, and is a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality. METHOD: An analysis was performed on 157 consecutive patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit of the Camilo Cienfuegos Hospital due to an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and heart failure, from January 2013 to December 2016. An analysis was made of the presence of cardiorenal syndrome and its relationship with epidemiological, clinical, and analytical variables, as well as complementary explorations. The relationship between cardiorenal syndrome and in-hospital mortality was assessed using binary logistical regression. RESULTS: A total of 52 (33.1%) patients had a cardiorenal syndrome. The haemoglobin level was lower in the group of patients with cardiorenal syndrome (117.2 ± 15.3 vs. 123.3 ± 15.1, P = .019), and in left ventricular ejection fraction (34.8 ± 8 vs. 43.2 ± 10.8). A positive correlation was found between the Killip class and the increase in serum creatinine after 48 h. The serum creatinine was associated with left ventricular ejection fraction (r = 0.166; P = .038). The multivariate analysis showed that cardiorenal syndrome was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality when adjusted for a history of ischaemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus status, atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias, left ventricular ejection fraction, age and systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of cardiorenal syndrome has an influence on the prognosis of patients who suffer a cardiorenal syndrome. Its detection could be useful in the risk stratification.

Duración del QRS como predictor de baja fracción de eyección en el infarto miocárdico con elevación del ST / QRS duration as a predictor of low ejection fraction in the ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Se realizó un estudio analítico transversal con 347 pacientes con infarto agudo de miocárdico con elevación del segmento ST, ingresados en el Hospital Universitario Camilo Cienfuegos del 1 de enero de 2013 al 31 de diciembre de 2015. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, factores de riesgo cardiovascular clásicos, tensión arterial, estrategia de reperfusión, clase de Killip-Kimbal, filtrado glomerular, duración del QRS y la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo. Las variables cualitativas se analizaron con el método estadístico Chi cuadrado, las cuantitativas con la t de Student y la regresión lineal. Se construyó la curva ROC para la capacidad de discriminación y se realizó un análisis multivariado para determinar la independencia de variables(AU)

A cross-sectional study was conducted with 347 patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, admitted at the Hospital Universitario CamiloCienfuegos from January 1st, 2013 to December 31st, 2015. The variables studied were: age, sex, classical cardiovascular risk factors, blood pressure, reperfusion strategy, Killip-Kimball class, glomerular filtration rate, QRS duration and left ven-tricular ejection fraction. The qualitative variables were analyzed with the Chi-square statistical method and the quantitative with the t of Student and linear re-gression. The ROC curve was constructed for the discrimination capacity and a multivariate analysis was performed to determine the independence of variables(AU)

Síndrome cardiorrenal como predictor de mortalidad intrahospitalaria en el síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST / Introduction Cardiorenal syndrome includes numerous conditions affecting the heart and kidney, and is a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality

Método Se estudiaron prospectivamente 157 pacientes que ingresaron de forma consecutiva con diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST y clase Killip > I, de enero de 2013 a diciembre de 2016, en el Hospital General Docente Camilo Cienfuegos. Se recogieron datos clínicos, de laboratorio y ecocardiográficos en relación con la presencia de síndrome cardiorrenal y se determinó la implicación pronóstica del mismo en la mortalidad intrahospitalaria a través de la regresión logística binaria(AU)

Method An analysis was performed on 157 consecutive patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit of the Camilo Cienfuegos Hospital due to an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and heart failure, from January 2013 to December 2016. An analysis was made of the presence of cardiorenal syndrome and its relationship with epidemiological, clinical, and analytical variables, as well as complementary explorations. The relationship between cardiorenal syndrome and in-hospital mortality was assessed using binary logistical regression(AU)

Fibrilación auricular de novo ¿incrementa la mortalidad intrahospitalaria en el infarto miocárdico con elevación del ST? / De Novo Atrial Fibrillation Increases Intra-hospital Mortality in Myocardial Infarction with ST Elevation?

Fundamento: la fibrilación auricular es la arritmia más frecuente en la población general y complica del 2 al 22 % de los infartos miocárdicos. Objetivo: determinar la implicación pronóstica de la fibrilación auricular de novo en mortalidad hospitalaria de los pacientes con infarto miocárdico con elevación del segmento ST. Método: se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo de 326 pacientes con infarto miocárdico con elevación del ST ingresados en el Hospital Provincial Universitario Camilo Cienfuegos del 1 de enero de 2013 al 30 de junio de 2015. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, factores de riesgo coronario, antecedentes de cardiopatía isquémica, presencia de fibrilación auricular, disfunción miocárdica, choque cardiogénico, número de pacientes trombolizados, éxito de la trombolisis, valores de glucemia, ácido úrico, creatinina, colesterol, triacilglicéridos leucocitos y hemoglobina. Para la significación estadística de las variables en estudio se empleó la prueba ji cuadrado si fueron cualitativas y la t de student para las cuantitativas. Se realizó además un análisis multivariado para determinar la independencia de la fibrilación auricular como factor pronóstico. Resultados: las variables asociadas a la mortalidad intrahospitalaria fueron: la diabetes mellitus, el antecedente de cardiopatía isquémica, la edad mayor de 75 años, la fracción de eyección menor del 30 %, el filtrado glomerular menor de 60 ml/min, la clase Killip Kimbal III-IV y la fibrilación auricular de novo. La fibrilación auricular resultó tener asociación estadística significativa con la mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Conclusiones: la fibrilación auricular de novo resultó ser un predictor independiente de mortalidad intrahopitalaria en pacientes con infarto miocárdico con elevación del segmento ST.

Foundation: atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in the general population and complicates 2 to 22 % of myocardial infarctions. Objective: to determine the prognostic implications of de novo atrial fibrillation in hospital mortality in patients with myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. Method: an observational, retrospective study was performed of 326 patients with myocardial infarction and ST-elevation admitted to the Camilo Cienfuegos Provincial University Hospital from January 1, 2013 to June 30, 2015. The studied variables were: age, sex, factors of coronary risk, history of ischemic heart disease, presence of atrial fibrillation, myocardial dysfunction, cardiogenic shock, number of thrombolyzed patients, success of thrombolysis, glycemia values, uric acid, creatinine, cholesterol, triacylglycerides, leukocytes and hemoglobin. For the statistical significance of the variables under study, the chi-squared test was used if they were qualitative and the student's t test for quantitative ones. A multivariate analysis was also performed to determine the independence of atrial fibrillation as a prognostic factor. Results: the variables associated with in-hospital mortality were: diabetes mellitus, history of ischemic heart disease, age over 75 years, ejection fraction less than 30 %, glomerular filtration rate less than 60 ml/min, Killip class Kimbal III-IV and de novo atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation was found to have a statistically significant association with in-hospital mortality. Conclusions: de novo atrial fibrillation was an independent predictor of intra-hospital mortality in patients with myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation.