Does e-cigarette use predict short-term smoking cessation behaviors among adults who smoke in Mexico? A longitudinal study.

INTRODUCTION: This study assessed quit attempts among adults who use cigarettes either exclusively or with e-cigarettes in Mexico, where non-daily smoking predominates. METHODS: An open cohort of Mexican adults who smoke was surveyed every four months from November 2018 to March 2021. Participants followed to the next survey were analyzed (n = 2220 individuals, 4560 observations). Multinomial logistic models regressed smoking quit attempts reported at the followup survey (ref = no attempt; tried to quit; sustained attempt of ≥30 days) on e-cigarette use frequency (none = ref; 1-2 days/week; ≥3 days/week), adjusting for sociodemographics and smoking-related variables. Additional models subdivided e-cigarette users by intentions to quit smoking in the next six months (i.e., yes/no), use of nicotine (i.e., yes/no), and vaping device used (i.e., open/closed). RESULTS: At 4-month follow-up, 32.7 % had tried to quit, and 2.9 % had quit for 30 days or more. Compared to those who smoke exclusively, occasional, and frequent e-cigarette users were more likely to try to quit (Adjusted Relative Risk Ratio or ARRR = 1.26 and 1.66, respectively) but no more likely to sustain their quit attempt. Among those who intended to quit smoking, e-cigarette users were no more likely to either try or sustain quit attempts. Furthermore, use of e-cigarettes with nicotine (59.6 %) was unassociated with cessation except that those who frequently used e-cigarettes with nicotine were more likely to try to quit than those who smoke exclusively (ARRR = 1.88). Device type used was not differentially associated with outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Mexicans who smoke and use e-cigarettes appear more likely than those who smoke exclusively to try to quit but not to sustain abstinence.

Heated tobacco product use frequency, smoking quit attempts, and smoking reduction among Mexican adult smokers.

INTRODUCTION: Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are promoted as less harmful than cigarettes; nonetheless, whether HTPs help smokers quit is uncertain. METHODS: Data from 4067 Mexican adult smokers surveyed longitudinally every four months (November 2019-March 2021) were analyzed. Mixed-effects multinomial models regressed HTP use frequency (no use=reference; monthly; weekly; and daily use) on sociodemographics and tobacco/nicotine-related variables. Among participants who completed at least two surveys (n=2900) over four months, the duration of their longest smoking quit attempt (SQA) between surveys (SQAs: <30 days; ≥30 days; no SQA=reference) was regressed on HTP use frequency, and changes in the number of cigarettes smoked per day were regressed on HTP initiation between surveys, adjusting for covariates. RESULTS: Consistent predictors of all HTP use frequencies (monthly, weekly, or daily vs no use) were daily smoking >5 cigarettes (ARRR=1.69 [95% CI: 1.12-2.55], 1.88 [95% CI: 1.26-2.81] and 6.46 [95% CI: 3.33-12.52], respectively); e-cigarette use (ARRR =5.68 [95% CI: 3.38-9.53], 6.54 [95% CI: 4.06-10.55] and 2.59 [95% CI: 1.26-5.30]); lower HTP risk perceptions (ARRR=2.12 [95% CI: 1.50-30.00], 2.25 [95% CI: 1.63-3.10] and 2.00 [95% CI: 1.25-3.22]); exposure to HTP information inside (ARRR=2.13 [95% CI: 1.44-3.15], 2.13 [95% CI: 1.49-3.05] and 3.72 [95% CI: 2.28-6.09]) and outside stores (ARRR=2.36 [95% CI: 1.56-3.57], 2.32 [95% CI: 1.65-3.25] and 2.44 [95% CI: 1.41-4.24]) where tobacco is sold; having family (ARRR=2.46 [95% CI: 1.54-3.91], 2.90 [95% CI: 1.93-4.37] and 2.96 [95% CI: 1.52-5.77]) and friends (ARRR=5.78 [95% CI: 3.60-9.30], 4.98 [95% CI: 3.22-7.72] and 6.61 [95% CI: 2.91-15.01]) who use HTPs. HTP use frequency was not associated with quit attempts, except for monthly HTP use predicting SQAs lasting ≥30 days (ARRR=2.12 [95% CI: 1.17-3.85]). Initiation of HTP use was not associated with changes in smoking frequency. Limiting analysis to those who intend to quit smoking also yielded null results. CONCLUSIONS: Among Mexican adult smokers, frequency of HTP use was mostly not associated with either cessation behaviors or changes in cigarette consumption, suggesting that HTPs have limited to no effectiveness for smoking cessation.

Aceptabilidad de propuestas de regulación de los Sistemas Electrónicos de Administración de Nicotina entre consumidores en México.

OBJETIVO: Explorar la aceptabilidad de la actual prohibición de Sistemas Electrónicos de Administración de Nicotina (SEAN) y cuatro propuestas regulatorias (prohibición de saborizantes, espacios libres de emisiones, edad mínima para compra y prohibición de promociones) entre usuarios de nicotina. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal de panel realizado en fumadores y vapeadores mexicanos (no-viembre 2018-marzo 2020). Mediante análisis de regresión logística se estimaron razones de momios ajustadas (RMa) para evaluar la asociación entre las variables independientes y el apoyo a la prohibición y cuatro propuestas regulatorias. RESULTADOS: El apoyo de la prohibición fue de 20%. El nivel de aceptación de las propuestas fue de 21% prohibición de sabores, 23.2% prohibición de promociones, 40.5% espacios libres de emisiones, y 47.9% edad mínima para compra. Con-clusiones. En México existe un rechazo generalizado de los usuarios de nicotina a la prohibición de los SEAN, y mayor aceptación sobre regulación de espacios libres de emisiones y edad mínima de compra.

Exposure to e-cigarette advertising and provaping websites, and the social acceptability of their use among nicotine users.

Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of exposure to Internet communications on and advertising of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and their association with perceptions of the social acceptability of e-cigarettes in Mexico. Methods: Data were analyzed from eight surveys (2018-2021) of an online sample of Mexican adult (> 18 years) smokers and dual users (of combustible and electronic cigarettes). Self-reported exposure to e-cigarette advertising across various marketing channels was assessed, as well as visits to e-cigarette websites. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between perceptions of the social acceptability of e-cigarette use and level of advertising exposure and visits to e-cigarette websites. Results: The Internet and outside e-cigarette stores were where exposure to advertising most occurred, as reported by 47.4% and 46.8% of respondents, respectively. Respondents who noticed e-cigarette advertisements on the Internet (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.43, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.25, 1.63), outside e-cigarette stores (adjusted OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.14, 1.50), and in temporary outlets (adjusted OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.01, 1.34), and those who visited e-cigarette websites (adjusted OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.25, 1.76) were more likely to perceive e-cigarettes as socially acceptable. Noticing advertisements across more channels was also associated with higher perceived social acceptability of e-cigarette use. Conclusions: Being exposed to e-cigarette marketing, either online or through traditional marketing channels, is associated with perceived social acceptability of e-cigarette use, as is contact with provaping sites. Regulatory options to avoid the proliferation of promotional websites disguised as opinion or user sites need to be considered.

Exposure to e-cigarette advertising and provaping websites, and the social acceptability of their use among nicotine users

[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. To evaluate the prevalence of exposure to Internet communications on and advertising of elec- tronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and their association with perceptions of the social acceptability of e-cigarettes in Mexico. Methods. Data were analyzed from eight surveys (2018–2021) of an online sample of Mexican adult (> 18 years) smokers and dual users (of combustible and electronic cigarettes). Self-reported exposure to e-cigarette advertising across various marketing channels was assessed, as well as visits to e-cigarette websites. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between perceptions of the social acceptability of e-cigarette use and level of advertising exposure and visits to e-cigarette websites. Results. The Internet and outside e-cigarette stores were where exposure to advertising most occurred, as reported by 47.4% and 46.8% of respondents, respectively. Respondents who noticed e-cigarette adver- tisements on the Internet (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.43, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.25, 1.63), outside e-cigarette stores (adjusted OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.14, 1.50), and in temporary outlets (adjusted OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.01, 1.34), and those who visited e-cigarette websites (adjusted OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.25, 1.76) were more likely to perceive e-cigarettes as socially acceptable. Noticing advertisements across more channels was also associated with higher perceived social acceptability of e-cigarette use. Conclusions. Being exposed to e-cigarette marketing, either online or through traditional marketing channels, is associated with perceived social acceptability of e-cigarette use, as is contact with provaping sites. Regu- latory options to avoid the proliferation of promotional websites disguised as opinion or user sites need to be considered.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivos. Evaluar la prevalencia de la exposición a las comunicaciones por Internet y la publicidad de los cigarros electrónicos (e-cigarettes), así como su asociación con las percepciones sobre la aceptabilidad social de los cigarrillos electrónicos en México. Métodos. Se analizaron los datos de ocho encuestas (2018-2021) de una muestra en línea de adultos mexicanos (mayores de 18 años) fumadores y consumidores dobles (cigarrillos combustibles y cigarrillos electrónicos). Se evaluaron la exposición —referida por los propios encuestados— a la publicidad de cigarri- llos electrónicos en varios canales de comercialización y las visitas a sitios web de cigarrillos electrónicos. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística para evaluar la relación entre la percepción de aceptabilidad social del consumo de cigarrillos electrónicos, por una parte, y el nivel de exposición publicitaria y las visitas a sitios web de cigarrillos electrónicos, por la otra. Resultados. La mayor exposición a la publicidad se dio en las tiendas virtuales y físicas donde se ven- den cigarrillos electrónicos, según lo notificado por 47,4% y 46,8% de los encuestados, respectivamente. Los encuestados que observaron anuncios de cigarrillos electrónicos en Internet (razón de probabilidades ajustada [OR ajustada] 1,43; intervalos de confianza [IC] del 95 %: 1,25; 1,63), en tiendas físicas de cigarrillos electrónicos (OR ajustada 1,31; IC del 95 %: 1,14; 1,50) y en puntos de venta temporales (OR ajustada 1,16; IC del 95 %: 1,01; 1,34), y los que visitaron sitios web de cigarrillos electrónicos (OR ajustada 1,48; IC del 95 %: 1,25; 1,76) fueron más propensos a percibir los cigarrillos electrónicos como socialmente aceptables. Asimismo, se asoció el hecho de observar anuncios en más canales con la percepción de una mayor acept- abilidad social del consumo de cigarrillos electrónicos. Conclusiones. La exposición a la publicidad de los cigarrillos electrónicos, ya sea en línea o por los canales tradicionales, así como el contacto con sitios web que promueven el vapeo, se relaciona con la percepción acerca de la aceptabilidad social del consumo de cigarrillos electrónicos. Deberían considerarse alternativas regulatorias para evitar la proliferación de sitios web promocionales disfrazados de sitios de opinión o de usuarios.

[RESUMO]. Objetivos. Avaliar a prevalência da exposição a comunicações e propagandas sobre cigarros eletrônicos na internet e sua associação com percepções de aceitação social dos cigarros eletrônicos no México. Métodos. Foram analisados dados de oito pesquisas (2018 a 2021) de uma amostra on-line de adultos me- xicanos (maiores de 18 anos) fumantes e usuários duais (de cigarros combustíveis e eletrônicos). Avaliou-se a exposição autorrelatada à propaganda de cigarros eletrônicos em diversos canais de marketing, além de vis- itas a sites de cigarros eletrônicos. Foi utilizada uma análise de regressão logística para avaliar a associação entre percepções de aceitação social do uso de cigarros eletrônicos e o nível de exposição a propagandas e visitas a sites de cigarros eletrônicos. Resultados. A maior exposição a propaganda ocorreu na internet e no exterior de tabacarias que vendem cigarros eletrônicos, conforme relatado por 47,4% e 46,8% dos respondentes, respectivamente. Os respon- dentes que haviam notado propagandas de cigarros eletrônicos na internet (razão de chances [RC] ajustada: 1,43; intervalo de confiança [IC] de 95%: 1,25-1,63), no exterior de tabacarias que vendem cigarros eletrôni- cos (RC ajustada: 1,31; IC de 95%: 1,14-1,50) e em pontos temporários de venda (RC ajustada: 1,16; IC de 95%: 1,01-1,34), e os respondentes que visitavam sites de cigarros eletrônicos (RC ajustada: 1,48; IC de 95%: 1,25-1,76) eram mais propensos a achar que os cigarros eletrônicos eram socialmente aceitáveis. A observação de propaganda em um maior número de canais também estava associada à percepção de maior aceitação social do uso de cigarros eletrônicos. Conclusões. A exposição ao marketing de cigarros eletrônicos, seja on-line ou por meio de canais tradicio- nais de marketing, está associada à percepção de aceitação social do uso de cigarros eletrônicos, assim como o contato com sites pró-vaping. Devem-se cogitar opções regulatórias para evitar a proliferação de sites promocionais disfarçados de sites de opinião ou de usuários.

Transitions between tobacco products: Correlates of changes in cigarette smoking and e-cigarette use among exclusive adult smokers and dual users in Mexico.

This study examined transitions in tobacco products use among Mexican smokers and dual users. Data were analyzed from exclusive smokers (n = 2,946) and dual users (n = 1,643) recruited from an online consumer research panel and surveyed every-four months from November 2018 to April 2021. For exclusive smokers, estimated transitions were (time "t + 1" four months after prior survey): a) remain as exclusive smokers; b) dual use; c) exclusive e-cigarette use or quit both products. Among dual users, transitions analyzed were: a) remain as dual user; b) exclusive smoker; c) exclusive e-cigarette user or quit both products. Multinomial models regressed transitions at "t + 1" on time "t" for control variables. Most exclusive smokers (81%) remained as such, 12.6% transitioned to dual use, 2.3% to exclusive e-cigarette use, and 4% quitted both products. Exclusive smokers were more likely to transition to dual use if they recently attempted to quit (AOR = 1.45) or had partners/family or friends who used e-cigarettes (AOR = 2.47 & 2.56 respectively). Most dual users (74.8%) remained as dual users, 20.4% transitioned to exclusive smoking, 1.6% transitioned to exclusive e-cigarette use, and 3.2% quitted both products. Dual users were more likely to transition to exclusive smoking if they had lower educational attainment, recently attempted to quit e-cigarettes (AOR = 1.70). Having friends who use e-cigarettes (AOR = 0.29) and higher smoking dependence (AOR = 0.55) were associated with a lower likelihood of quitting. Recent quit attempts and e-cigarette use among close social network members may explain the short-term transitions, though longer follow-up is needed to assess sustained smoking cessation.

Latent Class Analysis of Polysubstance Use and Sexual Risk Behaviors among Men Who Have Sex with Men Attending Sexual Health Clinics in Mexico City.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are more likely to use drugs and other substances compared to their heterosexual peers. No studies have evaluated patterns of substance use among MSM adults in Mexico. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify MSM subgroups with specific substance use patterns and their associations with sexual behaviors. METHODS: Data from 1850 adult MSM were collected at HIV clinics in Mexico City between September 2018 and December 2019. The structural equation modeling approach was used to estimate a LC model to identify patterns of substance use by self-report of substance use (i.e., cigarette smoking, alcohol, and drugs). To evaluate LC membership, we included HIV status, condomless anal sex (CAS), and serosorting, while controlling for demographic variables. RESULTS: 30.3% were under the age of 22. Alcohol use in last 30 days (76.2%), binge drinking (29.2%), marijuana (29.4%), sex-drugs (23.9%), stimulants (13.7%), and depressants (6.3%). MSM reported engaging in CAS (55.9%) and serosorting (13.5%) behaviors, and 40% reported being HIV positive. LCA indicated three general categories of MSM substance users: Class 1 (49.0%), Class 2 (29.8%), and Class 3 (20.4%). Members of Class 3 were younger: 23-28 age years (aOR = 1.86) and 29-33 age years (aOR = 1.86), more educated: completed graduate studies (aOR = 1.60), had a high probability of polysubstance use and were more likely to engage in CAS and serosorting. CONCLUSIONS: Attempts to detect alcohol and problematic use of substances are needed for MSM followed by culturally competent approaches that address alcohol and drug use disorders.

Heated tobacco product use, its correlates, and reasons for use among Mexican smokers.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the use of novel heated tobacco products (HTPs) in low- and middle-income countries. We examined among smokers in Mexico the prevalence and correlates of HTP use, as well as reasons for using HTPs. METHODS: We analyzed data from five surveys (November 2019-March 2021) of an open cohort of adult smokers (n = 6500), including an oversample of those who also use e-cigarettes. Mixed-effects multinomial logistic models were used to estimate associations between study variables and current HTP use or prior HTP trial relative to never trying HTPs. RESULTS: The weighted prevalence of current HTP use was 1.1%. Independent correlates of current HTP use included smoking frequency, intention to quit, e-cigarette use, having partners/family-members who use e-cigarettes, friends who use HTPs, and exposure to HTP information inside/outside tobacco shops. Having partners/family members who smoke and not knowing about the harm of HTPs relative to cigarettes were associated with lower likelihood of current HTP use. Having tried HTPs was more likely among light daily smokers, those with family who use HTPs and exposure to HTP information outside shops and on newspapers/magazines. Among current users, the top reasons for using HTPs were greater social acceptability (50.6%) and lower perceived harm (34.9%) relative to cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS: Uptake of HTPs appears relatively low among Mexican smokers, and correlates of use are similar to those for e-cigarette use. Further research is needed to determine if HTPs use promotes or impedes smoking cessation, given current HTP users are also likely to use various nicotine products.

Exposure to e-cigarette advertising and provaping websites, and the social acceptability of their use among nicotine users / Exposición a la publicidad de cigarrillos electrónicos y sitios web que promueven el vapeo y la aceptabilidad social de su uso entre los consumidores de nicotina / Exposição a propaganda de cigarros eletrônicos e sites pró-vaping e aceitação social de seu uso entre usuários de nicotina

ABSTRACT Objectives. To evaluate the prevalence of exposure to Internet communications on and advertising of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and their association with perceptions of the social acceptability of e-cigarettes in Mexico. Methods. Data were analyzed from eight surveys (2018-2021) of an online sample of Mexican adult (> 18 years) smokers and dual users (of combustible and electronic cigarettes). Self-reported exposure to e-cigarette advertising across various marketing channels was assessed, as well as visits to e-cigarette websites. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between perceptions of the social acceptability of e-cigarette use and level of advertising exposure and visits to e-cigarette websites. Results. The Internet and outside e-cigarette stores were where exposure to advertising most occurred, as reported by 47.4% and 46.8% of respondents, respectively. Respondents who noticed e-cigarette advertisements on the Internet (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.43, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.25, 1.63), outside e-cigarette stores (adjusted OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.14, 1.50), and in temporary outlets (adjusted OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.01, 1.34), and those who visited e-cigarette websites (adjusted OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.25, 1.76) were more likely to perceive e-cigarettes as socially acceptable. Noticing advertisements across more channels was also associated with higher perceived social acceptability of e-cigarette use. Conclusions. Being exposed to e-cigarette marketing, either online or through traditional marketing channels, is associated with perceived social acceptability of e-cigarette use, as is contact with provaping sites. Regulatory options to avoid the proliferation of promotional websites disguised as opinion or user sites need to be considered.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Evaluar la prevalencia de la exposición a las comunicaciones por Internet y la publicidad de los cigarros electrónicos (e-cigarettes), así como su asociación con las percepciones sobre la aceptabilidad social de los cigarrillos electrónicos en México. Métodos. Se analizaron los datos de ocho encuestas (2018-2021) de una muestra en línea de adultos mexicanos (mayores de 18 años) fumadores y consumidores dobles (cigarrillos combustibles y cigarrillos electrónicos). Se evaluaron la exposición —referida por los propios encuestados— a la publicidad de cigarrillos electrónicos en varios canales de comercialización y las visitas a sitios web de cigarrillos electrónicos. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística para evaluar la relación entre la percepción de aceptabilidad social del consumo de cigarrillos electrónicos, por una parte, y el nivel de exposición publicitaria y las visitas a sitios web de cigarrillos electrónicos, por la otra. Resultados. La mayor exposición a la publicidad se dio en las tiendas virtuales y físicas donde se venden cigarrillos electrónicos, según lo notificado por 47,4% y 46,8% de los encuestados, respectivamente. Los encuestados que observaron anuncios de cigarrillos electrónicos en Internet (razón de probabilidades ajustada [OR ajustada] 1,43; intervalos de confianza [IC] del 95 %: 1,25; 1,63), en tiendas físicas de cigarrillos electrónicos (OR ajustada 1,31; IC del 95 %: 1,14; 1,50) y en puntos de venta temporales (OR ajustada 1,16; IC del 95 %: 1,01; 1,34), y los que visitaron sitios web de cigarrillos electrónicos (OR ajustada 1,48; IC del 95 %: 1,25; 1,76) fueron más propensos a percibir los cigarrillos electrónicos como socialmente aceptables. Asimismo, se asoció el hecho de observar anuncios en más canales con la percepción de una mayor aceptabilidad social del consumo de cigarrillos electrónicos. Conclusiones. La exposición a la publicidad de los cigarrillos electrónicos, ya sea en línea o por los canales tradicionales, así como el contacto con sitios web que promueven el vapeo, se relaciona con la percepción acerca de la aceptabilidad social del consumo de cigarrillos electrónicos. Deberían considerarse alternativas regulatorias para evitar la proliferación de sitios web promocionales disfrazados de sitios de opinión o de usuarios.

RESUMO Objetivos. Avaliar a prevalência da exposição a comunicações e propagandas sobre cigarros eletrônicos na internet e sua associação com percepções de aceitação social dos cigarros eletrônicos no México. Métodos. Foram analisados dados de oito pesquisas (2018 a 2021) de uma amostra on-line de adultos mexicanos (maiores de 18 anos) fumantes e usuários duais (de cigarros combustíveis e eletrônicos). Avaliou-se a exposição autorrelatada à propaganda de cigarros eletrônicos em diversos canais de marketing, além de visitas a sites de cigarros eletrônicos. Foi utilizada uma análise de regressão logística para avaliar a associação entre percepções de aceitação social do uso de cigarros eletrônicos e o nível de exposição a propagandas e visitas a sites de cigarros eletrônicos. Resultados. A maior exposição a propaganda ocorreu na internet e no exterior de tabacarias que vendem cigarros eletrônicos, conforme relatado por 47,4% e 46,8% dos respondentes, respectivamente. Os respondentes que haviam notado propagandas de cigarros eletrônicos na internet (razão de chances [RC] ajustada: 1,43; intervalo de confiança [IC] de 95%: 1,25-1,63), no exterior de tabacarias que vendem cigarros eletrônicos (RC ajustada: 1,31; IC de 95%: 1,14-1,50) e em pontos temporários de venda (RC ajustada: 1,16; IC de 95%: 1,01-1,34), e os respondentes que visitavam sites de cigarros eletrônicos (RC ajustada: 1,48; IC de 95%: 1,25-1,76) eram mais propensos a achar que os cigarros eletrônicos eram socialmente aceitáveis. A observação de propaganda em um maior número de canais também estava associada à percepção de maior aceitação social do uso de cigarros eletrônicos. Conclusões. A exposição ao marketing de cigarros eletrônicos, seja on-line ou por meio de canais tradicionais de marketing, está associada à percepção de aceitação social do uso de cigarros eletrônicos, assim como o contato com sites pró-vaping. Devem-se cogitar opções regulatórias para evitar a proliferação de sites promocionais disfarçados de sites de opinião ou de usuários.

Similarities and Differences in Substance Use Patterns Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Mexican Adult Smokers.

Purpose: This study aimed to characterize the patterns of smoking, e-cigarette use, other substance use (alcohol and marijuana), and depression by sexual orientation in a sample of Mexican adult smokers. Methods: Data came from a 2018-2020 (six waves) online survey of adult smokers, recruited from a commercial research panel (92.5% heterosexual, n = 4786; 3.1% lesbian/gay, n = 160; and 4.4% bisexual, n = 229). After stratifying the data by sex, logistic, multinomial, and linear logistic regression models were estimated (depending on the outcome), including as independent variables sexual orientation (i.e., gay/lesbian, bisexual, heterosexual = Reference), age, education, household income, and wave. Results: Being a gay male was independently associated with greater smoking dependence (ß = 0.20; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02 to 0.39), greater likelihood of preference for flavored capsule cigarettes (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.33 to 3.28), and depression diagnosis (AOR = 2.85, 95% CI: 1.64 to 4.95). Bisexual males had higher e-cigarette dependence (ß = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.68, among dual users only) and were more likely to have been diagnosed with depression (AOR = 2.34, 95% CI: 1.30 to 4.18). Lesbian females were more likely to prefer menthol cigarettes (AOR = 3.32, 95% CI: 1.60 to 6.86), to have used marijuana more than once (AOR = 3.23, 95% CI: 1.83 to 5.72), and to have depressive symptoms (AOR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.04 to 3.29). Bisexual females had a greater likelihood of depressive symptoms (AOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.14 to 2.56) and depression diagnosis (AOR = 2.22, 95% CI: 1.43 to 3.42). Conclusion: Lesbian, gay, and bisexual adult smokers in Mexico appear more likely than heterosexual adult smokers to report having depression. Substance use and depression among sexual minority populations need to be addressed further.

A Rapid Review of Interventions to Prevent First Pregnancy among Adolescents and Its Applicability to Latin America.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To summarize recent literature on the effectiveness of interventions to prevent adolescent pregnancy and to explore the applicability of these interventions to Latin America (LA). Design, Setting, Participants, Interventions, and Main Outcome Measures: We carried out a rapid review of the literature (2005-2019). Studies were included if: they evaluated interventions targeting adolescents and prevention of pregnancy; they used a randomized controlled design; and pregnancy was measured as an outcome. Applicability of the interventions to LA was assessed using the following information: target population; intervention design and resources; type, skills, and training of providers; system arrangements; and acceptability and social context. RESULTS: Nine studies were included, 5 described interventions in African countries, 2 in the United Kingdom, and 2 in the United States. Interventions were rated as highly applicable to LA in the context of target population, profile of the providers, and design; however, variations arose when assessing system arrangements and social context. Incentive-based interventions showed significant effects in the prevention of adolescent pregnancy and were rated as highly applicable. CONCLUSION: This review provides professionals, policymakers, researchers, and educators potential criteria to consider when adapting successful evidence-based interventions to prevent adolescent pregnancy in LA.

"I Matter, I Learn, I Decide": An Impact Evaluation on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Rights to Prevent Adolescent Pregnancy.

Adolescent pregnancy is considered a priority public health issue because of its implications in the lives of young mothers, their children, and the well-being of the general population. In this paper, we describe an intervention targeting adolescents (aged 11-19 years old) in a rural context and estimate its impact on key outcomes relevant to early pregnancy prevention: knowledge and self-efficacy concerning sexual and reproductive health, knowledge of sexual and reproductive rights, and attitudes toward gender roles. Our study used a quasi-experimental design comprising 747 adolescents. Three difference-in-differences models (raw, adjusted, and by exposure level) with fixed effects estimated the changes in all outcome measures. Our results showed that the intervention community had a significant improvement in all outcomes, and this improvement was larger in those who received the highest-exposure level of intervention compared to a control community. Our study provides evidence that a community-based intervention, founded on comprehensive sexual education, is a promising approach to improve key outcomes related to early pregnancy in rural contexts. Further research should be undertaken to test how similar strategies focusing on multi-layer early pregnancy determinants work on other sub-groups of vulnerable adolescents, such as school dropouts or those living in disadvantaged circumstances.

Adult Smokers' Awareness and Interest in Trying Heated Tobacco Products: Perspectives from Mexico, where HTPs and E-Cigarettes Are Banned.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated smokers' perceptions of heated tobacco products (HTPs) in Mexico, where industry publically lobbied to introduce HTPs into this country that banned both HTPs and e-cigarettes. METHODS: Online surveys (November 2018 to July 2019) were analyzed from adults who only smoked cigarettes (n = 2091) or who smoked and used e-cigarettes ("dual users"n = 1128). Logistic models regressed HTP awareness, interest to trying HTPs, and having seen HTPs for sale (only among aware participants) on sociodemographics and tobacco-related variables. RESULTS: Of the 17.1% who were aware of HTPs, 52.7% reported having seen HTPs for sale. Of all respondents, 75% were somewhat or very interested in trying HTPs. Compared to their counterparts, more frequent smokers, dual users, those exposed to online e-cigarette ads, and those with friends who used e-cigarettes were both more aware of and interested in trying HTPs. Greater awareness was also associated with higher education, recent attempts to quit, receipt of email e-cigarette ads, and smoking among friends and family. Seeing HTPs for sale was higher for those who recently attempted to quit, were exposed to e-cigarette ads online or by email, or had friends who used e-cigarettes. CONCLUSION: Interest in HTPs is high among smokers in Mexico, which already has a large black market for illegal e-cigarettes. HTPs use should be monitored in this context, especially given the public health impacts of HTPs are unclear.

Intervention for the comprehension of menstrual cycle, body function and pregnancy in adolescents from rural context.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the impact of an intervention on adolescents' knowledge of the phase of the menstrual cycle with more likelihood of pregnancy and identify its associated factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A quasi-experimental study in two rural communities. Difference-in-differences analyses was performed. RESULTS: There was a 22.1% average reduction in wrong answers on the phase of the menstrual cycle with more likelihood of pregnancy in the intervention group versus the control group (p<0.001). We founded six factors associated with this knowledge: marry and have children, right to receive education and information on sexual and reproductive health; gender equity; use of the condom; condom self-efficacy; emergency and contraceptive pills. CONCLUSIONS: There is a prevailing need to improve -among sexuality topics- basic knowledge of reproductive biology, while at the same time insisting on the benefits of using birth control methods provided for practicing responsible sexuality.

OBJETIVO: Medir el efecto de una intervención en el conocimiento de los adolescentes sobre la fase del ciclo menstrual de mayor posibilidad de embarazo e identificar sus factores asociados. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio cuasiexperimental en comunidades rurales. Se realizó un análisis de diferencias en diferencias. RESULTADOS: Hubo una reducción promedio de 22.1% de respuestas incorrectas sobre la fase del ciclo menstrual de mayor posibilidad de embarazo en el grupo intervención vs. control (p<0.001). Se encontraron seis factores asociados con este conocimiento: casarse y tener hijos; derecho a recibir educación e información sobre salud sexual y reproductiva; equidad de género; uso correcto del condón; autoeficacia del uso del condón y pastillas anticonceptivas y de emergencia. CONCLUSIONES: Entre las diferentes temáticas de sexualidad, prevalece la necesidad de mejorar los conocimientos básicos sobre biología de la reproducción, insistiendo a la vez sobre los beneficios que conlleva el uso de métodos anticonceptivos para ejercer una sexualidad responsable.

Intervention for the comprehension of menstrual cycle, body function and pregnancy in adolescents from rural context / Intervención para comprender el ciclo menstrual, funcionamiento del cuerpo y embarazo en adolescentes de contexto rural

Abstract: Objective: To measure the impact of an intervention on adolescents' knowledge of the phase of the menstrual cycle with more likelihood of pregnancy and identify its associated factors. Materials and methods: A quasi-experimental study in two rural communities. Difference-in-differences analyses was performed. Results: There was a 22.1% average reduction in wrong answers on the phase of the menstrual cycle with more likelihood of pregnancy in the intervention group versus the control group (p<0.001). We founded six factors associated with this knowledge: marry and have children, right to receive education and information on sexual and reproductive health; gender equity; use of the condom; condom self-efficacy; emergency and contraceptive pills. Conclusion: There is a prevailing need to improve -among sexuality topics- basic knowledge of reproductive biology, while at the same time insisting on the benefits of using birth control methods provided for practicing responsible sexuality.

Resumen: Objetivo: Medir el efecto de una intervención en el conocimiento de los adolescentes sobre la fase del ciclo menstrual de mayor posibilidad de embarazo e identificar sus factores asociados. Material y métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental en comunidades rurales. Se realizó un análisis de diferencias en diferencias. Resultados: Hubo una reducción promedio de 22.1% de respuestas incorrectas sobre la fase del ciclo menstrual de mayor posibilidad de embarazo en el grupo intervención vs. control (p<0.001). Se encontraron seis factores asociados con este conocimiento: casarse y tener hijos; derecho a recibir educación e información sobre salud sexual y reproductiva; equidad de género; uso correcto del condón; autoeficacia del uso del condón y pastillas anticonceptivas y de emergencia. Conclusión: Entre las diferentes temáticas de sexualidad, prevalece la necesidad de mejorar los conocimientos básicos sobre biología de la reproducción, insistiendo a la vez sobre los beneficios que conlleva el uso de métodos anticonceptivos para ejercer una sexualidad responsable.

HIV prevalence in children and youth living on the street and subject to commercial sexual exploitation: a systematic review. / Prevalencia del VIH en niños, niñas y adolescentes en situación de calle y explotación sexual comercial: una revisión sistemática.

The aim of this review was to describe HIV prevalence in children and youth living on the street and subject to commercial sexual exploitation, and the studies' characteristics in terms of place, time, population, and sample design. This was a systematic review, not a meta-analysis, based on an article search in 10 electronic databases: Science Direct, MEDLINE, OVID, LILACS, Wiley InterScience, MD Consult, Springer Link, Embase, Web of Science, and Ebsco. A complementary search was also performed in the libraries of schools of public health and webpages of U.N. agencies, besides the reference lists from the selected articles. We selected observational studies focused on children and youth living on the street and subject to commercial sexual exploitation, ranging in age from 10 to 20 years, with the results for HIV prevalence rates. A total of 9,829 references were retrieved, of which 15 met the inclusion criteria and comprise this descriptive summary. Of these 15 articles, 12 were conducted in children and youth living on the street and three in children subject to commercial sexual exploitation. All 15 were cross-sectional studies. HIV prevalence in children and youth living on the street ranged from 0% in Dallas, USA and Cochabamba, Bolivia to 37.4% in St. Petersburg, Russia. In children and youth living subject to commercial sexual exploitation, prevalence ranged from 2% in Toronto, Canada to 20% in Kolkata, India. In conclusion, HIV infection is present in children and youth living on the street and subject to commercial sexual exploitation. Measures are needed for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment as a public health priority and an ethical responsibility on the part of governments and society.

Prevalencia del VIH en niños, niñas y adolescentes en situación de calle y explotación sexual comercial: una revisión sistemática / Prevalência de HIV em crianças e adolescentes vivendo na rua e sujeitos à exploração sexual comercial: uma revisão sistemática / HIV prevalence in children and youth living on the street and subject to commercial sexual exploitation: a systematic review

Resumen: Describir la prevalencia de infección por el VIH en los niños, niñas y adolescentes en situación de calle y de explotación sexual comercial y las características de lugar, tiempo, población y tipo de muestreo de los estudios. Revisión sistemática, no metaanálisis, con búsqueda en 10 bases de datos electrónicas: Science Direct, MEDLINE, OVID, LILACS, Wiley InterScience, MD Consult, Springer Link, Embase, Web of Science, Ebsco. También, existe búsqueda complementada en dos bibliotecas de escuelas de salud pública y páginas de Internet de Organizaciones de las Naciones Unidas y lista de referencias de los artículos incluidos. Seleccionamos estudios observacionales con niños, niñas y adolescentes en situación de calle y explotación sexual comercial en edades entre diez y veinte años, con resultados de las prevalencias del VIH. Fueron recuperadas 9.829 referencias, 15 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y componen esta síntesis descriptiva. De este conjunto, doce fueron realizados en niños, niñas y adolescentes en situación de calle y tres en población en explotación sexual comercial. Todos fueron estudios transversales. La prevalencia del VIH en la población en situación de calle va desde 0% en Dallas, Estados Unidos y Cochabamba, Bolivia hasta 37,4% en San Petersburgo, Rusia. En la población en explotación sexual comercial, va desde 2% en Toronto, Canadá hasta 20% en Calcuta, India. Concluimos que la infección por VIH está presente en los niños, niñas y adolescentes en situación de calle y de explotación sexual. Siendo necesarias acciones de prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento como un asunto prioritario de la salud pública y una responsabilidad ética de los gobiernos y la sociedad.

Resumo: O objetivo da revisão era descrever a prevalência do HIV em crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua e sujeitos à exploração sexual comercial, além das características dos estudos em termos de local, tempo, população e tipo de amostra. A revisão sistemática (não meta-análise) fez uma busca de artigos em dez bases de dados eletrônicos: Science Direct, MEDLINE, OVID, LILACS, Wiley InterScience, MD Consult, Springer Link, Embase, Web of Science e Ebsco. Realizamos uma busca complementar em bibliotecas de escolas de saúde pública, websites de agências da ONU e listas de referências dos artigos selecionados. Foram selecionados estudos observacionais sobre crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua e sujeitos à exploração sexual comercial, com idades entre 10 e 20 anos, e com os resultados para prevalência de HIV. Recuperamos 9829 referências, das quais 15 atenderam os critérios de inclusão e compõem esta síntese descritiva. Do conjunto de 15 estudos, 12 foram realizados em crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua e três nesses mesmos grupos, sujeitos à exploração sexual comercial. Todos os 15 eram estudos transversais. A prevalência de HIV em crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua variou desde 0% em Dallas, Estados Unidos, e Cochabamba, Bolívia, até 37,4% em São Petersburgo, Rússia. Na população de crianças e adolescentes sujeitos à exploração sexual comercial, a prevalência variou desde 2% em Toronto, Canadá, até 20% em Calcutá, Índia. O estudo concluiu que a infecção pelo HIV está presente em crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua e sujeitos à exploração sexual comercial. São necessárias medidas de prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento como prioridade de saúde pública, e como dever ético do estado e da sociedade.

Abstract: The aim of this review was to describe HIV prevalence in children and youth living on the street and subject to commercial sexual exploitation, and the studies' characteristics in terms of place, time, population, and sample design. This was a systematic review, not a meta-analysis, based on an article search in 10 electronic databases: Science Direct, MEDLINE, OVID, LILACS, Wiley InterScience, MD Consult, Springer Link, Embase, Web of Science, and Ebsco. A complementary search was also performed in the libraries of schools of public health and webpages of U.N. agencies, besides the reference lists from the selected articles. We selected observational studies focused on children and youth living on the street and subject to commercial sexual exploitation, ranging in age from 10 to 20 years, with the results for HIV prevalence rates. A total of 9,829 references were retrieved, of which 15 met the inclusion criteria and comprise this descriptive summary. Of these 15 articles, 12 were conducted in children and youth living on the street and three in children subject to commercial sexual exploitation. All 15 were cross-sectional studies. HIV prevalence in children and youth living on the street ranged from 0% in Dallas, USA and Cochabamba, Bolivia to 37.4% in St. Petersburg, Russia. In children and youth living subject to commercial sexual exploitation, prevalence ranged from 2% in Toronto, Canada to 20% in Kolkata, India. In conclusion, HIV infection is present in children and youth living on the street and subject to commercial sexual exploitation. Measures are needed for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment as a public health priority and an ethical responsibility on the part of governments and society.