How Europeans move: a moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sitting time paradox in the European Union.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the interactions between physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour in a large population taking account of major sociodemographic characteristics. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional population-based study. METHODS: Data from 28,031 individuals living in the European Union who were aged ≥15 years were retrieved from a cross-sectional survey, the Eurobarometer 2017. Interactions among the four mobility components (vigorous, moderate, walking activity and sitting time) were assessed at the individual level across age, gender and place of residence, and at the country level by compositional data analysis, hierarchical linear regressions and principal component analysis. RESULTS: The most frequently reported PA was walking; however, sitting time represented >95% of the reported weekly times, whereas moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) represented <1%. Women reported less PA and sitting time, age decreased total PA and increased sitting time, and individuals living in large urban areas reported lower PA and higher sitting times. MVPA decreased with age (ß = -0.047, P < 0.001) and was lower in women (ß = -0.760, P < 0.001) and those living in large urban areas (ß = -0.581, P < 0.001), while walking and sitting times increased with age, being higher in women and lower in those living in rural areas. At the country level, sitting time was positively associated with moderate activity (ß = 0.389, P = 0.041) and marginally non-significant with MVPA (ß = 0.330, P = 0.087). CONCLUSIONS: Walking was the highest contributor to weekly PA, whereas sitting time was paradoxically associated with higher MVPA. Specific measures to reduce sitting time are required to achieve an active lifestyle.

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en estudiantes de enfermería de una universidad pública / Cardiovascular risk factors among nursing students of a public university / Fatores de risco cardiovascular em estudantes de enfermagem de uma universidade pública

Introducción: Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular son aquellos signos biológicos y hábitos adquiridos identificados en la población general; por tanto, los jóvenes estudiantes no están exentos a presentarlos. Objetivo: Identificar la presencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en estudiantes de la licenciatura en enfermería de una universidad pública del estado de Oaxaca. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, realizado en la licenciatura en enfermería. La muestra obtenida fue de 286 seleccionados por un muestreo aleatorio simple. Los datos se recabaron con la cédula de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en jóvenes universitarios. Resultados: Los jóvenes universitarios tienen antecedentes familiares ligados a factores de riesgo cardiovascular: 45.8% de hipertensión, 43.4% de hipercolesterolemia y 39.8% de diabetes; el 55.9% realizan actividad física leve; el 60.1% rara vez o nunca consumen bebidas gaseosas; el 51.8% solo realizan una o dos comidas al día. Discusión y conclusión: El factor heredofamiliar con mayor prevalencia fue la hipertensión arterial; otros factores identificados fueron la inactividad física, las dietas inadecuadas y el ayuno prolongado. Es relevante propiciar que los participantes mejoren su calidad de vida durante su estancia universitaria para disminuir la evolución de estos factores de riesgo y desarrollar estrategias conducentes a la reducción de estos, como un autocuidado responsable, expresado en una dieta sana y la práctica de ejercicio físico regular.

Introduction: Cardiovascular risk factors are diverse biological signs and acquired habits which the general population can have; and therefore young students are not exempt of them. Objective: To identify the presence of cardiovascular risk factors among baccalaureate-level nursing students of a public university in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. Methodology: This is a descriptive and transversal study. The sample of 286 individuals was constituted by simple random sampling. Data were recorded in specific risk factors charts. Results: Some of these university students have familial backgrounds which could be linked to cardiovascular risks: 45.8% hypertension; 43.4% hypercholesterolemia, and 39.8% diabetes. Also related, 55.9% perform mild physical activity; 60.1% rarely or never consume carbonated beverages, and 51.8% have only one or two meals a day. Discussion and conclusion: The most prevalent familial risk factor was arterial hypertension; while other identified risk factors were physical inactivity, inadequate diets, and prolonged fasting. It is relevant to encourage young university students to improve their lifestyles in order to lower their cardiovascular risk factors. Among the addressing strategies can be a responsible self-care reflected by healthy diets and physical activity in an ongoing basis.

Introdução: Os fatores de risco cardiovascular são aqueles signos biológicos e hábitos adquiridos que se identificam na população geral; portanto, os jovens estudantes não estão isentos de apresentá-los. Objetivo: Identificar a presencia de fatores de risco cardiovascular em estudantes da licenciatura em enfermagem de uma universidade pública do estado de Oaxaca. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, transversal, realizou-se na licenciatura em enfermagem, a amostra obtida foi de 286 selecionados em uma amostragem aleatória simples. Os dados coletaram-se com a cédula de fatores de risco cardiovascular em jovens universitários. Resultados: Os jovens universitários têm antecedentes familiares relacionados com fatores de risco cardiovascular: 45.8% de hipertensão, 43.4% de hipercolesterolemia e 39.8% de diabetes, 55.9% realiza atividade física leve, 60.1% alguma vez ou nunca consome bebidas gasificadas, só 51.8% realiza uma ou duas refeições ao dia. Discussão e conclusão: O fator hereditário com maior prevalência foi a hipertensão arterial, os fatores identificados foram a inatividade física, as dietas inadequadas e o jejum prolongado. É relevante propiciar que os participantes melhorem sua qualidade de vida durante sua estadia universitária, para diminuir a evolução destes fatores de risco, e desenvolver estratégias que conduzam à redução dos mesmos como um autocuidado responsável, expressado em uma dieta saudável e a prática do exercício físico regular.

Diseño y validación de contenido de un cuestionario sobre Pérdida de Peso en Deportes de Combate (PPDC) / Projeto e conteúdo validação de um questionário sobre a perda de peso no Combat Sports (PPDC) / Design and content validation of a questionnaire on Weight Loss in Combat Sports (PPDC)

El sistema de categorías por peso que rige los deportes de combate fomenta en estos atletas la puesta en práctica de determinados métodos y estrategias para reducir su masa corporal antes del pesaje oficial, así como otros hábitos y protocolos de rápida rehidratación y rellenado de las reservas energéticas en el lapso de tiempo (6-20 h) que separa este pesaje oficial del comienzo del torneo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue diseñar y validar por primera vez un instrumento que permita estudiar los hábitos que están llevando a cabo los deportistas de combate durante las fases de pérdida de peso y su posterior recuperación antes del torneo. Tras el diseño original del cuestionario, se verificó la validez de contenido y la validez estructural del instrumento a través del acuerdo y consenso de 12 jueces expertos. En segundo lugar, se realizó un estudio de la validez de compresión de los ítems que compone el instrumento con una muestra de 46 deportistas de combate experimentados. Así mismo, se calculó la fiabilidad mediante la aplicación de la prueba test-retest en una muestra de 28 deportistas. Los resultados indicaron que el cuestionario sobre pérdida de peso en deportes de combate presenta óptimos niveles de validez de contenido así como de reproducibilidad en las respuestas para identificar y monitorizar los métodos, las frecuencias y las estrategias con las que estos deportistas acometen las fases de pérdida de peso antes del pesaje y su posterior recuperación antes del comienzo del torneo (AU)

The weight classes system established for most of the combat sports promotes the implementation of methods and strategies to reduce the athletes´ body mass before the official weigh-in, and other habits and protocols of fast rehydration and fill the energy reserves in the period of time (6-20 h) that separate the official weigh-in and the beginning of the tournament. The aim of this study was to design and validate for the first time a questionnaire to assess the habits that are conducting by the combat sport athletes during the phases of weight loss and the subsequent recovery. After the original design of the questionnaire, we verified the construct validity and structural validity of the instrument through agreement and consensus of 12 expert judges. Second, we conducted a study of the compression validity and reliability of the items that compose the instrument using a sample of 46 experienced combat athletes. The results indicated that the weight loss in combat sports questionnaire provides optimal levels of content validity, as well as reliability in their answerers that allows researchers and coaches to identify and monitor the methods, frequencies and strategies that these kind of athletes carry out during the rapid weight loss phases before the official weigh-in and the subsequent recovery phases before the start of the tournament (AU)

Sistema de categorias por peso que rege os esportes de combate promove nestes atletas que colocar em prática certos métodos e estratégias para reduzir a sua massa corporal antes da pesagem oficial, bem como outros hábitos e protocolos de hidratação rápida e acolchoado das reservas energia no lapso de tempo (6-20 h) que separa esta pesagem oficial do início do torneio. Objetivo deste trabalho foi o projeto e validar pela primeira vez, um instrumento que permitem estudá-los hábitos que levam para fora os atletas de combate durante as fases de perda de peso e sua posterior recuperação antes do torneio. Após o desenho original do questionário, verificou-se a validade de conteúdo e a validade estrutural do instrumento através de acordo e consenso dos 12 juízes especializados. Em segundo lugar, um estudo da validade da compressão dos itens compondo o instrumento com uma amostra de 46 experientes atletas de combate. Da mesma forma, foi calculada através da aplicação de teste de confiabilidade teste-reateste em uma amostra de 28 atletas. Os resultados indicaram que o inquérito sobre a perda de peso em esportes de combate apresenta os níveis ideais de validade de conteúdo, bem como a reprodutibilidade em respostas para identificar e monitorar estratégias que estes atletas realizar estágios de perda de peso antes da pesagem e sua subsequente recuperação antes do início do torneio, frequências e métodos (AU)

Técnicas de aspirado endotraqueal en neonatos: una revisión de la literatura / Endotracheal aspiration techniques in neonates: a literature review / Técnicas de aspirado endotraqueal em neonatos: uma revisão da literatura

Introducción: Para el neonato con ventilación mecánica asistida la técnica de aspiración a través del tubo endotraqueal se hace indispensable para conservarlo libre de secreciones, de esta forma, se mantiene la vía aérea permeable. En el área hospitalaria, la práctica para realizar este procedimiento contempla una técnica cerrada y otra abierta. Ambas son indispensables en el manejo correcto del paciente, cuando se usan adecuadamente. Objetivo: Analizar a través de la evidencia científica disponible, las ventajas y/o desventajas de las técnicas cerrada y abierta en el paciente neonato intubado. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo una revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos de Pubmed, CUIDEN, Cochrane y LILACS. Además, se examinaron las listas de referencias de los artículos seleccionados. Desarrollo: Tras la revisión de los resultados y la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión fueron seleccionados seis artículos para el análisis en profundidad de los mismos. Resultados y conclusiones: En el recién nacido que está intubado, la literatura establece que la técnica cerrada ofrece mayores ventajas a los neonatos. Los autores concluyen esto, debido a que la técnica cerrada mantiene el volumen pulmonar y la presión intracraneana en parámetros estables, asimismo, mediante esta técnica se previene la hipoxia e hipoxemia por lo cual se conserva adecuadamente la saturación de oxígeno, el llenado capilar y la frecuencia cardiaca durante el procedimiento.

Introduction: In neonates under assisted ventilation, the endotracheal aspiration techniques become necessary in order to maintain the baby's airway free of secretions. Within the hospital area, the practice of these procedures includes a closed and an open technique. Both are crucial for the correct management of these patients and should always be properly performed. Objective: To analyze, through available scientific evidence, the advantages and disadvantages of the open and closed endotracheal aspiration techniques in the neonatal patient under assisted ventilation. Methodology: A bibliographical review was conducted on the PubMed, CUIDEN, Cochrane, and LILACS databases. In addition, the reference lists of the selected articles were also examined. Development: After the review and application of the inclusion criteria, a total of six articles were selected for in-depth analysis. Results and conclusions: The literature on the neonate under assisted ventilation suggests that the closed endotracheal aspiration technique offers more advantages because it maintains the pulmonary volume and the intracranial pressure within stable ranges, and also, it prevents hypoxia and hypoxemia, adequately maintaining the oxygen saturation, the capillary refill, and the cardiac frequency during the procedure.

Introdução: Para o neonato com ventilação mecânica assistida a técnica de aspiração através do tubo endotraqueal se faz indispensável para conservá-lo livre de secreções, mantendo assim, a via aérea permeável. Na área hospitalar, a prática para realizar este procedimento contempla uma técnica fechada e outra aberta. Ambas são indispensáveis no funcionamento correto do paciente, quando se usam adequadamente. Objetivo: Analisar através da evidencia científica disponível, as vantagens e/ou desvantagens das técnicas técnica fechada e aberta no paciente neonato intubado. Metodologia: Levou-se a cabo uma revisão bibliográfica nas bases de dados de Pubmed, CUIDEN, Cochrane e LILACS. Além disso, examinaram-se nas listas de referências dos artigos selecionados. Desenvolvimento: Após da revisão dos resultados e da aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, foram selecionados seis artigos para a análise exaustiva dos mesmos. Resultados e conclusões: No recém-nascido que está intubado, a literatura estabelece que a técnica fechada oferece maiores vantagens nos neonatos. Os autores concluem isto, devido a que a técnica fechada mantem o volume pulmonar e a pressão ointracraneana em parâmetros estáveis, assim mesmo, mediante esta técnica previne-se a hipóxia e hipoxemia, conservando adequadamente a saturação do oxigênio, o enchimento capilar e a frequência cardíaca durante o procedimento.

Muscle contraction velocity, strength and power output changes following different degrees of hypohydration in competitive olympic combat sports.

BACKGROUND: It is habitual for combat sports athletes to lose weight rapidly to get into a lower weight class. Fluid restriction, dehydration by sweating (sauna or exercise) and the use of diuretics are among the most recurrent means of weight cutting. Although it is difficult to dissuade athletes from this practice due to the possible negative effect of severe dehydration on their health, athletes may be receptive to avoid weight cutting if there is evidence that it could affect their muscle performance. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate if hypohydration, to reach a weight category, affects neuromuscular performance and combat sports competition results. METHODS: We tested 163 (124 men and 39 woman) combat sports athletes during the 2013 senior Spanish National Championships. Body mass and urine osmolality (UOSM) were measured at the official weigh-in (PRE) and 13-18 h later, right before competing (POST). Athletes were divided according to their USOM at PRE in euhydrated (EUH; UOSM 250-700 mOsm · kgH2O(-1)), hypohydrated (HYP; UOSM 701-1080 mOsm · kgH2O(-1)) and severely hypohydrated (S-HYP; UOSM 1081-1500 mOsm · kgH2O(-1)). Athletes' muscle strength, power output and contraction velocity were measured in upper (bench press and grip) and lower body (countermovement jump - CMJ) muscle actions at PRE and POST time-points. RESULTS: At weigh-in 84 % of the participants were hypohydrated. Before competition (POST) UOSM in S-HYP and HYP decreased but did not reach euhydration levels. However, this partial rehydration increased bench press contraction velocity (2.8-7.3 %; p < 0.05) and CMJ power (2.8 %; p < 0.05) in S-HYP. Sixty-three percent of the participants competed with a body mass above their previous day's weight category and 70 of them (69 % of that sample) obtained a medal. CONCLUSIONS: Hypohydration is highly prevalent among combat sports athletes at weigh-in and not fully reversed in the 13-18 h from weigh-in to competition. Nonetheless, partial rehydration recovers upper and lower body neuromuscular performance in the severely hypohydrated participants. Our data suggest that the advantage of competing in a lower weight category could compensate the declines in neuromuscular performance at the onset of competition, since 69 % of medal winners underwent marked hypohydration.

Corneal topography in keratoconus: state of the art.

The morphological characterization of the cornea using corneal topographers is a widespread clinical practice that is essential for the diagnosis of keratoconus. The current state of this non-invasive exploratory technique has evolved with the possibility of achieving a great number of measuring points of both anterior and posterior corneal surfaces, which is possible due to the development of new and advanced measurement devices. All these data are later used to extract a series of topographic valuation indices that permit to offer the most exact and reliable clinical diagnosis. This paper describes the technologies in which current corneal topographers are based on, being possible to define the main morphological characteristics that the keratoconus pathology produces on corneal surface. Finally, the main valuation indices, which are provided by the corneal topographers and used for the diagnosis of keratoconus, are also defined.

[Back pain and restricted daily physical activity in the Spanish adult population]. / Dolor de espalda y limitación de la actividad física cotidiana en la población adulta española.

BACKGROUND: Low back pain is a widespread health problem that affects a great part of the Spanish adult population; it also places a constraint on developing activities of daily living. The aim of this paper is to estimate the association between daily physical activity and chronic back pain in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This paper analyses data from the European Health Survey in Spain 2009; it presents a cross sectional epidemiological study designed to assess the health of the Spanish population, in which 22,188 people participated (10,876 men and 11,312 women over 16 years ), representative of the total Spanish population. The variables studied are: back pain indicators obtained from the European Health Status Module and the European Health Care Module included in this survey, and the daily physical activity pattern obtained from the European Module of Health Determinants. RESULTS: The total volume of daily physical activity is similar in healthy people and those who have back pain, but a pattern of low or moderate intensity in people with chronic back pain in the last twelve months (p <0.01) was observed with greater frequency. CONCLUSIONS: People with chronic back pain do not show a lower volume of physical activity, but their physical activity pattern is often low or moderate. Developing a vigorous pattern of physical activity should be considered not only as a strategy to prevent this disease, but also as a therapeutic target in these patients.

Dolor de espalda y limitación de la actividad física cotidiana en la población adulta española / Back pain and restricted daily physical activity in the Spanish adult population

Fundamento. El dolor de espalda es un problema de salud extendido y que afecta a gran parte de la población adulta española, suponiendo además una limitación para el desarrollo de actividades de la vida diaria. El objetivo de este trabajo es estimar el grado de asociación entre la actividad física cotidiana y el dolor de espalda crónico en España. Material y métodos. En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis de los datos de la Encuesta Europea de Salud en España 2009; se presenta un estudio epidemiológico transversal diseñado para valorar la salud de la población española, en el que han participado 22.188 personas(10.876 hombres y 11.312 mujeres mayores de 16 años), representativas del total de dicha población. Las variables objeto de estudio son: los indicadores de dolor de espalda obtenidos del Módulo Europeo de Estado de Salud y del Módulo Europeo de Asistencia Sanitaria y el patrón de actividad física cotidiana obtenido a partir del Módulo Europeo de Determinantes de Salud. Resultados. El volumen total de actividad física cotidiana es similar en personas sanas y en aquellas que presentan dolor de espalda, pero se observa con más frecuencia un patrón de intensidad baja o moderada en las personas con dolor de espalda crónico en los últimos doce meses (p<0,01). Conclusiones. Las personas que presentan dolor de espalda crónico no se caracterizan por desarrollar una menor cantidad de actividad física, sino por realizar actividad física de menor intensidad. Desarrollar actividad vigorosa debería ser considerado no sólo una estrategia para prevenir esta patología, sino también un objetivo terapéutico en estos pacientes(AU)

Background. Low back pain is a widespread health problem that affects a great part of the Spanish adult population; it also places a constraint on developing activities of daily living. The aim of this paper is to estimate the association between daily physical activity and chronic back pain in Spain. Material and methods. This paper analyses data from the European Health Survey in Spain 2009; it presents across sectional epidemiological study designed to assess the health of the Spanish population, in which 22,188 people participated (10,876 men and 11,312 women over 16 years), representative of the total Spanish population. The variables studied are: back pain indicators obtained from the European Health Status Module and the European Health Care Module included in this survey, and the daily physical activity pattern obtained from the European Module of Health Determinants. Results. The total volume of daily physical activity is similar in healthy people and those who have back pain, but a pattern of low or moderate intensity in people with chronic back pain in the last twelve months (p <0.01) was observed with greater frequency. Conclusions. People with chronic back pain do not show a lower volume of physical activity, but their physical activity pattern is often low or moderate. Developing a vigorous pattern of physical activity should be considered not only as a strategy to prevent this disease, but also as a therapeutic target in these patients(AU)